Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Monthly Report. September 2017

Transcription

1 SEPTEMBER 2017

2 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Monthly Report September 2017 Guest Editor: Dr. Donald King WRLFMD, Pirbright, UK # I N F O R M A T I O N S O U R C E S U S E D: Databases: OIE WAHID World Animal Health Information Database FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD) FAO Global Animal Disease Information System (EMPRES-i) Other sources: FAO/EuFMD supported FMD networks FAO/EuFMD projects and field officers The sources for information are referenced by using superscripts. The key to the superscripts is on the last page. Please note that the use of information and boundaries of territories should not be considered to be the view of the U.N. Please, always refer to the OIE for official information on reported outbreaks and country status. 1

3 Contents I. GENERAL OVERVIEW... 4 II. HEADLINE NEWS... 5 III. DETAILED POOL ANALYSIS... 7 A. POOL 1 Southeast Asia/Central Asia/East Asia... 7 B. POOL 2 South Asia... 9 C. POOL 3 West Eurasia & Middle East D. POOL 4 Eastern Africa E. POOL 5 West / Central Africa F. POOL 6 SOUTHERN AFRICA G. POOL 7 South America IV. OTHER NEWS: V. REFERENCES - Superscripts

4 Guest Editor s comments: Many thanks for reading this latest issue of the monthly Global Foot-and-Mouth disease Situation report, and I hope that you find the collated information useful. During the past three months, we have continued to monitor the spread of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d lineage that has emerged from the Indian sub-continent (Pool 2), to cause field outbreaks in East and Southeast Asia (Pool 1) as well as Gulf States of the Middle East and North Africa. FMD virus sequences recently provided from the FMD Reference Laboratory in Russia (FGBI-ARRIAH) demonstrate that the range of this lineage has further expanded into Sukhbaatar Province in the eastern part of Mongolia. This information is in addition to the outbreaks due to O/ME-SA/Panasia (described later in this report). In view of the rapid spread of O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d lineage elsewhere in East Asia (reported during 2016/17 for the first time in Eastern Russia, China and South Korea), these latest reports are not completely unexpected. However, additional new FMDV sequence data from Bayan-Ulgii Province in the most westerly part of Mongolia (recently submitted by NIAH, Japan) indicates that this viral lineage has been present in the country since 2015 prior to the reports of FMD cases in neighbouring countries. These observations raise obvious questions about the extent to which the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d lineage is currently distributed in East Asia, and routes by which FMD is transmitted between countries in the region. During the past month, new FMD outbreaks in Bashkortostan, in central Russia located in the FMD-free (without vaccination zone) have been reported to the OIE. When I saw from initial reports that these cases were due to serotype O, my immediate conclusion was that these cases were also likely to have been caused by the further spread of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d lineage. However, VP1 sequence data provided from FGBI-ARRIAH indicate that the causative virus is in fact a member of a new lineage within the O/ME-SA topotype that has only previously been recognised in Iran and Pakistan. Surveillance (and testing) of cases in West Eurasia is now essential to determine whether this new lineage has (or will) spread more widely in the region. The spread of the A/ASIA/G-VII lineage in West Eurasia has been widely discussed in previous monthly reports and I was very pleased to attend the RoadMap meeting in Tibilisi, Georgia during September to review recent FMD cases due to this, and other endemic viral lineages. In response to the earlier reports of poor performance of the A-Iran-05 vaccine against field isolates from the A/ASIA/G-VII lineage, and further to the pilot data that was described in previous reports, TPI has contributed to a new potency study that provides evidence that an alternative vaccine (A-May-97) generates good heterologous protection in cattle (>6 PD 50 ), and could be used in emergency vaccination scenarios. These experiments were performed at Lelystad, The Netherlands in collaboration with CSIRO, Australia and these data will be presented at the GFRA meeting held in Incheon, South Korea during October. I apologise that I will not attend this meeting, but (based on previous meetings), I anticipate that there will be some very active discussion of these recent epidemiological events, and ideas to develop new tools for the detection and control of FMD! Don King, Pirbright, October

5 I. GENERAL OVERVIEW Pools represent independently circulating and evolving foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) genotypes; within the pools, cycles of emergence and spread occur that usually affect multiple countries in the region. In the absence of specific reports, it should be assumed that the serotypes indicated below are continuously circulating in parts of the pool area and would be detected if sufficient surveillance was in place (Table 1). Table 1: List of countries representing each virus pool for the period (source EuFMD) POOL REGION/COUNTRIES colour pools as in Map SEROTYPES 1 SOUTHEAST ASIA/CENTRAL ASIA/EAST ASIA Cambodia, China, China (Hong Kong, SAR), Taiwan Province of China, Democratic People s Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea, Laos People s Democratic Republic, O and A Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Russian Federation, Thailand, Viet Nam 2 SOUTH ASIA Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Mauritius, Nepal, Sri Lanka O, A and Asia 1 3 WEST EURASIA & MIDDLE EAST Afghanistan, Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bulgaria, Egypt, Georgia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan O, A and Asia 1 EASTERN AFRICA 4 Burundi, Comoros, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, O, A, SAT 1, SAT Kenya, Libya, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan, United Republic of Tanzania, 2 and SAT 3 Uganda, Yemen WEST/CENTRAL AFRICA Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cabo Verde, Central Afr. Rep., Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, Congo, Côte d'ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo SOUTHERN AFRICA Angola, Botswana, Congo D. R., Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe SOUTH AMERICA Paraguay, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) O, A, SAT 1 and SAT 2 {O, A}*, SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3 O and A Egypt, Libya and Democratic Republic of Congo (highlighted in bold) are indicated as being in multiple pools, since they have evidence of FMDV originating from 2 or more pools in the past four years. * ONLY IN NORTH ZAMBIA AS SPILL-OVER FROM POOL 4 MAP 1: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus pools: world distribution by serotype in (source EUFMD) 4

