The Immune System. s Big Book of Handouts

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Cornelia Ellis
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1 The Immune System s Big Book of Handouts

2 Immune System Specific learning outcomes B : Describe the body s defence mechanisms for protection from foreign agents. (GLO: D1) Include: non-specific and specific defences B : Describe the body s response to allergens, vaccines, and viruses/bacteria. (GLO: D1) Include: inflammatory response and immune response B : Explain the role of the lymphatic system in protecting the human body. (GLO: D1) Include: lymph vessels, lymph nodes, and lymph B : Investigate issues related to the immune system and the protection of public health. (GLOs: B3, C4, C5, C6, C8, D1) Examples: immunization policies, travel bans and advisories, epidemics B : Describe how personal lifestyle choices can influence the functioning of protection and/or control systems. (GLOs: B3, D1) Examples: impact of recreational drugs, use of anabolic steroids, lack of sleep, poor diet, non-use of protective equipment B : Investigate and describe conditions/disorders that affect protection and/or control in the human body. (GLOs: B3, C6, D1)

3 Lab: Bacterial Cultures Introduction: Bacteria belong to a kingdom of single-celled organisms called the monera. They are the smallest, simplest organisms and they are abundant in the air, water, soil, and on most objects. In today s class, you will learn how to design and perform a scientific experiment; using bacteria as your main tool of investigation. In this project you will collect and grow bacteria and after the bacteria grows, you will then be able identify the factors affecting their growth and reproduction. Required Material: 1. Petrie dish of agar medium 2. Cotton swabs 3. Marker/grease pencil for labeling dishes 4. Masking tape 5. An incubator or really warm place 6. BACTERIA!!! Method: 1. You are trying to find the place/object with the highest amount of Bacteria (This is the objective of your experiment) 2. Think. What are the most disgusting, bacteria loving environments The trashcan? The restroom? Determine 4 sample locations and come up with your hypothesis: (ex: I hypothesize that the trashcan has the most amount of bacteria, because it contacts many types of garbage) 3. Using your grease pencil, on the back of the agar plate (the plate with the agar gel in it) draw a quadrant and label it 1, 2, 3, 4 as shown: 2 1 Yes, these are supposed to be backwards! Go to your selected area, and take a sample by rubbing your cotton swab on the surface of that object. (Make sure your hand is not touching the tip of your cotton swab, if that happened, take a new cotton swab) 5. Carefully open your petri dish and lightly rub your cotton swab on the surface of the agar. (Make sure you are not pushing too hard, you might tear the agar surface) 6. Close the petri dish. 7. Repeat steps 4-6 for each of your chosen locations and record them in the table below:

4 My Chosen Locations: #1 #3 #2 #4 8. Write your names out on a long piece of masking tape and use that tape to seal the dish all the way around the rim 9. Turn the dish upside down so that the agar is now at the top of the dish 10. Place your petri dishes in the incubation zone (your teacher will tell you where). The dishes will then be incubated for a week in a warm environment (the temperature used for incubation is close to the temperature of the human body.) 11. WASH YOUR HANDS. 12. Record your observations over the next week in the tables on the following page. NOTE: Day 1 is the first day, 24 hours after incubation. Caution Most bacteria collected in the environment will not be harmful. However, once they multiply into millions of colonies in a petri dish they become more of a hazard. Be sure to protect open cuts with rubber gloves and never ingest or breathe in growing bacteria. Keep growing petri dishes taped closed until your experiment is done. Then you should safely destroy the fuzzy bacteria colonies using bleach. QUESTIONS to include in your Conclusion/Discussion : OVER AND ABOVE of what should be covered in your discussion, be sure to include these questions. 1. What factors affect bacteria growth? 2. The temperature we used for incubations was close to the temperature of human body, why is that necessary? What is the temperature of human body? What is the average room temperature? 3. If your experiment goes well, after a week, you will observe a mass of bacteria on your petri dishes; which is the result of their growth and reproduction. Why do you think the same bacteria that you have collected are able to grow and reproduce massively in the petri dish, but they don t reproduce massively in the environment where you have collected them from? 4. What is an epidemic? How does it happen?

