Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Monthly Report November EuFMD

Transcription

1 2014 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Monthly Report November 2014 EuFMD

2 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Monthly Report November 2014 Guest Editor Dr. John Edwards Team Leader - FAO ECTAD Beijing, China I N F O R M A T I O N S O U R C E S U S E D: Databases: OIE WAHID World Animal Health Information Database FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD) FAO Global Animal Disease Information System (EMPRES-i) Other sources: FAO/EuFMD supported FMD networks FAO/EuFMD projects and field officers The sources for information are referenced by using superscripts. The key to the superscripts is on the last page. Please note that the use of information and boundaries of territories should not be considered to be the view of the U.N. Please, always refer to the OIE for official information on reported outbreaks and country status. 1

3 Contents I. GENERAL OVERVIEW... 4 II. HEADLINE NEWS... 5 III. DETAILED POOL ANALYSIS... 7 A. POOL 1 Central /East Asia... 7 B. POOL 2 South Asia C. POOL 3 West Eurasia & Middle East D. POOL 4 Eastern Africa E. POOL 5 West / Central Africa F. POOL 6 SOUTHERN AFRICA G. POOL 7 South America IV. OTHER NEWS: V. REFERENCES - Superscripts

4 Guest Editor s Overview: This report shows that during the reporting period, FMD has been reported in six of the global pools and that the virus continues to move and evolve in these places. Of particular concern is varying matching between vaccine and field strains. In this editorial, I make some broader observations about Pool 1 (including south east and north east Asia). In recent years strains of type O (Myanmar 98 and more recently Pan-Asia 2) and type A (SEA-97) have arisen in South East and South Asia and have spread to countries and territories in northern parts of Asia including China, Mongolia, RO Korea, DPR Korea and eastern parts of the Russian Federation. While the Cathay strain has persisted in some areas, type Asia 1 has not been detected in this pool since There is great variation in climate, landscapes and production systems in this area and this results in significant variation in the epidemiology of FMD. Outbreaks in these countries are more common when new types like A SEA-97 and O Pan Asia-2 are introduced and where there is either insufficient vaccine coverage for that type or the vaccine strains do not adequately match against the new strains. Movement of livestock and livestock products play very important roles in the transmission of new types and subtypes of FMD and in many cases the movements are informal and the resulting diseases are spread over long distances. The most important drivers for movements are consumer demand, significant price differentials, new and faster and longer transport routes and inadequate capacity to manage the safe movement of livestock. However, there is growing recognition that countries in this pool are part of the same epi-zone and that traditional border management approaches to the control of TADs are failing. It is encouraging that countries in the region are now considering the use of innovative joint approaches and working together to ensuring the safe movement of livestock and their products. These approaches involve the timely sharing of information on disease events, virus characteristics including vaccine matching, epidemiological findings. Joint approaches to the study of value chains and risk pathways and cooperation on risk mitigation strategies are being progressed. The main challenge is to be proactive and to recognize and take early action against new strains in other parts of the epi-zone and particularly those that may require a change in vaccine strains. This newsletter (and its information sources) provide a readily available and integrated source of information that can be used by policy makers to make earlier and better decisions to prevent and control FMD in their region. Happy New Year and a successful John 3

5 I. GENERAL OVERVIEW Pools represent independently circulating and evolving FMDV genotypes; within the pools, cycles of emergence and spread occur that usually affect multiple countries in the region. In the absence of specific reports, it should be assumed that the serotypes indicated below are continuously circulating in parts of the pool area and would be detected if sufficient surveillance was in place (Table 1). Table 1: List of countries representing each virus pool for the period POOL REGION/COUNTRIES colour pools as in figure SEROTYPES 1 CENTRAL/EAST ASIA Cambodia, China (People's Rep. of), China (Hong Kong, SAR), China (Taiwan Province), Korea (DPR), Korea (Rep. of), Laos PDR, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Russian O, A, Asia 1 Federation, Thailand, Viet Nam 2 SOUTH ASIA Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka O, A, Asia 1 3 WEST EURASIA & MIDDLE EAST Afghanistan, Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bulgaria, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine Autonomous Territories, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan O, A, Asia 1 4 EASTERN AFRICA O, A, SAT 1, Burundi, Comoros, Congo D. R., Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, SAT 2 Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen WEST/CENTRAL AFRICA Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central Afr. Rep., Chad, Congo D. R., Congo, Côte d Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea Biss., Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo SOUTHERN AFRICA Angola, Botswana, Congo D. R., Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe SOUTH AMERICA Ecuador, Paraguay, Venezuela O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 {O, A}*, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3 Egypt and Libya (highlighted in bold) are indicated as being in multiple pools, since they have evidence of FMDV originating from 2 or more pools in the past four years. * ONLY IN NORTH ZAMBIA AS SPILL-OVER FROM POOL 4 Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus pools: world distribution by serotype in (Map 1) (Presence of Pool 4 in Libya and North Zambia not shown on map) O, A 4

