Insulino rezistentiðkumas esant nëðtumui ir gestaciniam diabetui

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1 MOKSLAS, TEORIJA IR PRAKTIKA SCIENCE, THEORY & PRACTICE Laboratorinë medicina. 2009, t. 11, Nr. 1(41), p Insulino rezistentiðkumas esant nëðtumui ir gestaciniam diabetui Daiva Aukselytë 1 Jûratë Valiûnienë 2 1 VðÁ Ðiauliø apskrities ligonës Akuðerijos-ginekologijos klinikos Klinikinë diagnostikos laboratorija, Architektø g. 75, LT Ðiauliai Ðiauliai Country Hospital Obstetrical-Gynaecology Clinic, Laboratory of Clinical Diagnostics Architektø str. 75, LT Ðiauliai, Lithuania 2 Vilniaus universiteto Medicinos fakulteto Fiziologijos, biochemijos ir laboratorinës medicinos katedra M. K. Èiurlionio g. 21, LT Vilnius Tel El. paðtas: jurate.valiuniene@mf.vu.lt Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Faculty, Vilnius University M. K. Èiurlionio str. 21, LT Vilnius Tel jurate.valiuniene@mf.vu.lt Santrauka Straips ny je ap þvel gia ma li te ra tû ra apie au di niø at spa ru mà in su li nui esant nëðtumui ir gestaciniam diabetui, placentos hormonø ir adipokinø átakà insulino rezistentiðkumui. Pateikiamas potencialus mechaniz - mas, maþinantis gliukozës pernaðà á làsteles. Nëðèioms moterims pastebi mas pro gre suo jan tis at spa ru mas in su li nui, ku rá le mia ávai rûs veiks - niai, áskai tant su ma þë ju sá in su li no ge bë ji mà fos fo ri lin ti in su li no re cep - to rius, su ma þë ju sià in su li no re cep to riø sub stra tø eks pre si jà ir pa di dë ju - sá re gu lia ci niø p85 sub vie ne tø fos fa ti di li no zi to lio 3-ki na zë je (PI3K) kie ká. Pa di dë jæs p85 subvienetø skaièius slopina PI3K aktyvumà ir sutrik do to les ná in su li no vei ki mà. Þmo gaus pla cen tos lak to ge no ir pla cen tos au gi mo hor mo no sek re ci - ja nëð tu mo me tu pa di dë ja. Jie su ke lia au di niø at spa ru mà in su li nui ma - þin da mi pa grin di nio veiks nio, ska ti nan èio gliu ko zës per na ðà á au di niø làs te les, fos fa ti di li no zi to lio 3-ki na zës ak ty vu mà. Þmo gaus pla cen tos au gi mo hor mo nas spe ci fið kai pa di di na fos fa ti di li no zi to lio 3-ki na zës p85 subvienetø ekspresijà griauèiø raumenø làstelëse. Adi po ci tø ga mi na mas adi po nek ti nas ir ki ti veiks niai, to kie kaip na - vi ko ne kro zës fak to rius, taip pat yra aktyvûs insulino rezistentiðkumo tar pi nin kai. Sin te ti na mas rie ba li nia me au di ny je adi po nek ti nas ska ti na gliu ko zës pa te ki mà á griau èiø rau me nø làs te les. Ka dan gi adi po nek ti no kiekis gestaciniu diabetu serganèiø moterø kraujyje yra sumaþëjæs, manoma, tai didina insulino rezistentiðkumà. Naviko nekrozës faktorius ir ki ti uþ de gi mo me dia to riai slo pi na adi po nek ti no transk rip ci jà adi po ci - tuo se, ir tai pa aið ki na ma þes næ adi po nek ti no kon cen tra ci jà ges ta ci niu diabetu serganèiø moterø kraujyje. Naviko nekrozës faktoriaus kie kis krau jy je esant nëð tu mui ir ges ta ci niam dia be tui di dë ja ir ko re liuo ja su insulino