6 II. HEADLINE NEWS Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Dear Readers of the Global Foot and Mouth Disease Situation Report, We want to make sure that the monthly report is meeting your needs. We are planning to update the format, and so would like to know if you find the report useful and what suggestions you have to improve it. We would also like to know about the readership of the report - where are you based and in what kinds of settings do you work? We have put together a short survey that should not take more than 5 to 10 minutes to complete. Please note that your answers are anonymous. To participate please link to the following: Thank you EuFMD Team POOL 1- SOUTHEAST ASIA/CENTRAL ASIA/EAST ASIA Mongolia 1 Further FMD outbreaks due to serotype O were reported between April and September 2017, in the eastern part of the country involving small and large ruminants. Thailand 2 FMDV field isolates belonging to serotypes A and O that were detected in samples collected in 2016 and 2017 were subjected to vaccine matching strain differentiation (VMSD) tests which identified various vaccine strains with good matching results. POOL 2 - SOUTH ASIA Bhutan 1, 2 - A FMD outbreak due to A/ASIA/G-VII occurred in cattle during March 2017 at Jongkhar. A/ASIA/G-VII and O/ME-SA/Ind2001d were the genotypes identified in the set of samples collected in the country between March and July India 3 - The Indian Council of Agricultural Research - Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease (ICAR-PDFMD), Mukteswar, India reported the detection of FMDV serotype O in cattle samples. Nepal 2, 4 - The National Foot and Mouth Disease and TADS Laboratory reported for this month, the circulation of FMDV serotype O. Field isolates belonging to FMDV serotype A and O were subjected to VMSD tests. POOL 3 - WEST EURASIA & MIDDLE EAST Afghanistan 2, 5 - The Central Veterinary Diagnostic and Research Laboratory (CVDRL) of Kabul Afghanistan detected FMDV serotypes A and O in the 78 samples examined during September Genotypes detected in the 38 samples collected between January and May 2017 were represented by different sublineages of A/ASIA/Iran-05, ASIA 1/ASIA/Sindh-08 and by O/ME-SA/PanAsia2. Pakistan 6-15 FMD outbreaks due to Asia 1 and O were notified during September 2017 in the two provinces of Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab. POOL 4 - EASTERN AFRICA Ethiopia 7 The National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC) detected FMDV in samples collected from an outbreak. 5

7 Kenya 8 - FMDV serotypes O and SAT 1 were detected in the bovine samples examined by the FMD National Reference Laboratory, Embakasi. POOL 5 - WEST/CENTRAL AFRICA No FMD outbreaks were notified for this pool during the reporting month. POOL 6 - SOUTHERN AFRICA Botswana 1 A FMD outbreak for which serotyping is pending occurred on September 19 th 2017, in cattle at Ngamiland. Malawi 1 A FMD outbreak, for which, even in this case, serotyping was not confirmed, took place on August 24 th, 2017 in cattle in communal grazing grounds at Chikwawa. Namibia 1 Four FMD outbreaks due to SAT 2 were reported in cattle, between July and September 2017 at Katima- Mulilo, Zambezi. South Africa 1 Two FMD outbreaks due to SAT 1 were reported in cattle, at the end of August 2017 at Limpopo. Zimbabwe 1 Thirty-five FMD outbreaks for which serotyping is still pending occurred between July and September 2017 in Masvingo, Midlands and Manicaland. POOL 7 - SOUTH AMERICA Colombia 1 No new outbreaks were reported in the country during the reporting month, the country continues to adopt control measures to avoid the occurrence of outbreaks. Rest of Latin America 2, 9, 10 - Last registered circulation of FMD in Latin America before the above-mentioned events was announced during the OIE/FAO FMD Laboratory Meeting held in November 2016, where PANAFTOSA reported sequence data for historical FMD outbreaks that occurred in Venezuela in COUNTER *** 157 MONTHS SINCE THE LAST SEROTYPE C OUTBREAK WAS REPORTED 6

8 III. DETAILED POOL ANALYSIS A. POOL 1 SOUTHEAST ASIA/CENTRAL ASIA/EAST ASIA Mongolia 1 Nine FMD outbreaks caused by serotype O, of which two were declared resolved, occurred, between April 28 th and September 6 th 2017 in small and large ruminants at the following localities: Dornogovi, Khentii and Sukhbaatar. FMDV serotype O is still responsible for the current events that had started in January The genotype detected by the WRLFMD in a set of samples collected at the beginning of this year was represented by O/ME-SA/PanAsia. The source of the outbreaks is unknown and control measures applied for their containment are the following: movement control inside the country, vaccination in response to the outbreaks as reported in Table 2, screening, quarantine, stamping out, zoning and disinfection. No treatment is being administered to the affected animals. Although details on the type of vaccine used are unavailable, a field isolate detected in the first outbreaks, O/MOG/10/2017 and genotyped, as stated above, as O/ME-SA/PanAsia, was subjected to the VMSD test obtaining good matching results with O/TUR/5/2009 but not with O 3039 and Manisa. A summary of the animals involved in the outbreaks and location of these are reported in Table 3 and Map 2. Table 2: summary of the vaccination activities carried out in Mongolia, in the Administrative Divisions with FMD episodes starting from the beginning of Administrative division DORNOD KHENTII SUKHBAATAR Species Total Vaccinated Cattle 166,526 Goats 290,011 Sheep 478,584 Cattle 177,056 Goats 483,809 Sheep 764,176 Cattle 206,012 Goats 973,009 Sheep 1,523,375 Vaccine details Not availabe Total n of animals vaccinated 5,062,558 Table 3: summary of the animals involved in the FMD outbreaks that occurred between April and September 2017 at Dornogovi, Khentii and Sukhbaatar, Mongolia. (source WAHIS) Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Killed and Apparent Apparent Apparent case Proportion susceptible Slaughtered disposed of morbidity rate mortality rate fatality rate animals lost* Cattle / ** ** 0.00% ** Goats / ** ** 0.00% ** Sheep / ** ** 0.00% * Totals / ** ** 0 * *Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter **Not calculated because of missing information 7

9 Map 2: location of the four FMD outbreaks that occurred between April and September 2017 at Dornogovi, Khentii and Sukhbaatar, Mongolia (source - WAHIS) Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Thailand 2 Five FMDVs field isolates belonging to genotypes A/ASIA/Sea-97 (A/TAI/42017 and A/TAI/52 and 57/2016) and O/SEA/MYA-98 (O/TAI/40/2016 and O/TAI/1/2017) were subjected to VMSD tests with the following results: for the serotype A field isolates, good matching results were obtained with A Iran 2005, with just one of the isolates, and with A 22IRQ with two of the field isolates, while none of the isolates obtained good matching results with A TUR 20/06, for the serotype O field isolates, good matching results were obtained with O/TUR 5/09 while none of the field isolates obtained good matching results with O 3039 and O Manisa. Table 4: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 1 between : for geographic distribution see Map 3 below. (Source Wahis, EuFMD Global Monthly Report) COUNTRY Cambodia China FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE between **(1 st semester 2016) PENDING/ O, A/2016, NOT SAMPLED, (ASIA /2016) Data up to 1 st semester & 2015/A, /O, /NOT TYPED LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE # see pg. 1 Dec 2016/ A & O May 2017/A and O Comment Follow-up needed Follow-up needed China, Hong Kong, SAR O Aug 2016/O Follow-up needed O/2016 Democratic People's /DISEASE ABSENT May 2014/not confirmed, Republic of Korea 2014 & 2015/ NO DATA July 2014/O Follow-up needed REPORTED Lao People's Democratic Republic Data up to 1 st semester 2015) A, O/ /DISEASE PRESENT WITH QUANTITATIVE DATA BUT Jan 2017/O Mar 2015/A, Follow-up needed 8

