Basic Compounds in Biomolecules: Lipids
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1 BI-RGANI HEMISTRY (rganic hemistry for Biology Students) (SQBS 1603) Basic ompounds in Biomolecules: Lipids Dr Nik Ahmad Nizam Bin Nik Malek, BSc (Ind. hem.)(utm), MSc (hem)(utm), PhD (hem)(utm), A.M.I. Senior Lecturer, Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering
2 Lipids Lipids biomolecules that contain many nonpolar and -H bonds. Biomolecules that are soluble in organic solvents insoluble in water Most important types of lipid in biological system Triacylglycerols Phospholipids Steroids 2
3 Triacylglycerols Triesters formed from glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids H 2 H H R H 2 R H H + H R' H R' H 2 H glycerol H R'' H 2 R'' fatty acids Triacylgycerols 3
4 s Fatty acids carboxylic acids (RH) with long carbon chain of carbon atoms Physical property Insoluble in water. Soluble in organic solvents. Example: Palmitic acid Formula molecule: 16 H 32 2 Formula structure: H 3 (H 2 ) 14 H H 4
5 s Palmitic acid H Non-polar - and -H bonds Hydrophobic portion Not attracted to water (water phobia or water fearing) Polar - and -H bonds Hydrophilic portion Attracted to water (water loving) 5
6 Two types of fatty acids 1. Saturated fatty acids No double bonds in their long hydrocarbon chain E.g: Palmitic acid 2. Unsaturated fatty acids Have one or more double bonds in their long hydrocarbon chain E.g: leic acid s H 3 (H 2 ) 7 =H(H 2 ) 7 H H 6
7 Triacylglycerols Simple Triacylgycerols Mixed Triacylgycerols 2 (H 2 ) 14 H 3 H 2 (H 2 ) 14 H 3 H (H 2 ) 14 H 3 H (H 2 ) 14 H 3 2 (H 2 ) 14 H 3 H 2 (H 2 ) 7 H=H(H 2 ) 7 H 3 Three identical saturated carbon chains ne unsaturated carbon chain 7
8 Triacylglycerols Simple triacylglycerols: Tryacylglycerols composed of 3 identical fatty acid side chains. Mixed triacylglycerols: Tryacylglycerols composed of two or three different fatty acid. Saturated: Alkyl chain contains only - bonds. Monounsaturated: Alkyl chain contains one = bond. Polyunsaturated: Alkyl chain contains more than one = bonds. 8
9 Triacylglycerols Fats oils Triacylglycerols with a high saturated fatty acids content. Higher melting points Solids at room temperature Triacylglycerols with a high unsaturated fatty acids content. lower melting points liquids at room temperature 9
10 Glycerol Glycerol sphingosine Phospholipids Phospholipids Lipids that contain a phosphorus atom. Two common types: 1. Phosphoacylglycerols 2. Sphingomyelins phosphate alcohol Triacylglycerol phosphate Phosphoacylglycerols Amino alcohol Sphingomyelins 10
11 Glycerol Phosphoacylgycerols The second most abundant type of lipid. They form the principal lipid component of most cell membranes. H 2 R H R' phosphate Amino alcohol H 2 P R''' 11
12 Phosphoacylgycerols R H 2 H 2 NH 3 + H 2 R H 2 R H R' H H 2 P R' R''' R H 2 H 2 N(H 3 ) 3 + H 2 P H 2 H 2 NH 3 ephalin (phosphatidylethanolamine) H 2 R H R' H 2 P H 2 H 2 N(H 3 ) 3 lecithin (phosphatidylcholine) 12
13 Glycerol Glycerol Phosphoacylgycerols and nonpolar tail. Polar phosphodiester group orients away from fatty acid groups. phosphate Amino alcohol Amino alcohol To give a polar head.. phosphate Polar (hydrophilic head) Non-polar (hydrophobic tail) 13
14 Phosphoacylgycerols Polar (hydrophilic head) Non-polar (hydrophobic tail) Hydrophilic heads are exposed to waterbased surroundings Lipid bilayer Hydrophobic tails aggregate to form a sealed water-free layer 14
15 REFERENES rowe, J., Bradshaw, T. and Monk, P. (2006), hemistry for the Biosciences: The Essential oncepts, xford University Press, xford. Horton, H.R., Moran, L.A., Scrimgeour, K.G., Perry, M.D. and Rawn J.D. (2006). Principles of Biochemistry, 4 th Edition. Pearson International Edition. Smith, J.G. (2010). General, rganic and Biological hemistry. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Denniston, K.J., Toping, J.J. and aret, R.L. (2008). General, rganic and Biochemistry, 6 th edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
16 MY PRFILE Dr Nik Ahmad Nizam Bin Nik Malek, BSc (Ind. hem.)(utm), MSc (hem)(utm), PhD (hem)(utm), A.M.I. Senior Lecturer, Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Website:
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