6 II. HEADLINE NEWS POOL 1 China (People's Rep. of) 1 - A FMD outbreak caused by serotype O occurred on the 18 th of November 2014, on a pig farm in Jiangsu, China (People's Rep. of). Korea (Rep. Of) 1 - A FMD outbreak caused by serotype O occurred on the 3 rd of December 2014, on a large pig farm in J Chungcheongbuk-Do, Korea (Rep. Of). POOL 2 India 2 - The Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease (PDFMD), Mukteswar, India, reported that during November 2014, 17 clinical samples were tested for FMDV by antigen and/or RNA detection and serotype O was diagnosed. Sri Lanka 3 - Vaccine matching strain differentiation tests were conducted by the WRLFMD, on FMDV field isolates belonging to serotype O, collected during POOL 3 Afghanistan 3, 4 The Department of Animal Health and Central Epidemiology Department, in Kabul, Afghanistan reported 76 FMD clinical outbreaks during October 2014 from which samples were collected and examined by molecular tests. The Central Veterinary Diagnostic and Research Laboratory of Kabul, Afghanistan sent to the WRLFMD 21 FMDV field samples collected from cattle during 2013, for serotyping, genotyping and vaccine matching strain differentiation tests. Egypt 3 The WRLFMD carried out genotyping of FMDV of seventeen cattle samples, collected during 2013 and 2014 and sent by the General Organization of the Veterinary Services, Dokki-Giza, Egypt, and identified them as serotype O, topotype EA-3, genotype unnamed, serotype A, topotype AFRICA, genotype G-IV and topotype ASIA, genotype Iran-05 BAR-08, and SAT2, topotype VII, genotypes Ghb-12 and Alx-12. Pakistan 5 During November 2014, 211 FMD outbreaks caused by three FMDV serotypes, A, Asia-1 and O, were reported in Pakistan within the context of the Progressive Control Plan of Foot and Mouth Disease in Pakistan, GCP/PAK/123/USA. Palestine Autonomous Territories 6 On the 13 th of November 2014, throat swabs collected from a flock of sheep that were presenting clinical signs referable to FMD, in Thahriyah, Palestine Autonomous Territories, were submitted for diagnosis to the Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel. FMDV serotype O was detected in one of the swabs by using first pan-fmdv PCR, followed by FMDV serotype specific PCR; the isolate was subsequently sequenced. Tunisia 1 No further FMD outbreaks were reported during November 2014 and previous ongoing outbreaks are being resolved. Turkey 7 The WELLNET Laboratory, Sap Institute, Turkey reported the presence of FMDV serotype O, A and Asia1 in samples collected during outbreaks occurring in Anatolia. 5

7 POOL 4 Ethiopia 8 The National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Centre, Ethiopia, reported that FMDV serotype SAT 2 was detected by Antigen ELISA in vesicular tissues. Kenya 9 The National Foot-and-mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of Kenya diagnosed FMDV serotype O, SAT1, and SAT2 in field samples. POOL 5 Cameroon 10 The Laboratoire National Vétérinaire of Cameroon reported the presence of RNA of FMDV serotypes O and SAT 2. POOL 6 Botswana 1 The FMD outbreak reported in October 2014 in cattle, in Ngamiland, Botswana, for which serotyping was still pending has been diagnosed as FMDV serotype SAT 1. Namibia 1 - A suspicion of a FMD outbreak was reported on the 3 rd of December 2014 in cattle, in Caprivi, Namibia. RSA 11 The ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, RSA detected FMDV in 2 of 4 bovine samples collected in Welverdiend A, South Africa, a protection zone. POOL 7 Latin America 1 - No outbreaks reported COUNTER *** 35 MONTHS SINCE THE LAST OUTBREAK IN SOUTH AMERICA WAS REPORTED *** 123 MONTHS SINCE THE LAST SEROTYPE C OUTBREAK WAS REPORTED 6

8 III. DETAILED POOL ANALYSIS A. POOL 1 Central /East Asia China (People's Rep. of) 1 A FMD outbreak caused by serotype O, occurred on the 18 th of November 2014, on a pig farm in Jiangsu, China (People's Rep. of). Location of the outbreak is reported in Map 2 and a summary of the animals involved in the outbreak is reported in Table 2. Map 2: Location of FMD outbreak that occurred on the 18 th of November 2014 in JIANGSU, China (People's Rep. of) (WAHID OIE) Table 2: summary of animals involved in the outbreak in the village of Sizhao, Dongtai, Dongdai, JIANGSU. Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Destroyed Slaughtered Apparent morbidity rate Proportion susceptible animals lost Swine % % The outbreak was reported as caused by FMDV serotype O, Myanmar 98 and the diagnosis of the outbreak was carried out using ELISA and reverse transcription real-time PCR (RT-PCR) by the Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, National and OIE s Reference Laboratory. The control measures applied are the following: stamping out, movement control inside the country, screening, zoning, disinfection of infected premises/establishment(s). No vaccination and treatment are being applied. Origin of outbreak is unknown/inconclusive. Relative to outbreaks that had previously occurred in the administrative units of Tibet and Yunnan, caused by FMD serotype A, SEA 97 G2 clade, origin of which is unknown or inconclusive, the following control measures are still being carried out: stamping out, quarantine, movement control inside the country, screening, zoning and vaccination in response to the outbreak (s) as reported in Table 3. Table 3: details of animal species and number vaccinated for FMD in the administrative units of China (People's Rep. of) were recent FMD outbreaks had occurred. Administrative division Species Total Vaccinated TIBET Cattle 1,779 YUNNAN Sheep 37,928 Cattle 141,955 7