10 Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Republic of Korea Russian Federation Taiwan Province of China Thailand Viet Nam WITH AN UNKNOWN NUMBER OF OUTBREAKS A/2016, /O, 2013 & 2015/NOT TYPED Disease Absent /2016**, 2014 & 2015/O, 2013/A & NOT TYPED /O, 2015/A & NOT TYPED Data up to 1 st semester /O, /DISEASE ABSENT **/A, 2012, 2014 & 2015/O 2016/NO DISEASE PRESENT A/2015, /O O, A NOT SAMPLED & NOT TYPED O, NOT SAMPLED, NOT TYPED /A August 2016/A & O Sep 2017/O, Sept 2016/A, April 2017/Asia 1 & O, July 2016/ not typed, Oct 2015/A Feb 2017/O & A Dec 2016/O, Oct 2016/Asia 1, Jan 2016/ A Jun 2015/A Feb 2017 /A, Jan 2017/O June July 2016/not typed November 2016/A, Oct 2016/O and not typed Follow-up needed Follow-up needed Follow-up needed Follow-up needed Follow-up needed Follow-up needed Map 3: FMD distribution between by serotype and topotype in South East Asia red boxes and circles refer to serotype A genotypes, yellow to serotype O genotypes and white script refers to new introduction of viral lineage in pool or country of the pool during (source Google Fusion Maps, WRLFMD). Conjectured circulating FMD viral lineages in Pool 1 per , 10 : Serotype O: O/SEA/Mya-98, O/ME- SA/PanAsia, O/CATHAY, O/ME-SA/Ind- 2001d (new detection in Myanmar and Thailand during 2016) Serotype A: A/ASIA/Sea-97 and Iran-05 SIS10 sublineage Serotype Asia-1 reappearance of this serotype in 2016 in Russia where the virus was closely related to a vaccine strain Shamir previous detection in the region was in 2006 in Vietnam and in China (People's Rep. of) Pool 1 Pool 1 A/ASIA/Sea-97 A/ASIA/Sea-97 O/SEA/MYA-98 O/SEA/MYA-98 O/ME-SA/PanAsia O/ME-SA/PanAsia O/CATHAY/unnamed O/CATHAY/unnamed O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d B. POOL 2 South Asia Bhutan 1, 2 A FMD outbreak due to A/ASIA/G-VII occurred in cattle at Jongkhar, on March 31 st 2017 that was diagnosed by the WRLFMD. This is the first report describing the detection of this genotype in the country. Location of the outbreak is shown in Map 4. The outbreak was reported as resolved on the October 3 rd

11 The source of infection is due to the legal movement of animals in transit through the country. The group of affected animals was composed of 21 dairy cattle and 21 calves imported for breeding, however country of origin is not reported. Eleven of these animals succumbed to the disease. During the initial quarantine period, the animals received antibiotics and were released after fulfilment of the quarantine and clinical recovery from the infection as per national regulations. Control measures adopted in the country are movement, control inside the country, screening, quarantine, disinfection, vaccination is permitted if appropriate vaccine is available. Map 4: location of the FMD outbreak due to A/ASIA/G-VII occurred in cattle at Jongkhar, Bhutan on March 31 st 2017 (source - WAHIS) A/ASIA/G-VII and O/ME-SA/Ind2001d were the genotypes identified in the set of 22 samples collected in the country between March and July 2017, from one pig and 21 cattle. A summary of the genotyping results are reported in Table 5 and location of outbreaks is presented in Map 5. The viruses detected at Samtse, which is on the border with Nepal, have a high sequence identity with isolates detected from the latter country during the same period that might be due to the exchange of animals or commodities between the two countries. On the other hand, those detected in Paro are all closely related to other viruses isolated in the country, denoting a common virus origin. Table 5: summary of the genotyping results of the batch of samples collected in the Bhutan, between March and July 2017, from one pig and 21 cattle (Source WRLFMD) 10

12 Sample Identification Location origin of sample Host species Map 5: location origin of the samples collected in the Bhutan, between March and July (Source WRLFMD and Google Fusion Maps) Yellow dot location of A/ASIA/G-VII detection Green dots location of O/ME-SA/Ind2001d detection. Date of collection Genotype Most Closely Related Viruses not belonging to the country - Seq id % BHU/3/2017 Samdrupjongkha 01/04/2017 A/ASIA/G-VII NEP/12/2017 (100%) BHU/4/2017 NEP/3/2017 (99.8) Samtse 08/04/2017 BHU/5/2017 NEP/3/2017 (99.7) BHU/8/ /06/2017 BHU/11/ /07/2017 BHU/12/2017 BHU/13/ /07/2017 BHU/14/2017 cattle BHU/15/2017 O/ME-SA/Ind2001d BHU/16/2017 Paro / BHU/17/2017 BHU/18/ /07/2017 BHU/19/2017 BHU/20/2017 BHU/21/ /07/2017 BHU/22/ /07/2017 Host species cattle India 3 The ICAR-PDFMD, Mukteswar, India detected only FMDV serotype O among the 14 cattle samples tested using FMDV antigen and/or RNA detection methods. The laboratory submitted four field isolates belonging to serotype O, for genotyping and five isolates for vaccine matching tests. The FMD diagnostics kits employed are those developed at ICAR-PDFMD. The laboratory also conducted the analyses of 505 sera collected in the course of epidemiological studies for the detection of FMD antibodies. The laboratory continues to be involved in the field investigations of FMD outbreaks and in providing expert advice to the Government and to the National and Local authorities. The institution also has ongoing research studies and collaborations with international organisations. Nepal 2, 4 The National Foot and Mouth Disease and TADS Laboratory reported for September 2017 the circulation of FMDV serotype O. The laboratory was involved in the field investigations of FMD outbreaks and in providing expert advice to the Government and to the National and Local authorities. Three field isolates respectively belonging to A/ASIA/G-VII (A/NEP/13/2017) and O/ME-SA/Ind2001d (O/NEP/3 and 24/2017) were subjected to VMSD tests with the following results: none of the vaccine strains employed, i.e. A IRN/2005, A/May/97, A/TUR/20/2006 and A 22 IRQ/24/64 obtained good matching results with the serotype A field isolate, O 3039, O Manisa and O/TUR/5/09 obtained good matching results for the serotype O field isolates. 11

