Galektinas-3 naujas fibrozës ir ðirdies nepakankamumo progresavimo þymuo

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1 MOKSLAS, TEORIJA IR PRAKTIKA SCIENCE, THEORY & PRACTICE Laboratorinë medicina. 2011, t. 13, Nr. 4(52), p Galektinas-3 naujas fibrozës ir ðirdies nepakankamumo progresavimo þymuo Dainius Daunoravièius 1 Virginija Grabauskienë 1 Julius Bogomolovas 2 Valerija Jablonskienë 3 Dalius Vitkus 3 1 Vilniaus universiteto Medicinos fakulteto Patologijos, teismo medicinos ir farmakologijos katedra Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology El. paðtas: daunoravicius@gmail.com 2 Manheimo medicinos universiteto Integruotos patologinës fiziologijos katedra Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Department of Integrative Pathophysiology 3 Vilniaus universiteto Medicinos fakulteto Fiziologijos, biochemijos ir laboratorinës medicinos katedra Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine Santrauka Ver ti nant li go nius, ku riems yra ûmi nis ir lë ti nis ðir dies ne pa kan ka mu - mas (ÐN), vis pla èiau nau do ja mi ávai rûs bio þy me nys. Ga lek ti nas-3 yra nau jas, moks li niais ty ri mais pa tvir tin tas ir kli ni ki në je prak ti ko je pra - dë tas nau do ti prog no zi nis ÐN bio þy muo. Ga lek ti nas-3 yra be ta-ga lak - to zi dà su ri ðan tis bal ty mas (lek ti nas), ku ris re gu liuo ja mio kar do fib ro - zës ir re mo de lia ci jos pro ce sus, le mian èius ÐN ið si vys ty mà ir pro gre sa - vi mà. Ga lek ti nas-3 ska ti na mak ro fa gø mig ra ci jà, fib rob las tø pro li fe ra - ci jà ir ko la ge no sin te zæ, tuo po ten ci juo da mas fib ro zës pro ce sus mio kar - de. Nuo ga lek ti no-3 pri klau so mas ry ðys tarp uþ de gi mo ir fib ro zës yra la bai pla èiai ty ri në ja mas ir ga li bû ti reikð min gas mio kar do re mo de lia - ci jos ir ðir dies ne pa kan ka mu mo pro gre sa vi mo pro ce se tiek diag nos ti - niu, tiek te ra pi niu po þiû riu. Pa di dë jæs ga lek ti no-3 kie kis ap tin ka mas esant ûmiai de kom pen sa vu siam ir lë ti niam ÐN. Yra pa kan ka mai áro - dy mø, kad ga lek ti nas-3 yra at sa kin gas uþ fib ro zës vys ty mà si ne tik ke - pe ny se ir inks tuo se, bet ir ðir dies rau me ny je. Tu ri mi ty ri në ji mø duo - me nys ro do, kad ga lek ti no-3 kon cen tra ci jos nu sta ty mas yra in for ma ty - vus ÐN diag nos ti kos ro dik lis. Ypaè ði nau da pa si reið kia prog no zuo jant li gos baig tá kar tu su ápras tais iki ðiol nau do ja mais prog no zi niais þy me - ni mis. Straips ny je pa tei kia mi nau jo ÐN prog no zi nio bio þy mens ga lek ti - no-3 eks pe ri men ti niø ir kli ni ki niø ty ri mø duo me nys ir ap ta ria mi ðio ty ri mo de ri nio su nat riu re zi niø pep ti dø ty ri mu prak ti nio ver ti ni mo as - pek tai. Reikð mi niai þo dþiai: ga lek ti nas-3, bio þy me nys, fib ro zë, re mo de lia ci ja, ðir dies ne pa kan ka mu mas, prog no zë. ÁVA DAS Ga lek ti nas-3 (si no ni mai: Mac-2, CBP-35, BP, RL-29, HL-29, L-34) yra vienas ið lektinø ðeimos nariø. Visuo - se ga lek ti nuo se ap tin ka mas an glia - van de nius su jun gian tis do me nas (ASD) (angl. car bo hy d ra te bin d ing do - main, CBD) do me nas le mia jø gi mi - ningumà (afiniðkumà) beta-galaktozi - dui. Þin duo liø or ga niz me iden ti fi kuo - ta 14 galektinø. Galektinas-3 turi pa - pildomà N-galiná segmentà, sàveikau - jan tá su ASD. Ga lek ti nas-3 yra ap tin - kamas plauèiuose, bluþnyje, skrandy - je, gaubtinëje þarnoje, gimdoje ir kiau - ði dë se ir kiek ma þiau inks tuo se, ðir - dyje, kasoje ir kepenyse; daugiausia au di niuo se re zi duo jan èio se imu ni në se làstelëse makrofaguose, eozinofiluose, neutrofiluose ir putliosiose làstelë - se [1, 2]. Galektinas-3 reguliuoja dau - gelá biologiniø procesø, tarp jø làsteliø adhezijà, migracijà, làsteliø augimà, pro li fe ra ci jà, apop to zæ, ne op la zi næ transformacijà ir metastazavimo pro - cesus [3 5], veikdamas viduje làstelës citoplazmoje ir branduolyje, taip pat LABORATORINË MEDICINA 2011, t. 13, Nr. 4(52) 205