5 Results & Observations: Make drawings or take pictures with your camera of your bacterial cultures. If you take pictures, you must glue a picture over the circles. Pictures and drawings must be in color. In the box, describe in words what you see in each quadrant of your petri dish. Make comparisons from one observation set to the next. Observations: Day Observations: Day Observations: Day

6 Bacterial Cultures Lab Manual 1. Title (may go on its own title page): a. Title o Write a descriptive title. Anyone who reads your title should be able to tell what your experiment is about. o The title says what you did. It should be brief (aim for ten words or less) and describe the main point of the experiment or investigation. An example of a title would be: "Effects of Ultraviolet Light on Borax Crystal Growth Rate". If you can, begin your title using a keyword rather than an article like 'The' or 'A'. b. Name & name of partner(s) c. Date submitted d. Name of teacher to whom you are submitting the lab report 2. Introduction/Background Information: a. Introduction /Theoretical Background Information: (3/4 1 page) o Include any background information about the subject. What things are being used &/or o o investigated? Talk about them! Address the specific questions presented with each individual lab for guidance. Use your textbook & internet as a source for this section. 3. Purpose (1 sentence): o What is the purpose or reason for doing this investigation? What are you trying to discover or answer? 4. Hypothesis (1-2 sentence): o Write a statement that says what you are testing and what you expect the outcome to be. o Include reasoning behind why you think this will be the result. if then because 5. Materials: List all items used in the lab. (lists or bullets are preferred) 6. Procedure: Write out in list form the steps you took to complete the experiment. (bulleted/numbered) Your procedure should be written with enough detail so that anyone else could repeat the experiment. Include any figures that may help your readers visualize what your experimental set-up may look like. 7. Variables: Identify each of the following What is the independent variable? This is the variable that you are manipulating. What is the dependent variable? This is the responding variable or what changes during the experiment. You are measuring/observing this. What are your controlled variables? These are the variables that you will be keeping constant throughout the experiment. 8. Data / Results: This is your data section where you include data tables, graphs, and drawings of your data/observations when applicable. o This is NOT where you explain your results you just SHOW AND COMPARE them.

7 All tables, graphs, and drawings should be titled and labeled appropriately and include units of measurement. Graphs should be properly scaled with the dependant variable on the y-axis and the independent variable on the x-axis. Graphs should take up a whole page of graph paper so they are easy to read. A caption should be included with any graphs that explain what the reader is seeing in the graph (this is not where you analyze the graph!) 9. Conclusions (Discussion): The minimum requirements for a conclusion are: a. Restate hypothesis and question and state whether hypothesis was supported by results or not. b. EXPLAIN your results. How? By restating your data and giving logical explanations to each of your results. Draw conclusions based on the data obtained through your experiment. c. List three human or procedural errors in the experiment and how they could have affected the results. Describe what you would change if you did the experiment again. Human errors are not the same as procedural errors. d. Describe any experiments that are related to this experiment that may be pursued in the future. e. The responses to any lab questions that may have been posed in the laboratory manual. Purpose & Hypothesis Lab Report Rubric Excellent (4 pts) Good (3 pts) Adequate (2 pts) Needs Work (1 pt) Includes a complete and Includes a somewhat complete cohesive introduction to parts ofand cohesive introduction to Introduction the lab needed to premise the parts of the lab needed to report premise the report Purpose is included that is testable and relates to the investigation being performed. Methods & Procedure Variables, Data and Results Conclusions Format and Lab Protocols Purpose is included that is testable and directly relates to the investigation being performed. Clearly stated. Testable. Stated in an If then because statement based on relevant prior knowledge that directly relates to the question being investigated. Description or step-by-step process is included, could be repeated by another scientist Students form a hypothesis using an if then because statement based on some prior knowledge that is either irrelevant or incorrect, that directly relates to the question being investigated. Description included, some steps are vague or unclear Includes a less than satisfactory introduction to parts of the lab needed to premise the report Purpose is somewhat testable and or somewhat related to the investigation being performed. Student form a hypothesis based on minimal prior knowledge that does not relate to the question being investigated. Introduction present, no exemplary conditions met Purpose is not testable and or not related to the investigation being performed. Student form a hypothesis that is not based on prior knowledge that does not relate to the question being investigated. It is not stated as if then because The description gives Would be difficult to repeat, generalities, enough for reader must guess at how reader to understand how the the data was gathered or experiment was conducted experiment conducted Results are unclear, missing Results are disorganized or labels, trends are not obvious, poorly recorded, do not Results and data are clearly Results are clear and labeled, recorded, organized so it is easy trends are not obvious or there disorganized, there is enough make sense ; not enough for the reader to see trends. All are minor errors in organization data to show the experiment data was taken to justify appropriate labels are included was conducted results 1. Summarizes data used to draw conclusions 2. Conclusions follow data (not wild guesses or leaps of logic), 3. Discusses applications or real 3 of 4 of the "excellent" 2 of the 4 excellent 1 of the 4 excellent world connections conditions is met conditions met conditions met 4. Hypothesis is rejected or accepted based on the data. 5. Lab questions are included in lab report. Lab report submitted as directed, and on time. Directions were followed, stations were cleaned. All safety protocols followed. Some of the excellent conditions met, directions Most of the excellent conditions were not explicitly followed, were met; possible minor errors lab stations may have been in format or procedures left unclean or group not practicing good safety (such as not wearing goggles) Student did not follow directions, practiced unsafe procedures, goofed around in the lab, left a mess or equipment lost (0)Not attempted