13 Table 6: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 2 between , for geographic distribution see Map 6 below. (Source Wahis, EuFMD Global Monthly Report) COUNTRY Bangladesh Bhutan India FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE between **(1 st semester) NO DATA AVAILABLE/2016, DISEASE PRESENT BUT WITHOUT QUANTITATIVE DATA /O, NOT TYPED or NOT REPORTED 2013 & 2014/NOT SAMPLED NO DATA AVAILABLE/2016, O, A, NOT SAMPLED /Asia /NOT TYPED LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE # see pg. 1 Dec 2016/A, ASIA 1 and O July 2017/O, April 2017/A, Sep 2017/O, Apr 2015/A Asia 1 Comment Follow-up needed Mauritius DISEASE ABSENT Sep 2016/0 Follow-up needed Nepal O, /Asia 1 Sep 2017/O, April 2017/A Sri Lanka /NO DATA REPORTED, /O 2016/O Follow-up needed Map 6: FMD distribution between by serotype and topotype in South Asia - red boxes and circles refer to serotype A genotypes, yellow to serotype O genotypes. (source Google Fusion Maps, WRLFMD). Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in Pool 2 per , 10 : O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d predominates (the O/ME-SA/Ind-2011 lineage that emerged during 2011 has not been recognized during ), outbreaks of this serotype detected in Mauritius during 2016 (not reported in Map) O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 (last detected in 2011 in Sri Lanka) A/ASIA/G-VII (genotype 18) Asia-1 (lineage C subdivided into Eastern and Western clusters) not reported in map Pool 2 A/ASIA/G-VII O/ME-SA/unnamed O/ME-SA/PanAsia O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d C. POOL 3 West Eurasia & Middle East Afghanistan 2, 5 Of the 22 FMDV positive samples detected out of the 78 samples examined by the CVDRL of Kabul, Afghanistan, one sample was positive for FMDV serotype A (4.55%) and 10 samples for serotype O (45.45%) while in the remaining 11 FMDV positive samples (50%) serotyping was not achieved. The distribution of the serotypes among the samples examined is reported in Graph 1. The laboratory personnel were involved in providing expert advice to Government services and national/local authorities. The results obtained by the WRLFMD for the set of 38 samples forwarded for genotyping are reported in Table 7 and location of sample collection in Map 7. 12

14 Map 7: location origin of the bovine samples collected between January and May 2017 in Afghanistan. (Source WRLFMD and Google Fusion Maps) Graph 1: relative distribution of the FMDV serotypes among the samples collected in the different provinces of Afghanistan during September (Source CVDRL, Afghanistan) 90 Serotyping results of FMDV suspect samples examined by CVDRL N of samples Total N of samples FMDV type A FMDV type Asia 1 FMDV type O FMDV untyped FMD negative serotypes detected Table 7: summary of the genotyping results of the samples collected from cattle in the Afghanistan, between January and May (Source WRLFMD) 13

15 Sample Identification Location origin of sample Date of collection Genotype Most Closely Related Viruses not belonging to the country - Seq id % AFG/2/2017 Paryan 10/01/2017 A/ASIA/Iran-05 FAR-11 PAK/20/2015 (97%) AFG/3/2017 Bazarak 13/01/2017 A/ASIA/Iran-05 SIS-13 PAK/10/2014 (95.9%) AFG/4/2017 Wonabah 17/01/2017 A/ASIA/Iran-05 FAR-11 PAK/20/2015 (97%) AFG/6/2017 M.Agha 11/03/2017 PAK/10/2014 (96.1%) A/ASIA/Iran-05 SIS-13 AFG/10/2017 Koshta 21/03/2017 PAK/10/2014 (95.9%) AFG/11/2017 Wonabah 21/03/2017 PAK/20/2015 (97%) AFG/13/2017 Paryan 25/03/2017 A/ASIA/Iran-05 FAR-11 PAK/20/2015 (97%) AFG/14/2017 Wonabah 26/03/2017 PAK/20/2015 (97%) Host species cattle AFG/25/2017 Wonabah 27/04/2017 A/ASIA/Iran-05 SIS-13 PAK/10/2014 (95.9%) AFG/17/2017 Gozarah 14/04/2017 PAK/39/2014 (96.3%) Asia1/ASIA/Sindh-08 AFG/22/2017 Gozarah 23/04/2017 PAK/39/2014 (96.3%) AFG/15/2017 Qarabagh 30/03/2017 PAK/3/2014(97.9) AFG/16/2017 Khogyani 04/04/2017 IRN/36/2016 (98.6%) sheep AFG/23/2017 Noorgal 24/04/2017 IRN/36/2016 (98.4%) cattle AFG/34/2017 Jabalsaraj 25/05/2017 O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 ANT-10 PAK/24/2014 (97.2%) cattle AFG/35/2017 Koja Dako 26/05/2017 IRN/36/2016 (99.1%) sheep Pakistan 6 Fifteen FMD outbreaks due to serotypes Asia 1 and O were notified during September 2017, in the provinces of Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab. The distribution of FMDV serotypes relative to the outbreaks and location of these in the different provinces is reported in Table 8 and Map 8. Emergency and preventive vaccination was also carried out in different areas of the country as respectively reported in Tables 9 and 10. The FMD control project is currently operated only Punjab and information relative to other areas of the country are provided on voluntarily basis. Table 8: summary of the FMD outbreaks reported in Pakistan during September (source Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease in Pakistan, Dr. Muhammad Afzal, Project Coordinator) Province District N of outbreaks due to FMDV N of Serotype(s) Outbreaks O Asia-1 Un-Typed Azad Jammu & Mirpur Kashmir Bhimber Toba Tek Singh Punjab Pakpattan Attock Sargodha Total

16 Map 8: location of the FMD outbreaks reported in Pakistan during September (source Google Fusion Maps, Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease in Pakistan, Dr. Muhammad Afzal, Project Coordinator) Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Table 9: summary of the emergency vaccination activities conducted in some provinces of Pakistan during September (source Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease in Pakistan, Dr. Muhammad Afzal, Project Coordinator) Province Ring Vaccination (Doses) Punjab 500 ICT 125 AJK 700 Total 1325 Table 10: summary of the preventive vaccination activities conducted in the various districts of the Punjab province, Pakistan during September (source Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease in Pakistan, Dr. Muhammad Afzal, Project Coordinator) District No. of Households Animals Vaccinated (Primary Dose) Animals Vaccinated (Booster Dose) Cattles Buffaloes Total Cattles Buffaloes Total Pakpattan 28, , , , Sahiwal 49, , , ,852 Sheikhupura 32, , , ,718 Okara 95, , , ,788 34,008 17,281 51,289 Vehari 59, , , , , , ,178 Punjab 266, , ,534 1,339, , ,657 1,266,037 Table 11: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 3 between , for geographic distribution see Map 9 below. (Source Wahis, EuFMD Global Monthly Report) COUNTRY FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in **(1 st semester) LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE # see pg. 1 Comment 15