2 Dainius Daunoravièius, Virginija Grabauskienë, Jul ius Bogomolovas, Valerija Jablonskienë, Dalius Vitkus 1 pav. Galektino-3 signaliniai keliai (adaptuota pagal [37]) Fig. 1. Galectin-3 path ways (adopted by [37]) uþ làstelës parakriniðkai ir autokri - niðkai [6]. Ðiuo metu galektinas-3 yra bene la biau siai ið ty ri në tas ga lek ti nø ðei - mos narys. Fibrozës procesø skatini - mas yra vie nas ið ádo miau siø ir ðian - dien labiausiai iðtirtø galektino-3 po - vei kiø. Fib ro ge ne zë ir ran dë ji mo pro - ce sas daþ niau siai yra tam tik ro au di - niø paþeidimo ir uþdegimo procesø padarinys. Árodyta, kad galektinas-3 ak - tyvina fibroblastus làsteles, atsakin - gas uþ fibrogenezës procesus, taip pat skatina makrofagø migracijà, fibroblastø proliferacijà ir kolageno sintezæ, tuo po ten ci juo da mas fib ro zës pro ce sus miokar de ir ki tuo se or ga nuo se [7, 8]. Ðis nuo galektino-3 priklausomas ry - ðys tarp uþ de gi mo ir fib ro zës yra la bai plaèiai tyrinëjamas ir gali bûti reikð - mingas miokardo remodeliacijai ir ðir - dies nepakankamumo progresavimui tiek diagnostiniu, tiek terapiniu po - þiûriu. GA LEK TI NO-3 BIO LO GI JA IR EKS PRE SI JA Ga lek ti nas yra kda dy dþio pro - teinas, pasiþymintis dideliu giminingumu laktozei ir ypaè laktozës jungi - niui N-ace til lak to za mi nui (Lac NAc, Gal 1,4(3)GlcNAc). Nors galektinas-3 tu ri tik vie nà ASD do me nà, ta èiau dël papildomo N-galinio segmento gali su - daryti pentamerus ir prisijungti dau - giavalenèius ligandus. Dël ðiø savybiø galektinas-3 pasiþymi ligandø ávairo - ve. Pa þy mëtina, kad dël maþo (palyginti su kitais galektinais) giminingu - mo cuk raus lie ka noms ne vi si N-ace - til lak to za mi nu mo di fi kuo ti bal ty mai jungiasi su galektinu-3. Manoma, kad baltymo seka aplink cukraus liekanà, o svar biau sia li gan do-re cep to riaus ekspresijos koordinacija ir kolokaliza - cija lemia galektino-3 ligandø biologi - ná prieinamumà. Plaèiau vidulàsteli - niai ir uþlàsteliniai galektino-3 ligan - dai ap tar ti I. Ro sen berg ir kt., S. Sa to ir kt. moks lo dar buo se [9 12]. Fibrozës procese uþlàsteliniam ga - lektinui-3 tenka svarbus vaidmuo. Ið - skirtas galektinas-3 aktyviai dalyvau - ja remodeliuojant uþlàsteliná matrik - sà: aktyvina fibroblastus, taip modu - liuodamas naujø matrikso komponentø (pvz., ko la ge no) sin te zæ, sà vei kau ja su mat rik so me ta lop ro tei na zë mis (MMP) ir audiniø metaloproteinaziø in hi bi to riais, re gu liuo ja uþ làs te li nio mat rik so re mo de lia ci jà (1 pav.) [13 16]. GALEKTINO-3 EKS PE RI MEN TI NIAI DAR BAI Sharma ir bendraautoriai [13] vieni pirmøjø pastebëjo, kad dekompensuo - to ÐN atvejais yra padidëjusi galekti - no-3 kon cen tra ci ja. Au to riai þiur kiø 206 LABORATORINË MEDICINA 2011, t. 13, Nr. 4(52)

3 Galektinas-3 naujas fibrozës ir ðirdies nepakankamumo progresavimo þymuo or ga niz me ty rë trans ge ni ná hi per ten - zijos modelá, pagrástà renino pervirði - ne ekspresija [17], ir pastebëjo, kad vie noms þiur këms per 15 sa vai èiø ið si - vys to ryð kûs ÐN simp to mai ir ûmi nis he mo di na mi kos su tri ki mas, o ki tø þiur kiø bûk lë lie ka kom pen suo ta, t. y. be ÐN simp to mø, ir jø he mo di na mi ka stabili. Lyginant ðias grupes statistið - kai reikðmingai skyrësi 48 genø eks - presija [13, 18]. Daugumà skirtingai ekspresuojamø genø sudarë uþlàsteli - nio matrikso baltymai kolagenas, os - teoaktivinas ir fibronektinas, o á kraujo tû rá re a guo jan èiø nat riu re zi niø pep - ti dø eks pre si ja ðia me eks pe ri men te nesiskyrë [18], taèiau galektino-3 eks - presi ja de kom pen suo to se ðir dy se bu vo penkis kar tus di des në nei kom pen suo - to se. Be to, Shar ma ir ben dra au to riai [13] árodë, kad galektino-3 infuzija á svei kø þiur kiø pe ri kar do ert mæ su ke - lia miokardo remodeliacijà ir disfunkcijà ir labai padidina kolagenø ekspre - sijà. Tuo remdamiesi autoriai padarë iðvadà, kad galektinui-3 tenka svar - bus vaidmuo ÐN progresavimo patofi - ziologijoje ir kad galektino-3 tyrimai gali atskleisti naujus ÐN gydymo bû - dus. Thandavarayan ir bendraautoriai [19] apraðë kardiospecifinius protei - nus, tarp jø ir ga lek ti nà-3, re gu liuo - janèius apoptozës procesà ir esanèius sig na li në mis mo le ku lë mis kai rio jo skilvelio (KS) remodeliacijos hiper - tro fi jos, fib ro zës ir apop to zës pro ce - suo se [19, 20]. Ma no ma, kad po ten cia - lus galektino-3 kaip mediatoriaus po - vei kis pa si