9 Korea (Rep. Of) 1 A FMD outbreak caused by serotype O occurred on the 3 rd of December 2014, on a large pig farm in J Chungcheongbuk-Do, Korea (Rep. Of). Location of the outbreak is reported in Map 3 and a summary of the animals involved in the outbreak is reported in Table 4. Map 3: Location of FMD outbreak that occurred on the 3 rd of December 2014 in JIANGSU, China (People's Rep. of) (WAHID OIE) Table 4: summary of animals involved in the outbreak occurred on the 3 rd of December 2014 on a pig farm in J CHUNGCHEONGBUK-DO, Korea (Rep. Of). Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Destroyed Slaughtered Apparent morbidity rate Apparent mortality rate Apparent case fatality Proportion susceptible animals Swine % 0.00% 0.00% 3.61% The Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (National laboratory) diagnosed the outbreak as FMDV serotype O, using ELISA and reverse transcription real-time PCR (RT-PCR). The control measures being applied are: control of wildlife reservoirs, quarantine, movement control inside the country, screening, zoning, disinfection of infected premises/establishment(s) and modified stamping out. No treatment of the affected animals is being carried out. Vaccination in response to the outbreak (s) has been administered to 130,000 pigs in Jincheon-gun, CHUNGCHEONGBUK-DO. Origin of outbreak is unknown/inconclusive. 1, 12 Russian Federation The outbreaks of FMDV serotype O reported on the 28 th of May 2014 on two farms in PRIMORSKIY KRAY, Russian Federation are reported on the 28 th of November as being resolved. The All-Russian Research Institute for Animal Health (FGBI-ARRIAH), OIE Reference Laboratory, has examined 2256 sera for post vaccination monitoring. 8

10 Table 5: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 1, , for geographic distribution see Map 4 below. COUNTRY FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE between LASTEST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE Comment Cambodia O Jun 2014/O, Aug 2014/ not typed China (People's See text - A, O Nov 2014/O, Oct 2014/A Rep. of) genotyping required China (Hong Kong, Sar) O May 2014/O China (Taiwan Province) O June 2013/O Japan FMD-free without vaccination Jul 2010/O Korea (DPR) O July 2014/O A May 2014/not confirmed Korea (Rep. of) 2011 O Dec 2014/O See text Laos PDR O Mar 2013/O Malaysia O, A Jan 2013/not typed, NOT TYPED Jun 2014/O Typing required Mongolia 2012 O 2013 A Sept 2013/A, Apr2014/O Myanmar O Jun 2014/O, July 2014/ not typed Typing required See text - Russian , O- A June 2014/O, Oct 2014/A Federation genotyping required Thailand Vietnam O, A 2011 O, A, O A Jun 2014 /A, Oct 2012/O, Sept 2014/not typed Apr 2013/A Jun 2014/O, July 2014/not typed Genotyping required Typing required Map 4: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype in South East Asia, (EuFMD). Conjectured circulating FMD viral lineages in pool 1 during : Serotype O: O/SEA/Mya-98, O/ME-SA/PanAsia, O/CATHAY Serotype A: A/ASIA/Sea-97 Serotype Asia-1 (not detected in the region since 2005 (Myanmar) and 2006 (Vietnam, P.R. China) 9

11 B. POOL 2 South Asia Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation India 2 The PDFMD, Mukteswar, India, reported that among the 14 cattle and 3 buffalo clinical samples tested for FMDV antigen and/or RNA detection, serotype O was detected. Furthermore, 29,985 serum samples were tested for FMDV antibodies for epidemiological studies. The diagnostic kits used are those developed at PDFMD. Laboratory personnel were involved in the investigation of FMD outbreaks in the field and expert advice was provided to Government, national/local authorities or other services. The laboratory has ongoing research studies and collaborations with international organisations. Sri Lanka 3 The results of the vaccine matching strain differentiation tests carried out by the WRLFMD for 2 FMDV field isolates, belonging to serotype O, collected during 2014 (O SRL 28/14 and O SRL 30/14) are the following: matching of both field isolates confirmed for O 3039, O Taw98 and O Tur 5/09, but not for O BFS and O Manisa. Table 6: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 2, , for geographic distribution see Map 5 below. COUNTRY FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE between LASTEST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE Comment Bangladesh O, A, Asia 1 Not available Bhutan 2011, 2012 O Not available India O, A, Asia 1 Nov 2014/ O See text Nepal O, A, Asia 1 Apr 2014/O Sri Lanka O 2011, 2013, 2014/A, Sept 2014/O See text Map 5: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype in South Asia, (EuFMD). Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in pool 2 during 2013 FMD 16 : O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 (the O/ME-SA/Ind-2011 lineage that emerged during 2011 has not been recognized during ) O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 (last detected in 2011 in Sri Lanka) A/ASIA/IND (genotype 18) Asia-1 (lineage C subdivided into Eastern and Western clusters) 10