17 Afghanistan Algeria Armenia Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation **/O, A, Asia 1, NOT TYPED 2012/SEROTYPE NOT REPORTED Data available up to 1st semester /O **/A, /DISEASE ABSENT Sep 2017/A & O, Aug 2017/Asia 1 Apr 2017/A, Apr 2015/O Dec 2015/A Dec 2013/A, ASIA 1 Azerbaijan DISEASE ABSENT 2007/0 Bahrain DISEASE ABSENT/2016, 2012, 2014 &2015 /O Mar 2015/O Egypt April 2017/O, Nov 2016/A 2012, 2014, 2016**/SAT 2 May-Jun 2016/Sat 2, Aug **/O, A 2016/typing pending Georgia DISEASE ABSENT 2001/ASIA 1 Iran (Islamic /A, Feb 2017/A & O, Republic of) Asia 1 & O 2013/Asia /O, /A Iraq 2015/ SEROTYPE NOT REPORTED, Israel **/O May 2017/A & O Jordan DISEASE ABSENT Mar 2017/O, 2006/A Kazakhstan **/ DISEASE ABSENT, 2012/O, /A Jun 2013/ A & Aug 2012/O Kuwait O/ / DISEASE ABSENT, 2012/O April 2016/O Kyrgyzstan / DISEASE ABSENT, Aug 2014/not typed & Apr /O, A 2013 /O, A, Lebanon DISEASE ABSENT/2016**, 2015/ NO DATA REPORTED 2010/not typed Libya NO DATA REPORTED Oct 2013/O Morocco ,2016**/DISEASE ABSENT, O/2015 Oct 2015/O Oman 2016/ NO DATA REPORTED, /O May 2015/SAT 2 Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic Tajikistan 2012 & / NO DATA REPORTED /A, ASIA 1 & O O, /SAT 2 NO DATA AVAILABLE/ /O , 2016**/O A/2015 Sep 2017/Asia 1 & O, Aug 2017/ A Jun 2017/serotying pending May 2017/O, Mar 2013/Sat 2 Dec 2013/O Oct 2016/A & April 2016/O DISEASE ABSENT** 2002/ A & O 2016/ NO DATA REPORTED **/DISEASE ABSENT /NOT TYPED Nov 2012/ not typed & Nov 2011/Asia 1, Tunisia **/ DISEASE ABSENT, April 2017/A, Oct 2014/O 16

18 Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates 2014/O A & O, NOT TYPED Asia 1/ **/DISEASE ABSENT, 2012/NO DATA REPORTED O/ , 2015/DISEASE ABSENT /O Oct 2015/ A May, / Asia 1 and O Not available Sep 2016/O Map 9: FMD distribution between by serotype and topotype for West Eurasia and Middle East red boxes and circles refer to serotype A genotypes, yellow to serotype O genotypes, green to serotype SAT 2 genotypes and white script to new introduction of viral lineage in pool or country of the pool during (source Google Fusion Maps, WRLFMD). Conjectured circulating FMDV serotype A lineages in Pool 3 per , 10 : A/ASIA/Iran-05 (from AFG-07, HER 10, SIS-10/12, FAR-09/11 and BAR-08 sublineages) A/Asia/G-VII (recent incursion from South Asia - detected also in Iran in 2016) A/ASIA/Sea-97 A/ASIA/Sindh-08 A/AFRICA/G-IV Asia-1 (Sindh-08 lineage). Pool 3 part 1 A/ASIA/Sea-97 A/ASIA/Iran-05 HER-10 A/ASIA/Iran-05 AFG-07 A/ASIA/Sindh-08 A/ASIA/Iran-05 SIS-10/12 A/ASIA/Iran-05 FAR-09 A/ASIA/G-VII A/ASIA/Iran-05 FAR-11 A/AFRICA/G-IV ISM-12 A/ASIA/Iran-05 BAR-08/9 Conjectured circulating FMDV serotype O and SAT 2 lineages in Pool 3 (cont d) O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 (predominantly from ANT-10 and FAR-09 /11 sub-lineages) O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 (recent incursions per 2013/14 from the Indian sub-continent) New detection during 2016 of O/ME- SA/Sharqia-72 in Egypt and of O/ME- SA/PanAsia-2QOM-15 in Iran O/EA-3/unnamed in Egypt and Libya SAT 2/IV/Ken-09 SAT 2/VII/Alx-12 and Ghb-12 sublineages Pool 3 part 2 O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 FAR-09/11 O/ME-SA/PanAsia Qom15 O/ME-SA/PanAsia O/ME-SA/unnnamed A/ASIA/Sindh-08 O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d SAT 2/VII/Ghb-12 O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 ANT-10 SAT 2/VII/unnamed O/EA-3/unnamed O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 O/ME-SA/Sharqia-72 SAT 2/IV/Ken-09 SAT 2/VII/Alx-12 D. POOL 4 Eastern Africa Ethiopia 7 The National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC) detected FMDV serotype O using ELISA antigen in ten bovine probang and tissue samples collected from an outbreak. The laboratory personnel provided instructions to the local community for the containment of the same outbreak. Two NAHDIC experts are currently on training at the WRLFMD on FMD diagnosis through an OIE FMD twinning program. Kenya 8 17

19 FMDV serotypes A and O were respectively detected in one and three bovine samples examined by the FMD National Reference Laboratory, Embakasi. The laboratory has ongoing collaborations with Sandia National Laboratories, USA. The last samples last forwarded by the country to the WRLFMD for genotyping was in Past genotypes detected in relation to the serotypes reported this month were O/EA-1/unnamed, O/EA-2/unnamed and O/EA-4/unnamed collected between 2009 and Table 12: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 4 between , for geographic distribution see Map 10 below. (Source Wahis, EuFMD Global Monthly Report) COUNTRY FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in **(1 st semester) LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE #see pg. 1 Comment Burundi DISEASE PRESENT Aug 2013 / not available Typing required Comoros NO DATA AVAILABLE 2010 Democratic Republic of **/A, O, SAT 1 May 2017/not typed Congo Djibouti DISEASE ABSENT Not available Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya 2012, 2014, 2016**/SAT **/O, A 2014, 16/ DISEASE PRESENT 2015/ NO DATA REPORTED 2013/ DISEASE ABSENT, 2012/O May-Jun 2016/ O & Sat 2, March 2016/A, Aug 2016/typing pending Nov 2016/not reported, Jan 2012/O Sep 2017/O, Jun 2017/A, O, /SAT 1 March 2017/SAT 1, May 2012 & 2105/SAT 2, 2012/A 2016/SAT /NOT TYPED, A, O, SAT1, SAT2 Sep 2017/A & O, Aug 2017/SAT 2, Jun 2017/SAT 1 Libya NO DATA REPORTED Oct 2013/ O, Sat 2/Apr 2012 Follow-up needed Rwanda /NO DATA AVAILABLE /A, O, SAT1, SAT 2 Nov 2012/not typed Typing required Somalia , /DISEASE PRESENT, 2014/PENDING June 2016/not reported Sudan /A, SAT 1 & NOT Dec 2016/ not sampled, Oct SAMPLED, 2016/O, Dec 2013/A, /O & NOT TYPED Jan 2014/SAT /SAT 2, 2015/DISEASE PRESENT 2014/A, O SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3 South Sudan & 2016 NO DATA REPORTED 2011 United Republic of Tanzania /A, O, SAT 1, SAT 2 Oct 2016/SAT 1, Aug 2016/O & SAT 2, Jun 2016/ A 18