reið kia per N-ace til- Ser- Asp- Lys- Pro (ac-sdkp), tet ra pep ti dà, ku rá su ar do an gio ten zi nà kon ver tuo - jan tis fer men tas (AKF) [20, 21]. Au to - riai átikinamai parodë, kad ac-sdkp slopina kaulø èiulpø làsteliø diferenciacijà á makrofagus, sumaþina fibrozæ ir galektino-3 ekspresijà þiurkiø, gydy tø an gio ten zi nu II, mio kar de [20]. Kito ty ri mo duo me ni mis, KS re mo de - liacijos procesà sukelia galektino-3 in - fu zi ja su ar be ac-sdkp á pe ri kar do ert mæ [21]. Ðis ty ri mas áro dë, kad ac-sdkp slopina galektino-3 sukelia - mà intersticinæ ir perivaskulinæ fibro - zæ per makrofagø ir putliøjø làsteliø infiltracijà. Ðiam palankiam ac-sdkp poveikiui tarpininkauja transformuo - jan tis au gi mo fak to rius (TAF, angl. trans for m ing growth fac tor, TGF- )/Smad3 signaliniu keliu. Daugelis autoriø ypaè pabrëþia ga - lek ti no-3 vaid me ná fib ro zës pro ce se. Fibrozë ir rando formavimasis sudaro mio kar do re mo de lia ci jos ir KS dis - funkcijos pagrindà. Fibroblastai, mio - fibroblastai ir makrofagai yra pagrin - di nës ran di nio au di nio for ma vi mà si inicijuojanèios ir progresavimà palai - kanèios làstelës [22 24]. Literatûroje aptinkama gausybë duomenø apie ga - lektino-3 ryðá su ávairiomis fibrozinë - mis bûklëmis: kepenø ciroze [14, 25], idiopatine plauèiø fibroze [26] ir lëti - niu pan kre a ti tu [27]. Gy vû nø mo de - liuose padidëjæs galektino-3 aktyvu - mas ap ra ðy tas ke pe nø [14], inks tø [28 30] ir ðir dies [13, 20, 21] fib ro zës atvejais. Kepenyse TAF- per ga lek ti - nà-3 aktyvina miofibroblastus. Inkstuose galektino-3 ekspresija ir sekreci - ja makrofaguose sudaro patofiziologi - ná pagrindà inkstø fibrozei vystytis. Detalesni galektino-3 vaidmens mio - kar do re modeliacijos procese tyrimai atskleidþia, kad jis aptinkamas fibrozës zonose ðalia fibroblastø ir makrofagø, susijungæs su uþlàsteliniais pro - teinais [13]. Árodyta, kad rekombinantinis galektinas-3 miokardo fibroblastø kul tû ro se in vi t ro sukelia proliferaci jà ir ak ty ves næ ko la ge no ga my bà. Ðias áþvalgas patvirtina daugelis auto - riø [20, 21]. Yra duo me nø, kad ga lek ti - nas-3 veikia kaip mediatorius ðalinant ga lu ti nius gli ko zi li ni mo pro duk tus (GGP) (angl. ad van ced gly ca tion endpro d ucts, AGEs ) [31]. GGP tai bal ty - mø ir re du kuo jan èiø cuk rø jun gi niai, susidarantys dël nefermentinio gliko - zilinimo. GGP kaupiasi þmogaus orga - nizme senstant, jø kiekis padidëja dël oksidacinio streso, ypaè dël inkstø ir ðir dies ne pa kan ka mu mo. GGP yra vienas ið pagrindiniø miokardo stan - du mà le mian èiø veiks niø [32]. Yra þi - nomi specifiniai GGP làsteliniø recep - to riø kom plek sai (GGP-R), tar pi nin - kaujantys ðalinant GGP ið organizmo. Esama duomenø, kad galektinas-3 sàvei kau ja su GGP-R. Ga lek ti no-3 sto ka yra susijusi su didesne rizika iðsivystyti GGP sukeliamam inkstø paþeidi - mui. Ðis fak tas ro do, kad ga lek ti nas-3 in vi vo vei kia kaip GGP re cep to rius ir ap sau go nuo GGP su ke lia mø au di niø paþaidø [33]. Deja, iki ðiol galektino-3 poveikis GGP biologijai miokarde iðtirtas nepakankamai. Li te ratûroje yra nemaþai duomenø apie galektino-3 ryðá su uþ de gi mu, kurio svarba miokardo remodeliacijai yra ge rai áro dy ta [29, 34]. Dau ge lio au - to riø duo me ni mis, ty ri në jant uþ de gi - miniø inkstø ligø modelius patikimai árodyta galektino-3 sàsaja su fibroze ir paþeidimu [14, 28, 30]. Eksperimentiniai dar bai [29] at sklei dë, kad nu slo pi - nus makrofagø funkcijà inkstuose la - bai sumaþëja fibroblastø aktyvacija ir fibrozë. Reifenbergas ir bendraauto - riai pa ro dë, kad interferono- eks pre - sija transgeniniø peliø kepenyse sukelia lëtiná miokardità ir kardiomiopati - jà, kuriai bûdinga gausi galektino-3 ekspresija makrofaguose [35]. GALEKTINO-3 KLINIKINIAI TYRIMAI Pastarøjø metø literatûroje randama gausybë duomenø apie bioþymenø ty - rimus ÐN atvejais, deja, dauguma jø ne ten ki na diag nos ti niø ir prog nos ti - niø po rei kiø [36]. Ðian dien esa ma ga - na tvirtø mokslo árodymø apie galekti - no-3 vaidmená iðsivystant ir progre - suo jant ðir dies ne pa kan ka mu mui [37]. Pir muo sius ga lek ti no-3 ty ri mus þmoniø populiacijoje paskelbë Sharma ir