12 C. POOL 3 West Eurasia & Middle East Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Afghanistan 3, 4 The Department of Animal Health and Central Epidemiology Department, in Kabul, Afghanistan reported 76 FMD clinical outbreaks during October 2014 from which samples were collected and examined by molecular tests. Samples collected during the outbreaks were examined by reverse transcription real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and these were diagnosed as belonging to serotype A (1), serotype Asia 1(4) serotype O (3) while for 16 outbreaks, although positive in PCR, the serotypes involved were not identified. The WRLFMD carried out serotyping on 21 FMDV fields samples, collected from cattle during 2013, sent by the Central Veterinary Diagnostic and Research Laboratory of Kabul, Afghanistan. The number of samples positive and the serotypes detected is the following: FMDV serotype A (8), serotype O (3) and both serotypes in 1 sample. FMDV was detected in 4 samples but without identifying the serotype while the remaining 4 samples were negative. Genotyping was carried out on the positive samples and the results are presented in Table 7. Table 7: Summary of the genotyping results of samples collected during 2013 in Afghanistan Sample Identification Species Date of collection Location Serotype Topotype Genotype/strain Most Closely Related Field Viruses AFG/1/ /09/2013 Hirat O/AFG/110/2010 AFG/4/ /09/2013 province Cattle O ME-SA O/AFG/17/2013 PanAsia-2 ANT-10 AFG/17/ /10/2013 Kabul O/AFG/21/2013 AFG/21/ /10/2013 province O/AFG/17/2013 AFG/4/ /09/2013 A/AFG/13/2013 AFG/5/ /10/2013 A/AFG/13/2013 AFG/8/ /10/2013 A/AFG/13/2013 AFG/9/ /10/2013 A/AFG/13/2013 Hirat AFG/12/2013 Cattle 09/10/2013 A ASIA Iran-05 FAR-11 A/AFG/14/2013 province AFG/13/ /10/2013 A/AFG/15/2013 AFG/14/ /10/2013 A/AFG/12/2013 AFG/15/ /10/2013 A/AFG/13/2013 AFG/19/ /10/2013 A/AFG/12/2013 The results of the vaccine matching strain differentiation tests for the FMDV serotype A isolates, A Afg 05/13 and A Afg 19/13 confirmed matching with A Tur06 but not with A Iran 2005 and A22 Irq while for the serotype O isolates, O Afg 17/13 and O Afg 21/13 matching was confirmed with all vaccine strains i.e. O 3039, O Manisa, O Taw98 and O Tur 5/09. Egypt 3 The genotyping results carried out by the WRLFMD on the seventeen cattle samples, collected during 2013 and 2014, sent by the General Organization of the Veterinary Services, Dokki-Giza, Egypt, are reported in Table 8. Table 8: Summary of the genotyping results of samples collected during 2013 and 2014, in Egypt Sample Identification Species Date of collection Location Serotype Topotype Genotype/s train Most Closely Related Field Viruses Most Closely Related Reference Viruses EGY/23/ /11/2014 Dakahlia O/EGY/18/2014 EGY/25/ /11/2014 Fayoum O/EGY/26/2014 EGY/26/ /04/2014 Fayoum O/EGY/25/2014 EGY/27/ /05/2014 Dakahlia O/EGY/25/2014 EGY/28/2014 Cattle 06/05/2014 Monofia O EA-3 unnamed O/EGY/18/2014 O/SUD/2/86 EGY/29/ /05/2014 Kafr Elsheik O/EGY/32/2014 EGY/32/ /06/2014 Dakahlia O/EGY/29/2014 EGY/34/ /08/2014 Dommiate O/EGY/36/2014 EGY/36/ /10/2014 Kafr Elsheik O/EGY/34/2014 EGY/42/ /05/2012 Giza AFRICA G-IV A/EGY/30/2012 A/SUD/3/77 EGY/30/ /03/2013 Sharkia A/EGY/11/2013 A/BAR/6/2008 Cattle A EGY/31/ /03/2013 Sharkia ASIA ran-05bar-08 A/EGY/11/2013 A/BAR/6/2008 EGY/31/ /05/2014 Banisuif A/EGY/17/2013 A/BAR/6/2008 EGY/43/ /05/2012 Dakahlia Ghb-12 SAT2/EGY/28/2012 SAT2/SAU/6/2000 Cattle SAT2 VII EGY/24/ /04/2014 Kalubia Alx-12 SAT2/EGY/20/2014 SAT2/SAU/6/