20 Uganda Yemen 2016/NO DATA REPORTED /NOT TYPED or NOT SAMPLED, 2012, 2015/ SAT 1,2012, /O /NO DATA REPORTED / DISEASE PRESENT BUT WITHOUT QUANTITATIVE DATA, 2012/O May 2014/O Nov 2014/SAT1, Jan 2015/A and SAT 3, July 2015/ SAT 2 and untyped 2009/O Map 10: FMD distribution between , by serotype and topotype for East Africa - red boxes and circles refers to serotype A genotypes, yellow refers to serotype O genotypes, green refers to serotype SAT 2 genotypes and light blue refers to SAT 3 genotypes. (source Google Fusion Maps, WRLFMD). East Africa is known to be endemic for FMD, but available data is at present limited. Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in Pool 4 per , 10 : O (topotypes EA-2 (Kenya, Tanzania, DR Congo & Uganda), EA-3 (Egypt, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya & Sudan) and EA-4 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda). A/AFRICA (genotypes I (Kenya, Tanzania, D.R. Congo), IV (Sudan, Eritrea & Egypt) and VII (Ethiopia & Egypt)) A/ASIA/Iran-05 BAR-08 sub-lineage (Egypt) SAT 1 (topotypes I (Kenya, Tanzania), IX (Ethiopia)) SAT 2 (topotypes IV (Kenya, Tanzania), VII (Sudan, Egypt, Ethiopia), XII (Ethiopia, Sudan)) SAT 3 (only detected in African buffalo in the south of the QENP, Uganda in 1970 & 1997 and recently in 2013) Pool 4 SAT 2/VII/Alx-12 A/AFRICA/G-IV SAT 2/XII/unnamed SAT 2/IV/unnamed A/AFRICA/G-VII SAT 3/V/unnamed O/EA-3/unnamed O/EA-4/unnamed SAT 1/1 (NWZ)/unnamed O/EA-2/unnamed A/AFRICA/G-I Mauritius Ils E. POOL 5 West / Central Africa Cameroon 11 The Laboratoire National Vétérinaire (LANAVET), Garoua, Cameroon detected FMDV antibodies in 19 (11.31%) of the 168 ovine and caprine serum samples examined by non-structural protein (NSP) ELISA. The laboratory is also continuing its collaborative research project with the Ohio State University and Plum Island of the USA. Most recent genotypes identified in the country are represented by A/AFRICA/G-IV and SAT 2/VII/Lib-12 in samples collected in 2013 for which VMSD tests are not available. Ghana 12, Nigeria 13 and Senegal 14 The ACCRA Veterinary Laboratory, Ghana, the National Veterinary Research Institute Vom, Nigeria and the Laboratoire National de l Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires of Senegal reported that there were no diagnostic confirmations of FMD outbreaks in their respective countries even if Nigeria is processing a set of FMD suspect epithelial samples.. The Laboratoire National de l Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires of Senegal, in collaboration with ANSES (OIE FMD reference laboratory), will be examining historical suspect samples to strengthen their diagnostic capacity. 19

21 Within this respect, the National Veterinary Research Institute Vom, Nigeria continues its OIE twinning programme with CODA CERVA, Belgium. Table 13: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 5 between , for geographic distribution see Map 11 below. (Source Wahis, EuFMD Global Monthly Report) Country Benin FMD history FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in **(1 st semester) 2016/NO DATA REPORTED A, O, SAT 1, SAT 2/ Last outbreak reported/serotype #see pg. 1 Jun 2014/O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 Comment (Genotyping would be useful for this region) Burkina Faso DISEASE PRESENT Dec 2016/ not available April 2017/untyped, Nov 2016/NO DATA REPORTED Cameroon 2014/O, SAT 2, May DISEASE PRESENT 2014/SAT 1, Apr 2014/ A Cabo Verde DISEASE ABSENT Not available Central African Republic Chad DISEASE PRESENT BUT WITHOUT QUANTITATIVE DATA 2016/DISEASE PRESENT / DISEASE ABSENT / DISEASE PRESENT Not available Aug 2016/Not reported Democratic Republic of /A, O, SAT 1 Dec 2016/A, O & Sat 1 Typing required the Congo Congo NO DATA AVAILABLE Jun 2013/not typed Typing required Côte d'ivoire / not sampled or not reported, 2012/A, Jul 2016/not reported Equatorial Guinea Gabon / NO DATA AVAILABLE /DISEASE SUSPECTED 2012, /DISEASE ABSENT 2013/NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available Not available Gambia NO DATA AVAILABLE 2012/O 2016/NO DATA AVAILABLE Dec 2016/ O & SAT 2 Ghana /DISEASE 2014/not available PRESENT Guinea-Bissau Guinea **/DISEASE SUSPECTED 2014/ DISEASE PRESENT /DISEASE ABSENT , **/ DISEASE ABSENT 2014/ DISEASE PRESENT Oct 2016/O Dec 2016/SAT1 & SAT /not available Liberia NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available 20

22 Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Sao Tome Principe Senegal 2013, 2016/DISEASE PRESENT 2015/A, SAT /SAT / NO DATA AVAILABLE 2016/DISEASE SUSPECTED, **/SAT 2, /NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS 2016**/DISEASE PRESENT BUT WITH NO QUALITATIVE DATA, 2015/O /NOT SAMPLED /DISEASE PRESENT /O /NO DATA AVAILABLE 2012/DISEASE ABSENT /DISEASE PRESENT 2012, 2014/NOT SAMPLED 2013/NO DATA AVAILABLE Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Oct 2016/not reported Dec 2014/SAT /not sampled, May 2015/O Feb 2017/not typed Sept 2016/ O & SAT 1 Nov 2015/A, Sept 2014/ SAT 2 Not available Feb 2015/ A and O, 2014/ SAT 2 Sierra Leone DISEASE ABSENT** Oct 1958 Togo O, SAT /O Map 11: FMD distribution between by serotype and topotypes for West Africa - red boxes and circles refer to serotype A genotypes, yellow refers to serotype O genotypes, orange boxes to serotype SAT 1 genotypes, green refers to serotype SAT 2serotypes and white script in map refers to new introduction of viral lineage in pool or country of the pool during (source Google Fusion Maps, WRLFMD). Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in Pool 5 per , 10 : Serotype O (topotypes WA, EA-3 (Nigeria)) Serotype A (topotypes AFRICA IV & VI) Serotype SAT 1 - detection of a new viral lineage, SAT 1/X/unnamed in Nigeria Serotype SAT 2 (topotype VII/Lib-12 (Mauritania), and unnamed genotypes) Pool 5 SAT 2/VII/unnamed O/WA/unnamed O/EA-3/unnamed A/AFRICA/G-IV SAT 1/X/unnamed SAT 2/VII/Lib