bendraautoriai [13]. Jie aptiko padi - dëjusià galektino-3 ekspresijà aortos stenozæ ir sumaþëjusià KS funkcijà tu - rinèiø ligoniø miokardo biopsinëje me - dþiagoje. Kimmenade ir bendraauto - riai [38] pa skel bë pir mo kli ni ki nio NT-proBNP, ga lek ti no-3 ir ape li no vaidmens diagnozuojant ÐN ir verti - nant ligoniø prognozæ tyrimo rezultatus. Bu vo tir ti 599 li go niai, ið ku riø 209 diagnozuotas ÐN. Autoriai patvirtino NT-proBNP diagnostinæ vertæ ir nustatë, kad galektinas-3 gali bûti pa - tikimas prognozinis ÐN þymuo, ir pir - mieji iðryðkino natriureziniø peptidø ir ga lek ti no-3 skir tu mus. Ðiuos duo - menis patvirtino ir ÐN klinikinis tyri - mas DE AL-HF (The Deventer Alkmaar he art fai lu re study), ku rá at - li ko Lok ir ben dra au to riai [39]. Á ðá ty - rimà buvo átraukti kruopðèiai atrinkti 232 ÐN sergantys ligoniai: vidutinis jø am þius bu vo 71 ± 10 me tai, 72 % su da - rë vy rai, net 96 % bu vo III NY HA funkcinës klasës. Vëlyvuoju laikotarpiu, ku rá su da rë 6,5 me tø, 98 li go niai mirë. Ðis tyrimas patvirtino galekti - no-3 prognozinæ vertæ, kuri nepriklau - së nuo ÐN iðreikðtumo, vertinto BNP lygiu. Milting ir bendraautoriai [40] apraðë galektino-3 kinetikà 55 ligo - niams, kuriems buvo toli paþengæs ÐN ir jø gy dy mui bu vo tai ky ti KS pa va - duojantys prietaisai (KSPP). Autoriai nustatë, kad: 1) tiriamøjø grupëje ga - lektino-3 kiekis serume smarkiai pa - didëja, palyginti su kontroline grupe (n=40); 2) su fibroze susijæ þymenys (galektinas-3, osteopontinas, tenasci - nas ir audiniø metaloproteinaziø-1 in - hibitoriai TIMP-1) gydant KSPP neki - to, o BNP la bai su ma þë jo; 3) li go niø, tu rë ju siø KSPP ir ne ið gy ve nu siø iki transplantacijos, pradinis galektino-3 lygis buvo gerokai aukðtesnis. Lin ir bendraautoriai [15] nustatë ryðá tarp ga lek ti no-3 ir uþ làs te li nio mat rik so þymenø [PINP (N-ter mi nal ty pe I col - lagen peptide), PIIINP (N-ter mi nal ty - pe III col la gen pep ti de), MMP-2 ir TIMP]. Autoriai iðtyrë 106 ligonius, sir gu sius lë ti niu ÐN (NY HA II-III LABORATORINË MEDICINA 2011, t. 13, Nr. 4(52) 207

4 Dainius Daunoravièius, Virginija Grabauskienë, Jul ius Bogomolovas, Valerija Jablonskienë, Dalius Vitkus funk ci në kla së; vi du ti në KS ið va ro mo - ji frak ci ja 35±9 %), ir nu sta të sta tis tið - kai patikimà galektino-3 koreliacijà su se ru mo PI I INP, TIMP-1, MMP-2 ir TIMP-1. Radauceanu ir bendraauto - riai nustatë uþlàstelinio matrikso ir uþ de gi mo þy me nø ry ðá su blo ga ÐN prognoze [41]. Galektino-3 klinikinë ir prog no zi në reikð më bu vo tir ta COACH (The Co or di na ting Stu dy on Out co mes of Ad vi sing and Coun sel - ling in He art Fai l u re) klinikiniame ty - ri me [42, 43]. Á ty ri mà bu vo átrauk ti 1023 ligoniai, sergantys ÐN. Vëlyvie - siems rezultatams vertinti ligoniai bu - vo stebimi 18 mënesiø. Galektino-3 ly - gio stebësena buvo atliekama 592 ligo - niø pogrupiui. Ðis tyrimas atskleidë, kad: pra di në mo te rø ga lek ti no-3 kon - centracija buvo didesnë; ji didëjo su amþiumi ir buvo tiesiogiai proporcinga NYHA funkcinei klasei, natriureziniø peptidø koncentracijai, glomerulø fil - tracijos greièio (GFR) sumaþëjimui ir he mog lo bi no kon cen tra ci jos krau jy je su ma þë ji mui. Di des në ga lek ti no-3 kon cen tra ci ja bu vo nu sta ty ta li go - niams, ku riems yra prie ðir dþiø vir pë - ji mas, ku rie ser ga dia be tu ir lë ti ne obstrukcine plauèiø liga, bet galekti - no-3 koncentracijai átakos neturëjo ar - te ri në hi per ten zi ja, mio kar do in fark - tas, kû no ma sës in dek sas ar KS ið va - romoji frakcija. COACH tyrimas pati - kimai áro dë ga lek ti no-3 ver tæ prog no - zuojant ÐN serganèiø ligoniø mirtá ir pa kar to ti nius gul dy mus á li go ni næ. Shah ir bendraautoriai [44] palygino ûmi niu ÐN ser gan èiø ir juo ne ser gan - èiø ligoniø galektino-3 koncentracijà su KS dis funk ci jos echo kar diog ra fi - niais þymenimis ir nustatë, kad ûmi - niu ÐN sergantiems ligoniams galekti - no-3 kon cen tra ci ja prog no zuo ja di des - ná mir tin gu mà per ket ve rius me tus ne pri klau so mai nuo echo kar diog ra fi - niø ÐN sunkumo þy me nø. Turimø klinikiniø tyrimø duome - nimis, galima daryti tokius apibendri - nimus: 1) padidëjusi