13 Pakistan 5 Two hundred and eleven FMD outbreaks were reported in Pakistan, during which 284 sick animals were treated and 6625 animals at risk were vaccinated against FMD. The three serotypes at present circulating in the country are A, O, Asia-1. Landhi Cattle Colony still remains the area were the majority of the outbreaks are reported (83 out of 211). Eight diagnostic labs are providing FMD diagnostic and serotyping facilities for all provinces/regions of the country. A total of 38,944 animals were vaccinated within the expanding FMD vaccination program (regular vaccination in different production systems and on cost-share basis). No clinical case of the disease was recorded in vaccinated animals anywhere in the country. Three awareness seminars were organized to educate farmers about prevention and control of FMD. The 9 th quarterly meeting of FMD project technical staff and TAD Officers was held in Muzaffarabad AJK to review the progress made, the issues faced by the field and project staff during implementation of the project activities and their possible solutions. During November a visit was made by an FAO Representative to see the Project activities in Pakistan. Palestine Autonomous Territories 6 As reported by Dr. Imad Mukarker, Director General of the Veterinary Services & Animal Health, Chief Veterinary Officier of Palestine Autonomous Territories, during a field mission, involving also EuFMD personnel (Dr. Dr Kees van Maanen and Dr. Melissa Maclaws), throat swabs and sera were collected from some subjects of a flock of sheep that were presenting clinical signs referable to FMD, in Thahriyah, Palestine Autonomous Territories. The samples were submitted for diagnosis to the Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel. The FMD nonstructural protein serological ELISA was found positive for 3 serum samples. The same sera were found positive in virus neutralization test for antibodies to FMD serotype O with the following titres, 1:192, 1:256 and 1:192. Virus isolation, from two pools prepared from the throat swabs, on cell cultures using IBRS and on OA-Ts cell-lines and by inoculation in baby mice resulted negative. BDSL antigen detection ELISA was used on the cell culture passages and this test gave low positive results only on the initial passages with subsequent negative results for the final cell passages confirming that the virus was not multiplying. The reverse-transciptase RT-PCR conducted for all FMDV serotypes was found positive on one of the pools, within which only the sample of one sheep was confirmed positive. Conventional PCR for the serotype O was carried out on the RNA extracted from the positive swab and the amplicon was used for sequencing. Dr. Boris Gelman gently provided the described laboratory results. The entire VP1 gene was sequenced and phylogenetic analysis was performed (see Figure 1). The analysis suggests that the new virus (in red) is closely related to the viruses responsible of the 2013 outbreaks. Prof. Yehuda Stram kindly supplied the phylogenetic tree. The presence of FMD clinical signs in the flock, together with the detection of structural and non-structural antibodies against FMDV serotype O and the positive results of the FMDV-specific biomolecular methods confirm that this virus was actively circulating in the flock at the time of sampling. 12

14 Figure 1: phylogenetic tree of the FMDV serotype O, isolated on the 13 th November 2014, from a flock of sheep in Thahriyah, Palestine Autonomous Territories isolate is reported in red characters (Kimron Veterinary Institute, Israel). Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Tunisia 1 No further FMD outbreaks were reported during November and previous ongoing outbreaks are being resolved as presented in Map 6. Map 6: Location of resolved FMD outbreaks reported as resolved on the 3 rd of November 2014 (WAHID OIE) Turkey 7 The WELLNET Laboratory, Sap Institute, Turkey tested 6 samples by Multiplex real-time RT-PCR and Ag detection ELISA. These samples were received from 4 outbreaks that occurred in Anatolia. The outbreaks were respectively caused by FMDV serotypes O, A, Asia1 or not serotyped. The Sap Institute carried out genotyping on 2 samples. A total of 78,182 sera sample were tested by different types of antibody detection ELISAs: -562 sera by non-structural protein (NSP) ELISA for Risk-based Thrace surveillance program, -69,200 sera by NSP ELISA to determine FMD prevalence for both Anatolian and Thrace regions, -7,240 sera by structural protein (SP) ELISA for post-vaccination surveillance, - 1,180 sera for routine vaccine monitoring. The Sap Institute is involved in the development of an NSP ELISA kit for the T.H.R.A.C.E. Risk-based surveillance program. A team from the laboratory was involved in the investigation of a FMD outbreak caused by serotype Asia 1 that occurred in the Ardahan province, northeast of Turkey. The laboratory was also involved in providing expert advice to the General directorate for the evaluation of the Risk-based National Strategic Plan. The Sap Institute is 13

