Human Physiology Common Course Outline

Transcription

1 Human Physiology Common Course Outline Course Information Organization South Central College Revision History Course Number BIOL 230 Department Liberal Arts and Sciences Total Credits 4 Description This course provides an in-depth study of the functioning of most body systems, including muscle, nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and endocrine systems at both the cellular and systemic level. An emphasis is placed on normal physiology, but dysfunction will also be discussed. Eleven- Three hour labs are included per semester. Types of Instruction Instruction Type Contact Hours Credits Lecture 48 3 Lab 32 1 Prerequisites Read 0080, 0090; or a score of 63 or higher on the Reading Comprehension portion of the Accuplacer test. Chemistry 106 and Biol 220- Human Anatomy Exit Learning Outcomes External Standards GOAL 3. NATURAL SCIENCES To improve students understanding of natural science principles and of the methods of scientific inquiry, i.e., the ways in which scientists investigate natural science phenomena. 3.a Demonstrate understanding of scientific theories. 3.b Formulate and test hypotheses by performing laboratory, simulation, or field experiments in at lease two of the natural science disciplines. One of these experimental components should develop, in greater depth, students laboratory experience in the collection of data, its statistical and graphical analysis, and an appreciation of its sources of error and uncertainty. 3.c Communicate their experimental findings, analyses, and interpretations both orally and in writing. 3.d Evaluate societal issues from a natural science perspective, ask questions about the evidence presented, and make informed judgments about science-related topics and policies. Competencies 1. Define homeostasis within the context of the negative feedback system. a. Describe how homeostasis operates under a negative feedback system. b. Identify the components of a negative feedback system in a physiological system 2. Classify other types of regulatory feedback systems.

2 a. Indicate where postive feedback occurs in the body and understand its role in disease b. Describe feedfoward and identify where it occurs in the body 3. Demonstrate a basic understanding of the cell a. Identify the various biochemicals that can be in cells b. Identify and understand the functions of the organelles within the cell. c. Describe the basic catabolic pathways, the importance, location, and oxygen requirements of each pathway including: d. Explain the various modes of membrane transport e. Explain the distribution of ions in the cell and in the extracellular fluid including chemical and electrical forces and be able to predict what will happen to these forces when membrane potentials change. f. Explain equilibrium potentials, membrane potentials, action potentials, and graded potentials. 4. Predict the impact of substance based interruptions to the natural sequence of synaptic transmission a. Be able to list the steps of synaptic transmission. b. Understand the role excitatory and inhibitory post synaptic potentials have on synaptic transmission. c. Understand how drugs such as nicotine, cocaine and marijuana affect synaptic transmission. d. Understand how tetanus, botulinum toxin and black widow spider venom affect synaptic transmission. 5. Become familiar with neuronal integration. a. Describe temporal and spatial summation and how they affect nerve transmission. b. Explain Presynaptic modulation including presynaptic facilitation and post synaptic inhibition. 6. Describe parts of the central nervous system. a. Distinguish general areas and describe their respective functions in the central nervous system 7. Explain the basic principles of the sensory system including somatic senses, vision, hearing, olfactory, vestibular and gustatory. a. Describe the components of the sensory system. b. Identify the modalities for each sensory receptor c. Explain how sensory transduction occurs in each of the sensory systems. d. Explain how sensory coding occurs in each of the sensory systems. e. Describe malfunctions in sensory processing. 8. Describe the autonomic nervous system. 1. Distinguish the differences and similarities between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems 9. Explain the similarities and differences between the three muscle types- skeletal, smooth and cardiac

