1. 09/07/16 Ch 1: Intro to Human A & P 1

Transcription

1 Table of Contents # Date Title Page # 1. 09/07/16 Ch 1: Intro to Human A & P /19/16 Ch 18: Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance 5 i 1

2 09/19/16 Chapter 18: Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance 4 Objective: Students will be able to explain water and electrolyte balance, and discuss the importance of this balance. Chapter 18: Notes Objective: Students will be able to list the routes by which water enters and leaves the body, and explain how water intake and output are regulated. water enters water exits 2

3 Title CHAPTER 18 FLEXART Labels and leader lines are editable on every image in this PowerPoint. In addition, the logo indicates images in which the artwork itself can be customized. To get started, select an image from within the PowerPoint file and simply click on any of the labels and edit or delete to your preference. PowerPoint Tips: Refer to the Microsoft Help feature for specific questions about PowerPoint. 3

4 Read new text book page 489: Heatstroke can kill 4

5 Fig18.01 Body Fluids exist in Compartments Total body water Interstitial fluid Plasma Membranes of body cells Intracellular fluid (63%) Lymph Transcellular fluid Extracellular fluid (37%) Critical Substances to Maintain Homeostasis Water Electrolytes: Molecules that release ions (charged) in water. 5

6 Fig Extracellular fluid Intracellular fluid Ion concentration (m Eq/ L)] Ratio Na 14:1 + K 1:28 + Ca +2 5:1 Mg +2 1:19 Cl 26:1 (Extracellular: intracellular) HCO3 3:1 PO4 SO4 3 1:19 2 1:2 Use this to write in 2 colors, the relative ion concentrations on the diagram of the different fluids. What direction would potassium travel? sodium? carbonate ions? 6

7 Fig18.03 Plasma Capillary wall Fluid leaves plasma at arteriolar end of capillaries because outward force of hydrostatic pressure predominates Interstitial fluid Lymph vessel Fluid returns to plasma at venular ends of capillaries because inward force of colloid osmotic pressure predominates Transcellular fluid Serous membrane Lymph Intracellular fluid Cell membrane Hydrostatic pressure within interstitial spaces forces fluid into lymph capillaries Interstitial fluid is in equilibrium with transcellular and intracellular fluids Definitions: hydrostatic pressure: pressure exerted by fluids ie: blood pressure osmotic pressure: pressure needed to stop osmosis; a solution's potential pressure caused by impermeant solute particles in the solution (eg: plasma proteins in blood) Calculating Osmotic Pressure Osmotic Pressure We need to know the molar concentration of dissolved species in order to calculate the osmotic pressure of an aqueous solution. We calculate the osmotic pressure, (pi), using the following equation: Where: M is the molar concentration of dissolved species (units of mol/l). R is the ideal gas constant ( L atm mol 1 K 1, or other values depending on the pressure units). T is the temperature on the Kelvin scale. 7

8 8

9 Chapter 18 A and P Lecture Notes.notebook 9

10 Fig18.04 Average daily intake of water Water of metabolism (250 ml or 10%) Average daily intake of water Water lost in sweat (150 ml or 6%) Water lost in feces (150 ml or 6%) Water in moist food (750 ml or 30%) Water lost through skin and lungs (700 ml or 28%) Total intake Total output (2,500 ml) Water in beverages (1,500 ml or 60%) Water lost in urine (1,500 ml or 60%) (12.7 cups) (a) (b) Regulation of water intake: increased osmotic pressure of extracellular fluids osmoreceptors in thirst center (hypothalamus) distension of stomach wall Draw fig. 8 diagram showing this. Go to page 494 and read "Water Balance Diorders" What is the mechanism for dehydration? Describe what occurs in water intoxication. What is edema? How does edema occur? Which major organs are involved in edema? 10

11 11

12 12

13 Fig18_A 1 Water is lost from extracellular fluid compartment Cell membrane Nucleus 2 Solute concentration increases in extracellular fluid compartment 3 Water leaves intracellular fluid compartment by osmosis 13