9 Phase 2: The Inflammatory Response Two diagrams showing the same thing:

10 Phase 3: The Immune Response T Cell Pathway B Cell Pathway killer ( ) Plasma killer ( ) Plasma

The Lymphatic System Lymph Vessels Function: A tube that carries lymph fluid. This lymph fluid is eventually added to the venous blood circulation (i.e. veins) Lymph Node Function: a small mass of

11 The Lymphatic System Lymph Vessels Function: A tube that carries lymph fluid. This lymph fluid is eventually added to the venous blood circulation (i.e. veins) Lymph Node Function: a small mass of tissue that contains lymphocytes and filters pathogens from the lymph fluid Lymphatic Fluid Function: The clear fluid found outside the cells which bathes the tissues. It is collected, filtered, and transported by the lymphatic system from around the tissues to the blood circulatory system. Tonsil Function: clusters of lymph tissue. Provide protection against bacteria that enter nose and mouth Thymus Function: A gland. Stores immature lymphocytes until they mature and are released into the system Bone Marrow Function: All wbc s are produced here. Because they fight disease, an increased number of leukocytes in the blood is often an indicator of disease. Spleen Function: Stores some types of lymphocytes. Also filters out and destroys bacteria and worn out rbc s

13 Mini Research Project The immune system, which is made up of special cells, proteins, tissues, and organs, defends people against germs and microorganisms every day. In most cases, the immune system does a great job of keeping people healthy and preventing infections. But sometimes problems with the immune system can lead to illness and disorders. Your job is to research each from the following list and fill in the boxes below using the computers for research: Rheumatoid arthritis Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Type 1 diabetes mellitus Psoriasis A description of the disease Be as detailed as possible! The symptoms of the disease; Ex: how a person knows they have it, how the disease affects the body or lifestyle Disease: Cures/treatments for the disease Be as detailed as possible! A drawing or diagram

14 Mini Research Project The immune system, which is made up of special cells, proteins, tissues, and organs, defends people against germs and microorganisms every day. In most cases, the immune system does a great job of keeping people healthy and preventing infections. But sometimes problems with the immune system can lead to illness and disorders. Your job is to research each from the following list and fill in the boxes below using the computers for research: Rheumatoid arthritis Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Type 1 diabetes mellitus Psoriasis A description of the disease Be as detailed as possible! The symptoms of the disease; Ex: how a person knows they have it, how the disease affects the body or lifestyle Disease: Cures/treatments for the disease Be as detailed as possible! A drawing or diagram

15 Mini Research Project The immune system, which is made up of special cells, proteins, tissues, and organs, defends people against germs and microorganisms every day. In most cases, the immune system does a great job of keeping people healthy and preventing infections. But sometimes problems with the immune system can lead to illness and disorders. Your job is to research each from the following list and fill in the boxes below using the computers for research: Rheumatoid arthritis Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Type 1 diabetes mellitus Psoriasis A description of the disease Be as detailed as possible! The symptoms of the disease; Ex: how a person knows they have it, how the disease affects the body or lifestyle Disease: Cures/treatments for the disease Be as detailed as possible! A drawing or diagram

Mini Research Project The immune system, which is made up of special cells, proteins, tissues, and organs, defends people against germs and microorganisms every day.

16 Mini Research Project The immune system, which is made up of special cells, proteins, tissues, and organs, defends people against germs and microorganisms every day. In most cases, the immune system does a great job of keeping people healthy and preventing infections. But sometimes problems with the immune system can lead to illness and disorders. Your job is to research each from the following list and fill in the boxes below using the computers for research: Rheumatoid arthritis Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Type 1 diabetes mellitus Psoriasis A description of the disease Be as detailed as possible! The symptoms of the disease; Ex: how a person knows they have it, how the disease affects the body or lifestyle Disease: Cures/treatments for the disease Be as detailed as possible! A drawing or diagram

2. Alcohol causes 2.5 million deaths in the world each year. In deaths of year olds, 9% of the time alcohol was involved.

2. Alcohol causes 2.5 million deaths in the world each year. In deaths of year olds, 9% of the time alcohol was involved. 1 Drug classification Drugs change what is happening inside our bodies. Some drugs help our bodies to work properly. Some cause them damage. Draw lines to match each type of drug to some common names for