3 a. Describe how each type of muscle creates a change in membrane potential. b. Describe the subcellular mechanisms of excitation contraction coupling in each muscle type. d. Explain the factors that influence the force of contraction in each muscle type. e. Demonstrate the principles of recruitment, summation, length tension relationship and muscle twitch in a frog gastrocnemius muscle. 10. Apply defined parameters to describe the actions of the cardiovascular system. a. Describe the cardiac cycle using terms such as diastole, systole, isovolumetric contraction and isovolumetric relaxation and indicate which valves are open and closed based on pressure differences between the chambers in the heart, the pulmonary artery and aorta. b. Describe cardiac output and its influence on mean arterial blood pressure. c. Identify factors that influence cardiac output including the autonomic nervous system, end diastolic volume and stroke volume d. Identify factors that affect venous return e. Describe total peripheral resistance and its influence on mean arterial blood pressure. f. Describe factors that influence total peripheral resistance. g. Describe Starlings forces in the capillary and surrounding interstitial fluid and factors that influence them h. Predict changes in the starlings forces with various conditions i. Describe short and long regulation of mean arterial blood pressure j. Predict cardiovascular responses to real or theoretical conditions k. Describe the cardiovascular changes that occur with exercise and position changes l. Demonstrate the effect of position change, decreased temperature and the valsalva maneuver on peripheral pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure using plethysmography. 11. Describe the functions of the blood. a. Distinguish between specific and nonspecific immunity b. Explain the functions of B-cells, and some T-cells c. Understand the difference between cell-mediated and humoral immunity d. Explain some types of immune dysfunction including autoimmune disease, allergies, graph/organ rejection, and immunodeficiency diseases as well as the effect of stress on the immune system. e. Explain how to perform a blood typing test and recognize which blood types will react with each other. f. Explain the process of Hemostasis g. Explain the process of hematopoeisis. h. Describe polycythemia vera 12. Explain normal and abnormal aspects of respiration a. Use Boyle's law to describe the process of ventilation b. Describe the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the blood and the tissues and the blood including the chloride shift. c. Explain how changes in the carbon dioxide level in the blood affect ph d. Explain changes in blood gases during exercise

4 e. Use a chest pneumograph to demonstrate the role of the chemoreceptor reflex in regulation of respiration when anatomical dead space in increased, breathing air high in carbon dioxide and recovering from hyperventilation f. Use an airflow transducer to measure and compute pulmonary volumes and be able to diagnose when there is an obstructive or restrictive pulmonary disorder g. Explain hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen using the oxygen-hemoglobin disassociation curve and predict curve shifts with changes in 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), ph and temperature h. Explain the haldane effect and Bohr effect on hemoglobin's ability to bind with oxygen i. Explain how respiratory disorders such as asthma, emphysema and bronchitis affect ventilation and perfusion at the capillaries and alveoli 13. Describe the function of the kidney a. Identify the anatomy of the nephron, including the parts of the nephron tubule b Use Starling's forces to explain glomerular filtration b. Describe intrinsic regulation of glomerular filtration rate. c. Explain intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of glomerular filtration with changes in blood pressure d. Explain the mechanisms of secretion and absorption in the nephron tubule e. Describe cell transport of various substances through the apical and basolateral side of nephron tubular cells f. Describe transport maximum and explain what will occur if transport maximum of glucose is exceeded in diabetes mellitus g. Explain the process of excretion h. Explain how glomerular filtration rate affects renal clearance. i. Describe how the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, antidiuretic hormone and atrial natriuretic peptide regulate sodium and water balance j. Explain the role of aldosterone in regulation of the secretion of potassium k. Explain various disorders and diagnose them by performing urinalysis on urine unknowns l. Explain how the kidney's regulate ph 14. Explain how the endocrine system regulates body function a. Explain the hypothalamic-pituitary axis b. Identify the hormones of the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus and explain their functions c. Explain the regulation of blood glucose (insulin and glucagon) d. Explain the regulation of body calcium (parathyroid hormone) e. Explain the regulation of reproductive hormones f. Explain the regulation of mineral corticoids and glucocortricoids 15. Describe the role of the gastrointestinal system in digestion a. Explain the mechanisms of digestion of protein, fats, and carbohydrates b. Explain the mechanisms of absorption of amino acids, glucose, fat, vitamins, sodium and water c. Explain hormonal regulation of digestion d. Explain the role of the accessory structures in digestion 16. Describe reproductive functions at specified stages in life

5 a. Explain gametogenesis in the male and female b. Explain the menstrual, ovarian and uterine cycles and their hormonal regulation c. Explain hormonal regulation of pregnancy d. Explain hormonal changes that occur with menopause. 17. Interpret and apply instructions from a laboratory manual. a. Perform experiments using the BioPac system b. Collect and graph data 18. Analyze and interpret experimental data a. Relate laboratory exercises to physiological principles b. Develop skills in graph interpretation. c. Predict physiological responses to experimental manipulations, based on data already collected d. Predict behavior of a cell, tissue, organ, or system under real or theoretical conditions 19. Demonstrate proficiency in computer based data collection and graphing a. Measure and collect data in a journal using BioPac software and hardware b. Graph data using Excel 20. Understand the properties and characteristics of enzymes through laboratory experimentation. a. Explain how temperature, ph, enzyme concentration and substrate concentration affect biochemical reactions. b. Explain how enzyme activity can be assessed using enzyme assays. c. Identify the main enzymes, substrates and products involved in the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. 21. Gain a better understanding of homeostasis and its importance to physiology by measuring and graphing heart rate. a. Describe how a feedback system works and predict the outcome when the system change. b. Identify the components of a negative feedback system for blood pressure regulation c. Measure heart rate changes over time using plethysmography and graph the data d. Calculate the setpoint, range and sensitivity of the negative feedback for heart rate 22. Explain reflexes and their clinical importance by performing reflexes on an individual and observing the responses. a. Describe the normal and abnormal strech reflex and babinski responses and their implications b. Demonstrate stretch reflexes and the babinski test by using a petellar hammer 23. Describe the mechanisms involved in vision, hearing, touch and sense of balance and perception a. Demonstrate and describe the various functions of the somatosensory system b. Demonstrate and describe visual processing