14 Fig18_B Copyright The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or 1 Excess water is added to extracellular fluid compartment Cell membrane Nucleus 2 Solute concentration of extracellular fluid compartment decreases 3 Water moves into intracellular fluid compartment by osmosis 14

15 Fig18.03 Table18_A Plasma Capillary wall Fluid leaves plasma at arteriolar end of capillaries because outward force of hydrostatic pressure predominates Interstitial fluid Lymph vessel Fluid returns to plasma at venular ends of capillaries because inward force of colloid osmotic pressure predominates Transcellular fluid Serous membrane Lymph Intracellular fluid Cell membrane Hydrostatic pressure within interstitial spaces forces fluid into lymph capillaries Interstitial fluid is in equilibrium with transcellular and intracellular fluids 15

16 Control Center Receptors Effectors Stimulus Blood volume raises Response High Normal Low Decrease in Blood Volume Stimulus Increased Permeability of kidney (less urine produced) Response Osmoreceptors Hypothalamus Receptors Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Effectors Hypothalamus Control Center 16

17 Objective: Students will be able to list the routes by which electrolytes enter and leave the body, and explain how electrolyte intake and output are regulated. Fig18.05 Potassium ion concentration increases Adrenal cortex is signaled Aldosterone is secreted Renal tubules increase reabsorption of sodium ions and increase secretion of potassium ions Sodium ions are conserved and potassium ions are excreted 17

18 Control Center Brain Receptors Kidney (adrenal cortex) Effectors Aldosterone Released Stimulus Potassium (K+) increases Drop in K + Stimulus Kidney Receptors High Normal Low Response K + excretion increases K + Reabsorbed Response Kidney Effectors Brain Control Center 18

19 Control Center Brain Receptors Heart Effectors Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) Stimulus Blood volume raises Response Na + excretion increases High Normal Low Drop in Na + Stimulus Kidney Receptors Na + Reabsorbed Response Kidney Aldosterone Secreted Effectors Brain Control Center 19

20 Fig18.06 Aerobic respiration of glucose Anaerobic respiration of glucose Incomplete oxidation of fatty acids Oxidation of sulfur containing amino acids Hydrolysis of phosphoproteins and nucleic acids Carbonic acid Lactic acid Acidic ketone bodies Sulfuric acid Phosphoric acid H + Internal environment 20

21 ph Scale logarithmic scale measuring the activity of H + ions in solution Fig18.09 Acidosis Alkalosis ph scale Normal ph range Survival range 21

22 1 Which of the following buffer systems most closely resembles the one modeled in lab? A Bicarbonate system B Phosphate system C Protein system D None of the buffer systems were similar 22

23 Table

24 Fig18.07 Cells increase production of CO2 CO2 reacts with H2O to produce H2CO3 H2CO3 releases H + Respiratory center is stimulated Rate and depth of breathing increase More CO2 is eliminated through lungs 24

25 Fig18.08 Bicarbonate buffer system First line of defense against ph shift Chemical buffer systems Phosphate buffer system Protein buffer system Second line of defense against ph shift Physiological buffers Respiratory mechanism (CO2 excretion) Renal mechanism (H+ excretion) 25

26 Fig18.10 Accumulation of acids Loss of bases Increased concentration of H+ Acidosis ph drops ph scale 7.4 ph rises Alkalosis Decreased concentration of H + Loss of acids Accumulation of bases 26

27 Fig18.11 Decreased rate and depth of breathing Obstruction of air passages Decreased gas exchange Accumulation of CO2 Respiratory acidosis 27

28 Fig18.12 Kidney failure to excrete acids Excessive production of acidic ketones as in diabetes mellitus Accumulation of nonrespiratory acids Metabolic acidosis Excessive loss of bases Prolonged diarrhea with loss of alkaline intestinal secretions Prolonged vomiting with loss of intestinal secretions 28

29 Fig18.13 Anxiety Fever Poisoning High altitude Hyperventilation Excessive loss of CO2 Decrease in concentration of H2CO3 Decrease in concentration of H+ Respiratory alkalosis 29

30 Fig18.14 Gastric drainage Vomiting with loss of gastric secretions Loss of acids Net increase in alkaline substances Metabolic alkalosis 30