rezistentiðkumo laipsniu. Be to, naviko nekrozës faktorius sil - pnina insulino veikimà skatindamas insulino receptoriø substrato seri - no lie ka nø fos fo ri li ni mà ir ma þin da mas in su li no re cep to riaus ti ro zin ki - nazës aktyvumà. Defektyvus insulino receptoriø ir insulino receptoriø sub stra to-1 ti ro zi no lie ka nø fos fo ri li ni mas bû din gas ser gan èioms ges ta - ci niu dia be tu mo te rims ir yra su si jæs su pa di dë ju siu se ri no fos fo ri li ni mu ir sumaþëjusiu insulino receptoriø substrato-1 baltymø kiekiu làstelëse. Prie ðin gai ne gu ti ro zi no lie ka nø, se ri no lie ka nø fos fo ri li ni mas in su li no re cep to riuo se slo pi na in su li no sig na lo per da vi mà ir in su li no vei ki mo me cha niz mà. Slo pi na ma gliu ko zës per na ðos bal ty mø tran slo ka ci ja làs - te lës memb ra no je ir su ma þë ja gliu ko zës pa te ki mas á làs te læ. Reikð mi niai þo dþiai: ges ta ci nis dia be tas, in su li no re zis ten tið ku mas, adiponektinas, naviko nekrozës faktorius, placentos hormonai. 38 LABORATORINË MEDICINA 2009, t. 11, Nr. 1(41)

2 Insulino rezistentiðkumas esant nëðtumui ir gestaciniam diabetui Pla cen tos hor mo nø ir adi po ki nø áta ka in su li no re zis ten tið ku mui Gliu ko zës to le ra vi mo su tri ki mai (GTS) yra ak tu a li pro ble ma vi sa me pasaulyje, nes jie siejami su didele ri - zika susirgti II tipo cukriniu diabetu. GTS vis daþ niau diag no zuo ja mi Lie tu - voje. Nëðèioms moterims pastebimas progresuojantis atsparumas insulinui ir blogëjanti periferiniø audiniø tole - rancija gliukozei. GTS prasideda nëð - tumo viduryje ir treèià nëðtumo treèdalá pasidaro artimas cukrinio diabeto li go niø in su li no re zis ten tið ku mui. Nëð tu mo me tu at spa ru mà in su li nui gali sukelti motinos nutukimas ir placentos iðskiriami hormonai, maþinantys pe ri fe ri niø au di niø jaut ru mà in su - linui. Greitas insulino rezistentiðkumo su ma þë ji mas po gim dy mo ro do di - dþiulá placentos hormonø poveiká in - su li no re zis ten tið ku mui. Pla cen tos hormonai yra pagrindiniai veiksniai, pa kei èian tys nëðèiosios fi zio lo gi jà ir sukeliantys insulino rezistentiðkumà. Kai ku riø au to riø duo me ni mis, pla - cen tos hor mo nø sek re ci ja nëð tu mo me tu tie sio giai ne ko re lia vo su mo ti nos in su li no re zis ten tið ku mo po ky èiais [1]. Ta èiau ki tø su nu tu ki mu ir nëð tu - mu susijusiø veiksniø sinergizmas lei - dþia suprasti, kodël nëðèiosioms iðsi - vys to in su li no re zis ten tið ku mas. Þmo - gaus placentos laktogeno (hu man pla - cen tal lac to gen hpl) sek re ci ja nëð tu - mo me tu pa di dë ja apie 30 kar tø ir pa - skatina insulino sekrecijà kasos làs - te lë se [2]. Yra duo me nø, kad hpl su - kelia periferiniø audiniø atsparumà in su li nui, ta èiau duo me nys yra per - mainingi [2]. Kitas hormonas, pasta - ruo ju me tu átrauk tas á nëð èiø jø in su li - no re zis ten tið ku mà su ke lian èiø veiks - niø sàraðà, yra þmogaus placentos au - gi mo hor mo nas (hu man pla cen tal growth