galektino-3 kon - centracija aptinkama tiek ûminio, tiek lëtinio ÐN atvejais; 2) galektinas-3 yra ne pri klau so mas ne pa lan kias lë ti nio ÐN baig tis le mian tis veiks nys; 3) ne - palankios baigtys, susijusios su galektino-3 lygio padidëjimu, yra: visø rû - ðiø mirtingumas ir hospitalizacijos bei mir tin gu mas ir hos pi ta li za ci jos dël ÐN; 4) pa kan ka mos im ties kli ni ki - niuo se ty ri muo se ga lek ti no-3 po vei kis iðlieka statistiðkai reikðmingas nepri - klausomai nuo ligoniø amþiaus, lyties, NYHA funkcinës klasës, KS iðvaromo - sios frakcijos, rûkymo, diabeto, inkstø funk ci jos ir nat riu re zi niø pep ti dø kon - centracijos. Remdamasi minëtø tyri - mø re zul ta tais JAV Mais to ir vais tø ad mi nist ra ci ja (FDA Fo od-drug And mi nist ra tion) 2010 m. lap kri èio 23 d. davë leidimà galektino-3 tyrimà nau do ti li go niø, ku riems diag no zuo tas ÐN, prog no zei ver tin ti. Ðiø me tø pra - dþio je ir Europos medicinos agentûra EMEA (Eu ro pe, the Mid dle East and Af ri ca) pa tvir ti no ðià in di ka ci jà. Veiksniai, lemiantys padidëjusià ga - lektino-3 koncentracijà, ir tiksli jo kli - ni ki në nau da yra dau ge lio pa sau lio mokslininkø tolesniø tyrinëjimø aki - ratyje [40]. PRAK TI NIAI GA LEK TI NO-3 TES TO TAI KY MO AS PEK TAI Re zul ta tø in ter pre ta vi mas. Ga lek ti - no-3 tyrimø rezultatai turi bûti interpretuojami kartu su klinikiniais simpto mais, ver ti nant prog no zæ tø li go niø, ku riems diag no zuo tas lë ti nis ÐN. Ðiais atvejais galektino-3 koncentraci - ja, di des në kaip 17,8 ng/ml, ro do ga - lek ti no-3 po ten ci juo ja mà pro gre suo - jan tá ÐN ir pa di dë ju sià ne pa lan kiø baig èiø, tarp jø mir tin gu mo ir pa kar - totinës hospitalizacijos, rizikà, paly - gin ti su li go niais, ku riø ga lek ti no-3 kon cen tra ci ja ma þes në kaip 17,8 ng/ml. Ga lek ti no-3 kon cen tra ci ja nuo 17,8 ng/ml iki 25,9 ng/ml tu ri bû ti in ter pre tuo ja ma at sar giau dël ar ti esanèios normos ribos. Galektinas-3 iðskiria ligonius, ku - riems lë tinio ÐN progresavimo patofiziologiná pagrindà sudaro galektino-3 po ten ci juojama miokardo fibrozë ir re - modeliacijos procesas. Tipiniais lëtinio ÐN at ve jais NY HA II/III funk ci nës klasës ligoniø populiacijoje padidëjusi ga lek ti no-3 kon cen tra ci ja (> 17,8 ng/ml) ap tin ka ma maþ daug 30 % ligoniø. Galektinas-3 turi bûti tiriamas ligoniams, kuriems diagnozuotas, patvirtintas lëtinis ÐN, ir negali bûti naudojamas patvirtinti ar atmes - ti ÐN diagnozæ. Interpretuojant galektino-3 rezultatus, svarbu atkreipti dë - mesá á tokius ypatumus: 1) galektino-3 kon cen tracijai neturi poveikio ÐN paûmëjimai; jis atspindi ligos patofiziolo - giná procesà ir yra indikuojamas atlik - ti tik ligoniams, kuriems diagnozuotas lëtinis ÐN; 2) jei aptinkama padidëjusi ga lek ti no-3 kon cen tra ci ja, ji ið lie ka sta bi liai pa di dë ju si lai kui bë gant ir kintant ligos iðreikðtumui; 3) galekti - no-3 koncentracija negali bûti naudo - jama ÐN gydymo efektyvumo stebësenai. Kaip ir kiti laboratoriniai tyrimai, galektino-3 tyrimas turi trûkumø. Pa - di dë ju si ga lek ti no-3 kon cen tra ci ja krau jy je ga li bû ti nu sta to ma li go - niams, kuriems yra toli paþengusi on - kologinë liga ir kita bûklë, susijusi su organø fibroze. Ðiais atvejais galekti - no-3 tyrimo rezultatai turi bûti verti - nami labai atsargiai. Galektino-3 tyri - mas ELISA metodu gali bûti klaidin - gai tei gia mas esant tei gia miems HAMA (Hu man An ti-mou se An ti bo d - ies) ar RF (Rheu ma toid Fac tor) ty ri - mams, todël ðiose situacijose tirti ga - lek ti no-3 kon cen tra ci jà ne tiks lin ga. Ypaè dëmesingai interpretuoti ðiuos tyrimus reikia tuomet, kai ligonis ser - ga þinomomis autoimuninëmis ligomis ir gy dy mui var to ja mo nok lo ni nius au - to an ti kû nus (IgG) ir jø frag men tus. Klaidingai teigiami galektino-3 tyri - mo rezultatai gali bûti tø ligoniø, ku - riems nustatyta didelë gama globuli - nø kon cen tra ci ja (>2,5 g/dl). GA LEK TI NAS-3 IR NAT RIU RE ZI NIAI PEP TI DAI Galektinas-3 gerokai skiriasi nuo nat - riureziniø peptidø (NP). Pagrindinës NP ir galektino-3 charakteristikos pa - lygintos 1 lentelëje. Galektinas-3 ir natriureziniai pep - tidai rodo skirtingus