23 F. POOL 6 Southern Africa Botswana 1 A FMD outbreak occurred on September 19 th 2017 in grazing cattle at a communal area at Ngamiland, Botswana. Serotyping of the present outbreak is pending and the Botswana Vaccine Institute (OIE Reference Laboratory) is carrying out virus isolation. The source of the infection was attributed to contact with wild species. A farmer notified the suspect to a veterinary officer and samples were forwarded to the laboratory for confirmation. Containment measures applied are movement, control inside the country, surveillance within containment and/or protection zone, traceability, zoning, vaccination permitted (if a vaccine exists), disinfection and ante and postmortem inspections. No treatment is being administered to the affected animals. A summary of the animals involved in the outbreak and its location are reported in Table 14 and Map 12. Map 12: location of the FMD outbreak that occurred on September 19 th 2017 occurred in cattle at grazing in a communal area at Ngamiland, Botswana. (source WAHIS) Table 14: summary of the animals involved in the FMD outbreak that occurred on September 19 th 2017 occurred in cattle at grazing in a communal area at Ngamiland, Botswana (source WAHIS) Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Killed and disposed of Slaughtered Apparent morbidity rate Apparent mortality rate Apparent case fatality rate Proportion susceptible animals lost* Cattle % 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% *Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter Malawi 1 A FMD outbreak took place on August 24 th 2017, in cattle at Chikwawa, Malawi. The Malawi Central Veterinary Laboratory is confirming serotyping. The affected herd is in a communal grazing system in close proximity with buffaloes that are in Lengwe National Park. Buffaloes occasionally stray out of the park and graze with cattle. The population is within the locality that is strategically vaccinated against FMD using a trivalent FMD vaccine containing SAT1, SAT2 and SAT3. Control measures applied are movement control inside the country, surveillance outside containment and/or protection zone surveillance within containment and/or protection zone, quarantine, control of wildlife reservoirs disinfection process to inactivate the pathogenic agent in products or by-products, vaccination if a suitable vaccine exists, screening, traceability and official destruction of animal products. No treatment is being administered to the affected animals. A summary of the animals involved in the outbreak and its location are reported in Table 15 and Map 13. Table 15: summary of the animals involved in the FMD outbreak that occurred on August 24 th 2017, in cattle present in communal grazing grounds at Chikwawa, Malawi. (source WAHIS) 22

24 Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Killed and disposed of Slaughtered Apparent morbidity rate Apparent mortality rate Apparent case fatality rate Proportion susceptible animals lost* Cattle 30, % 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% *Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter Map 13: location of the FMD outbreak that occurred on August 24 th 2017 in cattle pasturing on communal grazing grounds at Chikwawa, Malawi. (source WAHIS) Namibia 1 Four FMD outbreaks due to SAT 2 were reported in cattle, between July 24 th and September 12 th 2017 at Katima- Mulilo, Zambezi. The Central Veterinary Laboratory of Namibia carried out diagnosis in the first instance on July 17 th 2017 using NSP ELISA and real-time PCR while the Botswana Vaccine Institute (OIE Reference Laboratory) conducted virus isolation and sequencing results were issued on August 18 th 2017even if these were not reported. Outbreak origin is due to contact with wild animals and the control measures adopted are movement control inside the country, vaccination in response to the outbreaks, surveillance within containment and/or protection zone, traceability, quarantine and disinfection with no treatment being administered to the affected animals. A summary of the animals involved in the outbreak and its location are reported in Table 16 and Maps 14 & 15. Map 14 & 15: location of the FMD outbreaks reported in cattle, between July 24 th and September 12 th 2017 at Katima-Mulilo, Zambezi, Namibia. (source WAHIS) 23

25 Table 16: summary of the animals involved in the FMD outbreaks reported in cattle, between July 24 th and September 12 th 2017 at Katima-Mulilo, Zambezi. (source WAHIS) Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Killed and disposed of Slaughtered Apparent morbidity rate Apparent mortality rate Apparent case fatality rate Proportion susceptible animals lost* Cattle 4, % 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% *Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter 1, 15 South Africa Two FMD outbreaks due to SAT 1 were reported in cattle, on August 29 th and 31 st 2017 at Limpopo following the one reported the week before. The ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute using PCR confirmed diagnosis. As the outbreaks are within South Africa's FMD protection zone, close to the Kruger National Park these do not affect the status of South Africa's FMD free zone. Coordinates of the farms involved were modified to protect their privacy as required by South African legislation. As for Namibia, source of outbreaks was attributed to contact with wild animals. The control of the further spread of the virus will be based on the adoption of the following measures: movement control inside the country, surveillance within containment and/or protection zone, screening, quarantine, while vaccination is prohibited and no treatment is being administered to the affected animals. A summary of the animals involved in the outbreak and its location are reported in Table 17 and Map 16. Table 17: summary of the animals involved in the FMD outbreaks reported in cattle, on August 29 th and 31 st 2017 at Limpopo, South Africa. (source WAHIS) Killed and Species Susceptible Cases Deaths disposed of Slaughtered Apparent Apparent Apparent case Proportion susceptible morbidity rate mortality rate fatality rate animals lost* Cattle 1, % 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% *Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter 24