hor mo ne hpgh), ku ris ski - riasi 13 aminorûgðèiø nuo posmegeni - nës liau kos au gi mo hor mo no. hpgh sek re ci ja nëð tu mo me tu pa di dë ja 6 8 kartus ir pakeièia posmegeninës liau kos au gi mo hor mo nà mo ti nos kraujyje [3]. Eksperimentais su pelë - mis áro dy ta, kad hpgh tre èià nëð tu mo treèdalá sukelia ryðkø insulino rezis - tentiðkumà [4]. Pastarøjø metø tyri - mai nu sta të in su li no re zis ten tið ku mo molekuliná mechanizmà griauèiø rau - me ny se pa di dë jus hpl ir hpgh sek re - cijai. Jie parodë, kad hpgh specifiðkai padidina fosfatidilinozitolio 3-kinazës (to liau PI3K) p85 sub vie ne tø eks - pre si jà griau èiø rau me nø làs te lë se. Nëðèiø ir nenëðèiø moterø tyrimais [5, 6] nustatyta, kad padidëjæs p85 sub - vienetø skaièius slopina PI3K aktyvu - mà ir sutrikdo tolesná insulino veiki - mà [7]. Naujausi darbai parodë, kad adi - pocitø adiponektinas ir kiti veiksniai, to kie kaip naviko nekrozës faktorius (NNF- ), taip pat yra ak ty vûs in su li no rezistentiðkumo tarpininkai. Ið rieba - linio audinio sekretuojamø adipokinø dau giau sia yra adi po nek ti no, ku ris sin te ti na mas vien tik adi po ci tuo se. Maþa adiponektino koncentracija tiek nu tu ku siø, tiek II ti po dia be tu ir ges - ta ci niu dia be tu (GD) ser gan èiø mo te - rø kraujyje reikðmingai koreliuoja su in su li no re zis ten tið ku mu [8, 9]. Pas ta - røjø metø tyrimai parodë, kad adipo - nekino sekrecija ir adiponektino irnr kiekis baltajame riebaliniame audiny - je ma þë ja per nëð tu mà net liek nø mo - te rø [10]. Tai ro do, kad yra su nëð tu - mu susijæs veiksnys, kuris maþina adi - po nek ti no kieká. Adiponektino kiekis kraujyje koreliuoja su jautrumu insulinui visame organizme [11]. Adipo - nektinas skatina gliukozës patekimà á griauèiø raumenø làsteles. Taigi gali - ma manyti, kad adiponektinas yra en - do ge ni ná in su li no jaut ru mà di di nan tis hor mo nas. Kai ku rie dar bai pa ro dë [12], kad adiponektino kiekis yra su - maþëjæs panaðiai tiek nutukusiø, tiek II ti po diabetu serganèiø moterø, ku - rioms anks èiau bu vo diag no zuo tas GD, ir bu vo ma þes nis GD mo te rø, pa - ly gin ti su kon tro li ne nëð èiø jø gru pe [13 15]. NNF- ir ki ti uþde gi mo me - diatoriai slopina adiponektino transk - ripcijà adipocituose [16, 17], ir tai pa - aið ki na ma þes næ adi po nek ti no kon - cen tra ci jà ser gan èiø jø GD. Nu tu ki - mas ko reliuoja su uþdegimo citokinø sekrecija ið riebalinio audinio [18, 19]. Mechanizmas nëra aiðkus, bet mano - ma, kad sek re ci jà ska ti na ávai rûs veiksniai: mechaninis stresas, sukel - tas adi po ci tø plët ros [20], gau saus gliukozës antplûdþio á làsteles [21], ir en dop laz mi nio tin klo stre sas [22]. NNF- sintetinamas ne tik monoci - tuo se, makrofaguose, T làstelëse, ne - utrofiluose, fibroblastuose, bet ir adi - po ci tuo se. Nu tu ku siems þmo nëms ir gyvûnams nustatyta teigiama korelia - ci ja tarp NNF- kie kio ir kû no ma sës in dek so bei hi pe rin su li ne mi jos [23]. Þmo gaus ar þiur kiø griau èiø rau