15 carrying out research activities in the framework of the Research and Development Plan on vaccine production and monitoring. Table 9: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 3, , for geographic distribution see Map 7 below. COUNTRY FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in LASTEST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE Comment (Genotyping or vaccine matching tests needed for this pool) Afghanistan O, A, Asia /A, Asia 1, O See text Algeria Sept 2014/O Armenia NO REPORTED Not available OUTBREAKS Azerbaijan NO REPORTED Jun 2001 OUTBREAKS Bahrain O, A, Asia 1 Mar 2012/O O Bulgaria O Apr 2011/O Egypt O, A Jan-June 2014/O, A, SAT2 See text Georgia NO REPORTED 2002 OUTBREAKS Iran O, A, Asia 1 Jun 2013/Asia 1, Apr 2014/O, A Iraq O,A 2012/A Israel O Nov 2013/Mar 2012/O Jordan NO REPORTED 2006 OUTBREAKS Kazakhstan O, A Jun 2013/ A Kuwait O Feb 2012/O Kyrgyzstan O, A Nov 2011/O, A, Aug/not Typing required typed Lebanon NO REPORTED 03/2010 OUTBREAKS Libya O; O, SAT Oct 2013/O 2 Oman NO DATA AVAILABLE Dec 2011 Pakistan O, A, Asia 1 Oct 2014 / A, O, Asia 1, Jun2014/(not typed) See text - genotyping required for most recent isolates Autonomous O, A, Asia 1 See text Mar 2013/A, Nov 2014/O Territories Palestine SAT 2; A Qatar, 2011 NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available Saudi Arabia O Nov 2013/O Syrian Arab NO REPORTED Mar/2002 Republic, 2011 OUTBREAKS Tajikistan, Asia 1 Nov 2011/Asia 1 Tunisia Oct 2014/O See text Turkey Asia 1, A, O Nov 2014/Asia 1, O, A See text - genotyping required for most recent isolates Turkmenistan NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available Not available Uzbekistan NO DATA AVAILABLE 14

16 Map 7: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for West Eurasia and Middle East, (EuFMD). Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in pool 3 during : O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 (predominantly from ANT-10 and FAR-09 sub-lineages) O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 (recent incursion during 2013 from the Indian subcontinent) A/ASIA/Iran-05 (from SIS-12, SIS-10, FAR- 11 and BAR-08 sub-lineages) Asia-1 (Sindh-08 lineage). D. POOL 4 Eastern Africa Ethiopia 8 NAHDIC, Ethiopia, reported that FMDV serotype SAT 2 was detected by Antigen ELISA in 5 vesicular tissues. FMD tissue suspensions and sera samples were sent to the WRLFMD for further confirmation. As the serotype involved in a suspect outbreak was not determined, the laboratory was involved in its investigation during which sera were collected for further enquiry. NAHDIC provided training on viral serology on FMD, peste des petits ruminants (PPR) and Rift Valley Fever (RVF) for East African experts between the 7 th and 20 th November Kenya 9 The National Foot-and-mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of Kenya detected FMDV serotype O, SAT 1, and SAT 2 in respectively 5, 2 and 4 field samples out of the 23 tested. They also carried out vaccine potency assays and post vaccination serological monitoring. Personnel from the laboratory were involved in providing expert advice to Government services national/local authorities or other services. Table 10: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 4, , for geographic distribution see Map 8 below. COUNTRY FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in LASTEST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE Comment Burundi O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 Aug 2013 / not available Typing required Comoros NO DATA AVAILABLE 2010 Congo d. R. O, A, SAT 1 Jun 2013/not typed Typing required Djibouti NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available Egypt A, O A, O SAT 2 Jan-June 2014/O, A, SAT2 Eritrea O Dec 2011/O Ethiopia A, SAT 1, Jun 2014/A, Nov 2014/SAT 2012/O 2, Oct 2014/O Genotyping required Kenya O, A, SAT 1, 2013/SAT 2 Nov2014/O, SAT 1, SAT 2 Sept 2014/A See text - genotyping required Libya O Oct 2013/ O, Sat 2/Apr O, SAT Follow-up needed Rwanda ABSENTNOT TYPED Nov 2012/not typed Typing required Somalia NO DATA AVAILABLE 2011 Sudan A, O 2013/O, SAT2 South Sudan O, SAT 1, SAT 2, A

17 Tanzania SAT 1(buffalo), SAT 2 (cattle), O, SAT A, O, SAT 1, SAT 2 Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Mar 2013/O Apr2013/ A, SAT 1, SAT2 May 2014/O, A, SAT1, 2 Genotyping required Uganda O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT3 and 3 Yemen NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available Map 8: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for East Africa (EUFMD) East Africa is known to be endemic for FMD, but currently available data are limited. Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in pool 4 during : O/ME-SA/Sharqia-72 (detected in samples collected in Egypt in 2009) O (topotypes EA-2 (Kenya, Tanzania, DR Congo, Uganda), EA-3 (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, Egypt) and EA-4 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda). A/AFRICA (genotypes I (Kenya, Tanzania, D.R. Congo), IV (Sudan, Eritrea, Egypt) and VII (Ethiopia, Egypt)) A/ASIA/Iran-05 BAR-08 sub-lineage (Egypt) SAT 1 (topotypes I (Kenya, Tanzania) SAT 2 (topotypes IV (Kenya, Tanzania), VII (Sudan, Egypt), XIII (Ethiopia, Sudan)) SAT 3 (only detected in African buffalo in the south of the QENP, Uganda in 1970 & 1997) E. POOL 5 West / Central Africa Cameroon 10 The Laboratoire National Vétérinaire of Cameroon reported the presence of RNA of FMDV serotypes SAT 2 and O. FMD serology was carried on survey samples, using kits provided by FAO. The laboratory personal was involved in the investigation of FMD outbreaks in the field and in providing expert advice to Government services national/local authorities and other services. The laboratory has ongoing research collaborative projects with Plum Island Animal disease Centre and Ohio state university, USA and collaborates with FAO within the framework of MTF/034/STF project. Table 11: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 5, , for geographic distribution see Map 9 below. FMD history Comment Last outbreak Country FMDV serotypes, (Genotyping would be useful for reported/serotype reported to OIE in 2011 this region) 16