biologinius proce - sus, todël kiekvienas þymuo suteikia nepriklausomos ir papildomos progno - zinës informacijos vertinant ligonius, ser gan èius lë ti niu ÐN. Ga lek ti no-3 koncentracija atspindi ÐN progresavi - mo pa to fi zio lo gi jà, kur pa grin di nis vaidmuo tenka galektino-3 potencijuojamai miokardo fibrozei ir remodelia- 1 len te lë. Pagrindinës galektino-3 ir natriureziniø peptidø charakteristikos Ta b le 1. Key characteristics of Galectin-3 and natriuretic peptides Bio lo gi ja Galektinas-3 Miokardo fibrozës ir nepalankios remodeliacijos þymuo (adverse remodeling) Natriureziniai peptidai (BNP/NT-proBNP) Atsipalaiduoja kaip atsakas á miokardo ásitempimà (stretch) Nau do ji mo in di ka ci ja Prognozei ávertinti Rizikos stratifikacijai Reakcija á ÐN paûmëjimà Ne re a guo ja Smarkiai reaguoja Sta bi lu mas lai kui bë gant Sta bi liai pa di dëjæs Labai nepastovus, kintantis ÐN gydymas vaistais Ne tu ri po vei kio Gal-3 koncentracijai Pa pras tai su ma þi na NP koncentracijà 208 LABORATORINË MEDICINA 2011, t. 13, Nr. 4(52)

5 Galektinas-3 naujas fibrozës ir ðirdies nepakankamumo progresavimo þymuo cijos pro ce sui. Ga lek ti no-3 kon cen tra - cija nepriklauso nuo miokardo paþei - dimo laipsnio ir ásitempimo tam tikru mo men tu. Nat riu re zi niai pep ti dai (NP) atsipalaiduoja ið miocitø kaip atsakas á padidëjusá intrakardiná spau - dimà ar tûrinæ perkrovà ir kinta laike pa gal he mo di na mi kos bûk læ. B-ti po natriurezinio peptido (BNP) tyrimas ádiegtas á klinikinæ praktikà 2001 m., o netrukus 2003 m. tapo prieinamas ir NT-proBNP (Ami no-ter mi nal pro Brain Nat riu re tic Pep ti de) ty ri mas. Gausûs klinikiniai tyrimai patvirtino BNP ir NT-proBNP kli ni ki næ ver tæ tiek diag no zuo jant ÐN, tiek ver ti nant ligos dinamikà ir atliekant ÐN gydymo stebësenà. Viena ið NP nustatymo indikacijø yra ÐN serganèiø ligoniø rizikos stra - tifikacija. NP koncentracija kraujyje padidëja nepriklausomai nuo pagrin - di nës li gos ir ÐN prie þas ties kaip at sa - kas á intrakardinio spaudimo ar tûrinës perkrovos padidëjimà. Padidëjusi NP koncentracija yra susijusi su di - desne mirties ar hospitalizacijø rizika. Pagrindinë galektino-3 tyrimo indika - cija ávertinti diagnozuoto lëtinio ÐN prog no zæ. Pa di dë ju si ga lek ti no-3 kon - centra ci ja ro do ga lek ti no-3 po ten ci juo - ja mos mio kar do fib ro zës ir re mo de lia - vimosi proceso progresavimà, arba ki - tais þo dþiais ta riant ro do, kad ÐN ser - gan èiø li go niø prog no zë pri klau so nuo ga lek ti no-3 po ten ci juo tos pro gre suo - janèios fib ro ge ne zës. Ga lek ti no-3 kon - centracija, didesnë kaip 17,8 ng/ml, yra susijusi su padidëjusia nepalankiø baigèiø rizika. Nors galektinas-3 ir NP nëra biologiðkai susijæ, bet galektino-3 po ten ci juo ja mas ÐN pro gre sa vi mas sukelia ir NP koncentracijos padidëji - mà. Ðie abu þy me nys ga li bû ti nau do - jami kartu ÐN prognozei vertinti ir kiek vie nas su tei kia ne pri klau so mà vie nas nuo ki to ir pa pil do mà prog no zi - næ informacijà. Galimi prognozës va - riantai naudojant abiejø þymenø ga - lek ti no-3 ir NP de ri ná pa tei kia mi 2 len te lë je. Galektino-3 koncentracijos padidë - jimas lëtinio ÐN atvejais susijæs su: 1) bloga ligoniø prognoze ir padidëju - sia nepalankiø vëlyvøjø baigèiø rizi - ka; 2) galektino-3 potencijuojama mio - kar do fib ro ze ir re mo de lia ci jos pro ce su kaip ÐN progresavimo prieþastimi. Ði informacija kliniðkai vertinga planuo - jant to kiø pa cien tø to les nës prie þiû ros ir gydymo taktikos strategijà: 1) daþ - nes nius ap si lan ky mus; 2) li go niø ste - bë ji mà spe cia li zuo tuo se cen truo se; 3) li go niø at ran kà spe cia lioms li gos ver ti ni mo (nuodugnesnei he mo di na - mikos ste bë se nai ir/ar te le mo ni to rin - gui) ir gydymo (kryptingai skiriant aldos te ro no an ta go nis tø, ga lek ti no-3 in - 2 len te lë. Galektino-3 ir natriureziniø peptidø (NP) galimi deriniai ir jø ryðys su nepalankiø baigèiø rizika Ta b le 2. Galectin-3 and natriuretic peptide relation to the risk of adverse outco - mes Gal-3 konc. NP konc. ( / ) Prieð ta rin gas ( / ar / ) Gal-3 konc. NP konc. ( / ) hi bi to riø kli ni ki niams ty ri mams ir vertinant kitus naujus vaistus) pro - gramoms. GALEKTINO-3 TYRIMØ PER SPEK TY VOS Apibûdinimas Nepalankiø baigèiø rizika Ga lek ti nas-3 ne abe jo ti nai da ly vau ja ÐN ið si vys ty mo pa to fi zio lo gi niuo se me cha niz muo se, to dël ga li su da ry ti prielaidas rasti naujø ÐN gydymo bû - dø [37]. Teoriðkai yra galimybë, kad fibrozei palankaus galektino-3 povei - kio slopinimas gali uþkirsti kelià ÐN pro gre sa vi mui ir bû ti efek ty vus gy - dant ÐN. Praktiðkai ði hipotezë neabe - jotinai bus tikslinama toliau atliekant galektino-3 tyrimus. Ðiuo lai ki nis lë ti nio ÐN gy dy mas re mia si far ma ko lo gi niu neu ro hor mo - ni nio ak ty vu mo slo pi ni mu [45]. Ta - èiau në ra pa kan ka mai þi niø, ko ká po - vei ká il ga lai kis gy dy mas an gio ten zi nà kon ver tuo jan èio fer men to in hi bi to - riais ir (ar) al dos te ro no re cep to riø blo - ka to riais da ro ga lek ti no-3 kon cen tra - ci jai. Jei pa vyk tø áro dy ti, kad neu ro - hor mo ni në blo ka da su ma þi na ga lek ti - Summary Ga lek ti no-3 nu lem to ÐN pro gre sa vi - mo ir per kro vos spau di mu / mio kar do ási tem pi mo nëra Tik vie nas ið þy me nø le mia pa di dë ju - sià ri zi kà Galektino-3 nulemtas ÐN progresavi - mas ir per kro va spau di mu / mio kar - do ási tem pi mas GALECTIN-3: A NOVEL MARKER OF FIBROSIS AND HEART FAILURE Dainius Daunoravièius, Virginija Grabauskienë, Jul ius Bogomolovas, Valerija Jablonskienë, Dalius Vitkus Biomarkers are in creas ingly be ing used in the man age ment of pa tients with acute and chronic heart fail ure (HF). Galectin-3 is a re cently de vel oped bio - marker which can be used as prog nos tic marker in pa tients with HF. Galectin-3 is a sol u ble -galactoside-bind ing lectin that plays an important regulatory role in car diac fi bro sis and re mod el ing, which are key contributing mechanisms to the de vel op ment and pro gres sion of HF. Galectin-3 pro motes macrophage mi gra - tion, fibroblast pro lif er a tion and col la gen syn the sis, or the de vel op ment of fi bro sis. Nedidelë Vidutinë Didelë no-3 eks pre si jà ir kie ká, tuo met pats ga lek ti nas-3 ga lë tø tap ti gy dy mo tai - ki niu. Ne gau siuo se kli ni ki niuo se vë - þiu ser gan èiø li go niø ty ri muo se bu vo testuojamos specifinës medþiagos, nu - kreiptos prieð galektinà-3. Neabejoti - na, kad panaðûs tyrimai bus atlieka - mi ir eks pe ri men tuo jant su ÐN mo de - liais. Lygiagreèiai daug vilèiø dedama á ga lek ti no-3 ty ri mus anks ty vo se ÐN stadijose (B struktûrinë ðirdies liga be simp to mø ir net A ri zi kos veiks niai be struktûrinës ðirdies ligos ir simptomø pagal ACC/AHA klasifikacijà), tikintis atpaþinti ligonius, turinèius didesnæ ÐN iðsivystymo rizikà. Apibendrinant pabrëþtina, kad jau ðian dien tu ri mi eks pe ri men ti niai ir kli ni ki niø ty ri mø duo me nys lei dþia manyti, kad naujas ÐN progresavimo þymuo galektinas-3 prognozës poþiûriu yra gerokai informatyvesnis nei NP, o laboratorinë diagnostika ELISA metodu atveria plaèias galimybes to - lesniems galektino-3 tyrimams. Gauta: Priimta spaudai: The galectin-3 de pend ent link be tween in flam ma tion and fi bro sis is widely stud - ied and may be im por tant in the pro cess of heart re mod el ing and HF. Galectin-3 was found to be in creased in pa tients with acutely decompensated and chronic HF. The in volve ment of galectin-3 in the de vel op ment of fi bro sis has been dem on - strated not only in the liver and in the kid ney, but in the heart as well. Taken to - gether, these ob ser va tions sug gest that mea sur ing galectin-3 lev els may po ten - tially be use ful in a wider range of HF pa - tients to de ter mine their risk in gen eral and to ex am ine the value of this new bio - marker when added to con ven tional risk mark ers. In this pa per we re view the ex - per i men tal and ex ist ing clin i cal data of the new biomarker galectin-3 in pa tients with HF and dis cuss prac ti cal as pects of in ter pre ta tion of galectin-3 re sults in con junc tion with natriuretic peptides. Keywords: galectin-3, biomarkers, fi bro - sis, remodeling, heart failure, prognosis. LABORATORINË MEDICINA 2011, t. 13, Nr. 4(52) 209