me nø làsteliø kultûrà paveikus TNF-, su - ke lia mas in su li no re zis ten tið ku mas. NNF- susilpnina insulino veikimà, skatindamas insulino receptoriø sub - strato-1 (IRS-1) serino fosforilinimà ir ma þin da mas in su li no re cep to riaus (IR) tirozinkinazës aktyvumà [24]. Ty - ri mai pa ro dë, kad jaut ru mo in su li nui kitimai nuo nëðtumo savaitës (anks ty vo nëð tu mo lai ko tar pio) iki nëðtumo savaitës (vëlyvo nëðtumo laikotarpio) koreliuoja su NNF kie - kiu plaz mo je, kad ðá NNF- ga mi na pla cen ta ir griau èiø rau me nys ir jis maþina insulino rezistentiðkumà [1]. Kiti autoriai mano, kad NNF- ne tu ri áta kos in su li no jaut ru mui ser gant II tipo diabetu. GD ir lë ti nis in su li no rezistentiðkumas Nëð tu mo me tu au di niø làs te liø jaut - ru mas in su li nui tiek svei kø, tiek GD nëðèiø moterø yra gana maþas. Vis dëlto tikslûs insulino jautrumo mata - vi mai tre èià nëð tu mo treè da lá at sklei - dë, kad GD ser gan èiø mo te rø in su li no rezistentiðkumas yra ðiek tiek dides - nis. Jaut ru mo in su li nui ty ri mai pa ro - dë kai ku riø GD ser gan èiø mo te rø in - sulino rezistentiðkumà tiek prieð pas - tojant, tiek antro nëðtumo treèdalio pradþioje [25]. Po gimdymo jautrumas in su li nui ge ro kai la biau pa di dë ja esant nor ma liam nëð tu mui, pa ly gin ti su GD. Di des nis in su li no re zis ten tið - kumas buvo nustatytas tiesiogiai ma - tuo jant jaut ru mà in su li nui. Tai ro do, kad dau gu mai mo te rø, se gan èiø GD, yra lë ti nis in su li no re zis ten tið ku - mas vie nas ið svar biau siø GD pa to - lo gi niø fi zio lo gi niø veiks niø. Me cha - niz mas, ku ris su ke lia lë ti ná in su li no rezistentiðkumà esant GD, yra pana - ðus kaip ir svei kø nëð èiø jø. Nu tu ki - mas yra daþ na GD prie þas tis ir dau ge - lis in su li no re zis ten tið ku mo tar pi nin - kø, ku riø bû na nu tu kus, ap tik ta ir moterims, serganèioms GD: tai padi - dë jæs uþ de gi mo þy me nø, pa vyz dþiui, na vi ko ne kro zës fak to riaus- ir kt., kiekis kraujyje [26], sumaþëjæs adipo - nek ti no kie kis [13, 27]. Mo te rø, ku - rioms yra GD, rie ba li nio au di nio ir griau èiø rau me nø ty ri mai in vi tro pa - ro dë in su li no vei ki mo me cha niz mo su - tri ki mus sig na lo per da vi mo ke ly je, t. y. nenormali gliukozës pernaðos bal - tymø (GLUT4) lokalizacija, sumaþëjusi in su li nui jaut riø re cep to riø eks pre - si ja [28, 29]. Vi si ðie po ky èiai slo pi na nuo in su li no pri klau so mà gliu ko zës pernaðà á làsteles. Me cha niz mai, ma þi nan tys gliu ko zës per na ðà á làs te les Insulino poveikis gliukozës pasisavi - nimui pasireiðkia kontroliuojant gliu - kozës pernaðà á làsteles. Insulinas pa - lengvina gliukozës difuzijà per perna - ðos bal ty mus. L. A. Bar bour ir kt., ty - rinëdami izoliuotas griauèiø raumenø skaidulas, parodë, kad nëðtumo metu smarkiai sumaþëja (40 %) nuo insulino priklausoma gliukozës pernaða á làste - les ir ði per na ða daug blo ges në (65 %), pa ly gin ti su nu tu ku sio mis nëð èio sio - LABORATORINË MEDICINA 2009, t. 11, Nr. 1(41) 39