18 2013 Benin A, O, SAT 1, SAT 2 Dec 2011/O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 Burkina Faso O, A, SAT / not available Cameroon O, A, SAT 2 Apr 2014/ A, Nov 2014/O, SAT 2, Genotyping required for most May 2014/SAT 1, Jun 2014, Oct recent isolates 2014/not typed Cape Verde No data available Not available Central Afr. Rep. No data available Not available Chad 2011, A, SAT 1 Not available Congo D. R. 2011, 2012 O, A, SAT 1 Jun 2013/not typed Identification required Congo R. No data available Not available Cote D'Ívoire SAT 1, A, O, SAT Equatorial Guinea No data available Not available Gabon No data available Not available Gambia O, A, SAT /O Ghana O, A, SAT 1, SAT /not available Identification required Guinea Biss. No data available No data available Guinea No data available No data available Liberia A, SAT /2012, no precise data Mali O, A, SAT 1, SAT /2012, no precise data Mauritania No data available Not available Niger O, A, SAT 1, SAT /not available Identification required Nigeria O, A, SAT 1; SAT 2 Sept 2014/SAT 1, SAT 2, July 2014/A, Sept 2014/O Genotyping required Sao Tome No data available Not available Principe Senegal O, A, SAT 1, SAT / A, 2014/O and SAT 1 See text Sierra Leone No data available Oct 1958 Togo O, SAT /O Map 9: FMD distribution by serotype and topotypes for West Africa, (EuFMD) Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in pool 5 during : Serotype O (topotypes WA, EA-3 ( Nigeria)) Serotype A (topotype AFRICA, genotypes IV and VI) Serotype SAT 1 Serotype SAT 2 (topotype VII) 17

19 F. POOL 6 SOUTHERN AFRICA Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Botswana 1 The FMD outbreak reported in October 2014 in cattle, in NGAMILAND, Botswana, for which serotyping was still pending has been diagnosed by the Botswana Vaccine Institute (OIE s Reference Laboratory) as FMDV serotype SAT 1. The control measures, represented by the control of wildlife reservoirs, movement control inside the country, zoning and vaccination in response to the outbreak (s) in the area have been fully implemented. Ring vaccination around the outbreak is ongoing with a total of 28,027 cattle vaccinated with a trivalent SAT 1, 2 and 3 vaccine. The disease has not spread beyond the crush of origin even if the number of FMD cases has passed from the previously reported 30 to 44. The source of the outbreak is due to contact with wild species, presumably African buffaloes. Namibia 1 A suspicion of a FMD outbreak was reported on the 3 rd of December 2014 in cattle, in Linyati, Caprivi, Namibia as 9 cattle from three kraals, containing a total herd of 470 heads, presented oral and foot lesions suggestive of foot and mouth disease. A containment area has been established with a 40 km radius zone around Linyati. A temporary complete ban of all susceptible livestock movements within and into Caprivi Region was imposed with immediate effect. Surveillance and outbreak investigation teams are deployed in the affected area to establish the source and extent of the outbreak. The control measures already applied are the following: quarantine, movement control inside the country, screening, zoning, no vaccination, no treatment of affected animals. Measures to be applied are vaccination in response to the outbreak (s) and disinfection of infected premises/establishment(s). RSA 11 The ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, RSA detected FMDV in 2 of 4 bovine samples by PCR collected in Welverdiend A, South Africa, a protection zone. Other samples collected from the following animals and relative zones were negative by PCR for FMDV: 4 samples from kudu in Buffelshoek, 7 samples from bovine in Clare A, 11 samples from bovine in Welverdiend A, 1 sample from bovine in Hlalakahle, all areas within protection zones. A total of 2,625 sera were tested by liquid phase blocking ELISA for SAT1, 2 and 3 and the reasons for testing were the following: buffalo, bovine, sable translocations, buffalo test package, caprine export, porcine compartmentalization, giraffe export and herd surveillance. Laboratory personnel attended the Veterinary Operation Committee (VOC) meeting in Nelspruit, Mpumulanga convened to discuss the current SAT 2 outbreak in South Africa. The ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute is involved in the following research studies on the following topics: Vaccine matching studies, Isolation and characterization of FMDV from buffalo and cattle probang from SADC countries, Development of new diagnostic tests for the region, Validation of diagnostic tests implemented, Development of export opportunities for beef originating from the FMD endemic zone of the Zambezi region of Namibia, FMD surveillance in Uganda (collaboration with PIADC, Makerere University and UVRI), FMD transmission studies in the Kruger National Park, Improved vaccine for FMD control (Pirbright Institute and University of Glasgow), Identification of antigenic character of FMDV (PIADC, USDA). The laboratory collaborates with the following international Organisations: Global FMD Research Alliance, Strengthening Institutions for Risk Management of Transboundary Animal Diseases project, the Pirbright Institute, UK, Istituto Zooprofillatico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell Emilia Romagna, Italy, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute (LVRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China, Plum Island Animal Disease Centre, USDA, ARS Makerere University, Uganda, SACIDS, Tanzania, INTA, Argentina and University of Glasgow, Scotland. Table 12: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 6, , for geographic distribution see Map 10 below. FMD HISTORY COUNTRY FMDV serotypes, LAST OUTBREAK reported to OIE in 2011 REPORTED/SEROTYPE Comment