26 Map 16: indicative location of the FMD outbreaks reported in cattle, on August 29 th and 31 st 2017 at Limpopo, South Africa. Coordinates of the farms involved were modified to protect their privacy as required by South African legislation. (source WAHIS) Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Further activities reported by the ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute are that the FMDV serotype SAT 1 virus is being sequenced and that the laboratory examined 3,510 serum samples using liquid-phase blocking ELISA for the serological detection of FMDV serotypes SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3 and 252 sera using FMD NSP ELISA. The ARC- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute is continuing its collaboration with international organisations on research projects. Zimbabwe 1 Thirty-five FMD outbreaks for which serotyping is still pending occurred between July and September 2017 in Masvingo, Midlands and Manicaland. As for Namibia and South Africa, the outbreaks were due to contact with wild animals at grazing and/or watering points. The present episodes are a continuation of the first outbreak notified in July 2017 with the virus that continues to spread in the affected districts especially because the amount of vaccine to control the episodes is limited. All the infected districts are under quarantine with veterinary check-points placed at strategic areas to prevent cattle movement. In addition, all illegally moved cattle are being destroyed. Other control measures adopted are movement control inside the country, vaccination in response to the outbreaks, surveillance outside containment and/or protection zone, surveillance within containment and/or protection zone, traceability, quarantine, control of wildlife reservoirs and zoning. FMD affected animals are not receiving treatment. Inspections and community education campaigns are currently on-going. A summary of the animals involved in the outbreak and its location are reported in Table 18 and Map 17. Table 18: summary of the animals involved in the 35 FMD outbreaks reported in cattle, occurred between July and September 2017 in Masvingo, Midlands and Manicaland, Zimbabwe. (source WAHIS) 25

27 Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Killed and disposed of Slaughtered Apparent morbidity rate Apparent mortality rate Apparent case fatality rate Proportion susceptible animals lost* Cattle 56,890 4, % 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% *Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter Map 17: location of the 35 FMD outbreaks reported in cattle, occurred between July and September 2017 in Masvingo, Midlands and Manicaland, Zimbabwe. (source WAHIS) Table 19: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 6 between , for geographic distribution see Map 18 below. (Source Wahis, EuFMD Global Monthly Report) COUNTRY Angola Botswana Democratic Republic of the Congo Malawi Mozambique Namibia FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in **(1 st semester) **/ DISEASE PRESENT /DISEASE ABSENT 2012/DISEASE SUSPECTED BUT NOT CONFIRMED **/SAT /SAT 1 LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE #see pg. 1 April 2016/SAT 2, July 2015/ SAT 2 Sep 2017/typing pending, July 2015/SAT 2, June 2015/SAT 1 Comment /A, O, SAT 1 Dec 2016/A, O & Sat 1 Typing required 2012/NO OUTBREAKS REPORTED / NO DATA AVAILABLE 2016**/ NO DATA AVAILABLE /DISEASE ABSENT **/SAT /SAT 1 Aug 2017/typing pending, Oct 2011, Dec 2016/SAT 2, Sep 2016/ Typing pending, May 2015/ SAT 1 Sep 2017/SAT 2, Aug 2017/typing pending, 26

28 South Africa Zambia Zimbabwe May 2015/SAT 1,, **/SAT 3 Aug 2017/SAT 1, May 2017/SAT /SAT 2 Dec 2015/SAT 3, 2013/SAT /SAT 3 & NOT TYPEC / NO DATA Mar 2017/SAT 2, Jan 2013/SAT 1, AVAILABLE 2012/SAT 1, SAT Feb 2015/A, Mar 2016/SAT /SAT SAT /SAT 3 Sep 2017/typing pending, May 2017/SAT 2, Aug 2015/ SAT 1, Jun 2013/SAT 3 Map 18: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for Southern Africa, red refers to serotype A, orange refers to SAT 1, green refers to serotype SAT 2 and white script in map refers to new introduction of viral lineage in pool or country of the pool during (source Google Fusion Maps, WRLFMD). Swaziland and Lesotho are free from FMD without vaccination. There is a zone in both Botswana and Namibia, which has been FMD free without vaccination, since 2010 and 1997 respectively. Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in pool 6 per , 11 : Serotype SAT 1 (topotypes I, II and III) new detection of SAT 1/III (WZ)/unnamed in Botswana during 2016 Serotype SAT 2 (topotypes I, II, III and IV) - new detection of SAT 2/III/unnamed in Namibia Serotype SAT 3 (?) (topotypes I, II and III) new detection of SAT 3/V/unnamed in Zambia during 2016 Pool 6 SAT 2/IV/unnamed SAT 1/III (WZ)/unnamed SAT 2/III/unnamed SAT 3/V/unnamed A/AFRICA/G-I SAT 2/I/unnamed SAT 2/II/unnamed G. POOL 7 South America Colombia 1 No new FMD outbreaks were reported in the country during September The control activities still ongoing are at Cundinamarca and at Norte De Santander were episodes of the disease respectively commenced on June 1 st and July 14 th Relative to the origin of the outbreaks at Cundinamarca, that of Yacopi was due to swill collected from the same zone that was fed to swine which amplified the infection before transmitting it to cattle, while for the outbreak in Tibacuy, the infection was transmitted through fomites. Stamping out in Yacopi was delayed as it is not easily accessible. In spite of this, burials pits were dug for the elimination of the carcasses. The control measures implemented since the start of the outbreaks were successful in stopping the spread of the virus. The events of Cundinamarca were reported as resolved as from August 15 th For the outbreak of Norte De Santander, virus introduction was attributed to illegal introduction of animals from Venezuela. Diseased animals and in contacts were killed and disposed of. Intensive epidemiological and serological surveillance was carried out, along with thorough controls at border level. The event was declared closed on September 4 th , 9 & 10 Rest of Latin America 27

29 The OIE FMD status of the countries in South America as reported in June 2017 is presented in Map 19. Most South American countries are FMD free with vaccination (Uruguay) or without vaccination (Chile, Guyana) or with free zones with vaccination (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru and continental Ecuador) or without vaccination (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru) as described by the OIE maps (see: Small areas of the continent may still be considered as endemic but clinical cases are rare (Map 19). In fact, before the outbreak reported in Columbia, during the OIE/FAO FMD Laboratory Meeting held in November 2016, PANAFTOSA reported data for historical FMD outbreaks that occurred in Venezuela in The FMD history relative to the Region for is reported in Table 20. Table 20: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 16 between , for geographic distribution see Map 19 below. (Source WAHIS, EuFMD Global Monthly Report) COUNTRY FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in **(1 st semester) LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE #see pg. 1 Comment Colombia DISEASE ABSENT July 2017/O Paraguay DISEASE ABSENT Dec 2011/O Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) DISEASE ABSENT** 2011/O, 2013/ A National situation needs verification Map 19: FMD status for South America 2 (Source OIE) 28

30 IV. OTHER NEWS: Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation 2 The 3 rd WRLFMD Quarterly Report for the period July September 2017 contains a list of recommended FMDV strains for antigen banks of FMD-Free countries. The discussion of this table is within the report. (Table 21) The WRLFMD is at present working to adopt a risk-based approach for identifying circulating FMDV lineages and relate these to priority vaccines for use in Europe and other FMD-free settings. Table 21: Recommendations from WRLFMD on FMD virus strains to be included in FMDV antigen banks (for FMDfree countries). Note: Virus strains are NOT listed in order of importance 29