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7 Galektinas-3 naujas fibrozës ir ðirdies nepakankamumo progresavimo þymuo Galectin-3/AGE-re cep tor 3 knock out mice show ac cel er ated AGE-in duced glo mer u lar in jury: ev i dence for a pro - tec tive role of galectin-3 as an AGE re - cep tor. The FASEB Jour nal: of fi cial pub li ca tion of the Fed er a tion of Amer i - can So ci et ies for Ex per i men tal Bi ol ogy 2004; 18(14): Epub 2004/09/ Frangogiannis NG. The im mune sys - tem and car diac re pair. Phar ma co log i - cal Re search: the Of fi cial Jour nal of the Ital ian Phar ma co log i cal So ci ety 2008; 58(2): Epub 2008/07/ Reifenberg K, Lehr HA, Torzewski M, Steige G, Wiese E, Kupper I, et al. In - ter feron-gamma in duces chronic ac tive myocarditis and cardiomyopathy in transgenic mice. The American Journal of Pa thol ogy 2007; 171(2): Epub 2007/06/ Lainscak M, von Haehling S, Anker SD. Natriuretic pep tides and other biomarkers in chronic heart fail - ure: from BNP, NT-proBNP, and MR-proANP to rou tine bio chem i cal mark ers. In ter na tional Jour nal of Cardiology 2009; 132(3): Epub 2009/01/ de Boer RA, Voors AA, Muntendam P, van Gilst WH, van Veldhuisen DJ. Galectin-3: a novel me di a tor of heart fail ure de vel op ment and pro gres sion. Eu ro pean Jour nal of Heart Fail ure 2009; 11(9): Epub 2009/08/ van Kimmenade RR, Januzzi JL, Jr, Ellinor PT, Sharma UC, Bakker JA, Low AF, et al. Util ity of amino-ter mi - nal pro-brain natriuretic pep tide, galectin-3, and apelin for the eval u a - tion of pa tients with acute heart fail - ure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48(6): Epub 2006/09/ Lok DJ, Van Der Meer P, de la Porte PW, Lipsic E, Van Wijngaarden J, Hillege HL, et al. Prog - nos tic value of galectin-3, a novel marker of fi bro sis, in pa tients with chronic heart fail ure: data from the DEAL-HF study. Clin i cal Re search in Car di ol ogy: Of fi cial Jour nal of the Ger - man Car diac So ci ety 2010; 99(5): Epub 2010/02/ Milt ing H, Ellinghaus P, Seewald M, Cakar H, Bohms B, Kassner A, et al. Plasma biomarkers of myo car dial fi bro - sis and remodeling in terminal heart failure patients supported by mechani - cal cir cu la tory sup port de vices. The Jour nal of Heart and Lung Trans plan - tation: the official publication of the In - ter na tional So ci ety for Heart Trans - plan ta tion 2008; 27(6): Epub 2008/05/ Radauceanu A, Ducki C, Virion JM, Rossignol P, Mallat Z, McMurray J, et al. Extracellular ma trix turn over and inflammatory markers independently pre dict func tional sta tus and out come in chronic heart fail ure. Jour nal of Car - diac Fail ure 2008; 14(6): Epub 2008/08/ Jaarsma T, Van Der Wal MH, Hogenhuis J, Lesman I, Luttik ML, Veeger NJ, et al. De sign and meth od ol - ogy of the COACH study: a multicenter randomised Coordinating study evalu - at ing Out comes of Ad vis ing and Coun - sel ling in Heart fail ure. Eu ro pean Jour nal of Heart Fail ure 2004; 6(2): Epub 2004/02/ Jaarsma T, van der Wal MH, Lesman- Leegte I, Luttik ML, Hogenhuis J, Veeger NJ, et al. Ef fect of mod er ate or in ten sive dis ease man age ment pro - gram on out come in pa tients with heart failure: Coordinating Study Evaluating Outcomes of Advising and Counseling in Heart Fail ure (COACH). Ar chives of Internal Med i cine 2008; 168(3): Epub 2008/02/ Shah RV, Chen-Tournoux AA, Picard MH, van Kimmenade RR, Januzzi JL. Galectin-3, car diac struc - ture and func tion, and long-term mor - tal ity in pa tients with acutely decompensated heart fail ure. Eu ro - pean Jour nal of Heart Fail ure 2010; 12(8): Epub 2010/06/ Dickstein K, Co hen-solal A, Filippatos G, McMurray JJ, Ponikowski P, Poole-Wil son PA, et al. ESC guide lines for the di ag no sis and treat ment of acute and chronic heart fail ure 2008: the Task Force for the di - ag no sis and treat ment of acute and chronic heart fail ure 2008 of the Eu ro - pean So ci ety of Car di ol ogy. De vel oped in col lab o ra tion with the Heart Fail ure As so ci a tion of the ESC (HFA) and en - dorsed by the Eu ro pean So ci ety of In - ten sive Care Med i cine (ESICM). Eu ro - pean Jour nal of Heart Fail ure 2008; 10(10): Epub 2008/10/02. LABORATORINË MEDICINA 2011, t. 13, Nr. 4(52) 211

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