20 Angola NO REPORTED Dec 2010/ SAT 2 OUTBREAKS Botswana SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3 Oct 2014/SAT 1 Genotyping required Congo D. R. O, A, SAT /2012, NO PRECISE DATA Malawi SAT 2 Oct 2011 Mozambique SAT 2 Aug 2014/SAT 2 Genotyping required Namibia SAT 1 Aug 2013/ NOT AVAILABLE Identification required South Africa SAT 1, SAT 2 Aug 2013/SAT 1, Genotyping and Mar2014/ SAT 2, Nov serotyping required 2014/ not typed Zambia SAT 1, SAT 2 Jan 2013/SAT 1, SAT 2 Zimbabwe SAT 1, SAT 3 Jun 2013/SAT 3, Sept 2014/SAT 1 Genotyping required Map 10: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for southern Africa, (EuFMD) Swaziland and Lesotho are free from FMD without vaccination. There is a zone in both Botswana and Namibia, which has been FMD free without vaccination, since 2010 and 1997 respectively. Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in pool 6 during : Serotype SAT 1 (topotypes I, II and III) Serotype SAT 2 (topotypes I, II and III) Serotype SAT 3 (topotypes I, II and III) G. POOL 7 South America Latin America 1 No new outbreaks have been reported for this period of time. Most South American countries are FMD free with vaccination (Uruguay) or without vaccination (Chile, Guyana) or with free zones with vaccination (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru) or without vaccination (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru). Small areas of the continent are considered as endemic but clinical cases are rare (Table13 and Map 11). The FMD history between is given in Table 13. Table 13: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 7, , for geographic distribution see Map 11 below COUNTRY Ecuador Paraguay Venezuela FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE O Aug 2011/O O Dec 2011/O O, A 2011/O, A Comment National situation needs verification National situation needs verification 19

21 Map 11: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for South America, (EuFMD) IV. OTHER NEWS: Ghana 13 FMD suspect cases were reported in the Ashanti regions that, however, were not confirmed by laboratory diagnosis probably because the samples were collected too late after the occurrence of the episode. Therefore active surveillance has been mounted with the laboratory personnel involved in the investigation of the suspect outbreaks in this area carrying out further sampling and also giving instructions on appropriate sampling in case of FMD suspects. Nigeria 14 Analysis of epithelial tissues and sera collected during FMD suspect cases are pending since the FMD Research Centre is in the process of procuring diagnostic kits. Southeast Asia 15 While no reports of FMD outbreaks have been recorded between September and November, those ongoing in the area are presented in Table 14. Location of outbreaks is presented in Map 12. Table 14: FMD outbreaks reported as ongoing during November 2014 in the listed countries of the Southeast Asia area Country Prior FMD outbreaks continuing Cambodia 142 Myanmar 3 Malaysia 56 Thailand 4 Viet Nam 15 Total

22 Map 12: Location of FMD outbreaks reported as ongoing during November 2014 in the countries of the Southeast Asia area listed in Table 14 (SEAFMD). Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation V. REFERENCES - Superscripts 1. WAHID Interface OIE World Animal Health Information Database 2. Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease (PD-FMD), Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Mukteswar, India (Dr B. B. Dash) FAO 3. World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (WRLFMD), 4. EU-Project - Dr. Ali Safar, Maken Ali, Veterinary Epidemiologist Department of Animal Health, Central Epidemiology Department, Kabul, Afghanistan 5. Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease in Pakistan, GCP/PAK/123/USA - (Dr. Manzoor Hussain, National Project Director and Dr. Muhammad Afzal, Project Coordinator) 6. Dr. Imad Mukarker, Director General of the Veterinary Services & Animal Health, Chief Veterinary Officer of Palestine Autonomous Territories. 7. WELLNET Laboratory, Sap Institute, Turkey - (Dr. Naci Bulut) 8. National animal health diagnostic and investigation center (NAHDIC), Ethiopia - (Dr. Daniel Gizaw) 9. National FMD Reference Laboratory, Embakasi, Kenya - (Dr. Abraham Sangula) 10. LANAVET-Garoua, Cameroon - (Dr. Simon Dickmu Jumbo) 11. ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute-Transboundary Animal Diseases Programme, RSA - (Dr. Rahana Dwarka) 12. Regional Reference Laboratory for FMD (ARRIAH, Russia) - (Dr. Svetlana Fomina) 13. ACCRA Veterinary Laboratory, Ghana - (Dr. Joseph Adongo Awuni) 14. FMD Research Centre, Virology Research Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria - (Dr. Ularamu Hussaini) 15. SEAFMD, OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network, Annual Report