6 c. Perform the Webers and Rinne's test to determine conduction and senory deafness d. Explain how the brain perceives rotational acceleration and demonstrate this through experimentation 24. Demonstrate the properties of skeletal muscle through experimentation a. Perform experiments of a frog gastrocnemius muscle to demonstrate recruitment, summation, the length tension relationship b. Determine the strength of contraction of the digital flexor muscle and biceps muscle by recording and measuring the electrical activity through the electromyogram. c. Describe the relationship between agonistic and antagonistic muscles by observing the electrical activity of muscles in the lower leg using the electromyogram. d. Describe the effect of stimulus frequency and strength on contraction of the digital flexor muscle by locating and stimulating motor points and observing the results. 25. Observe the properties of the cardiac muscle a. Observe and explain the stages of the cardiac cycle b. Observe and explain Frank-Starling's law of the heart c. Observe and explain the effect of stimulating the right vagus nerve d. Observe and explain the refractory period e. Observe and explain effect of increasing stimulus frequency 26. Identify various arrhythmias in the heart by interpreting electrocardiogram strips. a. Describe the conduction of the action potential through the heart b. Identify the waves of the electrocardiogram c. Recognize abnormalities in the the electrical activity of the heart through interpretation of electrocardiogram strips d. Perform an electrocardiogram on another person and analyze the recording for heart rate, first degree heart block and bundle branch block 27. Demonstrate the baroreceptor response in regulation of mean arterial blood pressure by measuring, recording and analyzing data from peripheral blood flow using plethysmography a. Predict the changes that will occur in mean arterial pressure and peripheral pulse pressure with the valsalva maneuver, changes in gravity, changes in body temperature and exertion b. While performing the functions in objective a, measure, record and analyze data to verify the predictions c. Apply what is learned from the plethysmography experiment to predict what changes will occur and how the body will correct for the changes for dehydration, hemmorrhage and artificial respiration 28. Describe restrictive and obstructive disorders and clinical diagnosis based on measurements and calculations of lung volumes and capacities using a flow meter. a. Measure lung volumes and capacities using a flow meter b. Describe what residual volume, functional residual capacity and total lung volume are and why they can t be measured using a flow meter. c. Describe what an obstructive disorder is and identify obstructive disorders by observing and measuring FEV1 test results.

7 d. Describe what a restrictive disorder is and identify restrictive disorders by observing and measuring vital capacity. 29. Demonstrate and describe the chemical regulation of breathing by using a chest pneumograph to measure breathing rate and depth under various experimental conditions. a. Predict the effects of hyperventilation, breathing air high in carbon dioxide, increased anatomical dead space and exertion on breathing depth and rate b. Measure breathing rate and depth using the chest pneumograph c Demonstrate the effects of #1, record and analyze data to prove or disprove the predictions then explain the results. d. Apply the information learned to predict what will happen to breathing rate and depth with asthma, painful breathing, carbon monoxide poisoning and acidosis and justify the prediction 30. Understand the functions of the cellular components of the blood a. Identify the five types of white blood cells and describe each of their functions b. Describe the differential, total and net white blood cell counts, what the normal ranges are and what possible diagnosis could be made if the counts are too high or too low. c. Using a blood smear stained with Wright s stain and a microscope, perform a differential white blood cell count and apply information learned in lab to make a diagnosis d. Describe the difference between active and passive immunity and give examples of each. e. Describe different types of hemoglobin f. Describe anemia and the different types of anemia g. Using a blood typing game, develop a proficiency in interpreting blood typing tests and identifying what type of blood a blood type can receive and what type it can donate to. 31. Diagnose medical conditions from urine unknowns using bililab sticks and urinometers. a. Differentiate between diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidous and irregulalrities found in the urine for each disorder b. Identify substances (constituents) that are common in urine from a healthy individual c. Demonstrate the ability to perform and analyze basic urine lab tests using a urinometer and bililab stick. d. Apply the information learned in lab to match conditions with unknown urine samples.