3 Daiva Aukselytë, Jûratë Valiûnienë mis, nors nebuvo pastebëta kokiø nors jun ta mø GLUT4 kie kio skir tu mø griau èiø rau me ny se tiek nëð èiø, tiek ser gan èiø GD mo te rø. Pa na ðûs re zul - tatai buvo gauti atliekant tyrimus su adipocitais [30]. Insulinas, jungdamasis su làstelës memb ra no je esan èiu spe ci fi niu re cep - toriumi, já aktyvina ir skatina recepto - riaus baltymo sub vie ne to ci top laz mi - nëje dalyje esanèiø maþiausia ðeðiø ti - rozino liekanø fosforilinimà (pt) (þr. pav.). Ser gan èiø jø GD ðis pra di nis in - sulino veikimo þingsnis yra su defek - tu, nes fosforilinama daug maþiau ti - rozino molekuliø, palyginti su nëðèio - mis moterimis, kuriø gliukozës tolera - vimas normalus, nekintant dalyvau - janèiø receptoriø skaièiui [31]. Ðie ty - rimai parodë, kad serganèiosios GD turi vidiná tirozino fosforilinimo insu - lino re cep to riuo se (IR) de fek tà, ir tai gali bûti viena ið endogeninio slopini - mo sig na lo per da vi mo per re cep to riø prie þas èiø. Ak ty vus fos fo ri lin tas re - ceptorius aktyvina vidulàsteliniø baltymø nuo IRS-1 iki IRS-6 fosforilinimo kaskadà. IRS-1 yra pagrindinis þmo - gaus griauèiø raumenø làsteliø balty - mas. Fosforilintas IRS-1 maþina PI3K re gu lia ci niø sub vie ne tø p85 (p85) ekspresijà ir aktyvina PI3K. Bandymais su pelëmis parodyta, kad placentos hormonai padidina ðiø subvienetø eks pre si jà [4]. L. A. Bar bour ir kt. [30] duo me ni mis, hpgh di di na p85 sub - vie ne tø eks pre si jà tiek þmo niø, tiek gy vû nø or ga niz me. Ðiø sub vie ne tø skaièius griauèiø raumenø ir riebali - nio audinio làstelëse nëðèiøjø ir ser - ganèiø GD yra labai didelis, palyginti su nu tu ku sio mis ne nëð èio mis mo te ri - mis [28], jø kiekis sunormalëja pra - ëjus më ne siui po gim dy mo ir nu tu ku - sioms moterims po metø numetus svo - rio [5]. p85 pervirðis blokuoja PI3K susijungimà su IRS-1 baltymu ir tokiu bûdu maþina jos aktyvumà [7]. PI3K yra pagrindinis veiksnys, skatinantis gliukozës pernaðà á audiniø làsteles. Aktyvinta PI3K fosforilina su làstelës membrana susijusius fosfolipidus, su - si da ro fos foi no zi tol-3,4,5-fos fa tas (PIP 3 ), ku ris bû ti nas GLUT4 tran slo - kacijai á làstelës membranà [2]. Prieðingai negu tirozino fosforilinimas, serino ir treonino liekanø fosforilinimas insulino receptoriuose slopina signalo perdavimà ir sykiu insulino veikimo me cha niz mà. Ti riant in vi tro griau èiø raumenø IR aktyvumà moterims, vë - lyvo nëðtumo metu gydytoms insuli - nu, nustatytas gerokai didesnis akty - vumo sumaþëjimas serganèioms GD ne gu nor ma laus nëð tu mo mo te rims. Taèiau, defosforilinus ðarmine fosfata - ze ðiø re cep to riø se ri no ir tre o ni no lie - kanas, insulino gebëjimas fosforilinti Pav. Potencialus insulino rezistentiðkumo mechanizmas (modifikuota pagal [30]) Fig. Potencial mechanisms for insulin resistance (mod ify [30]) IR tirozino liekanas gráþo iki normos nëð èioms ir tik ið da lies ser gan èioms GD moterims [31]. Ma no ma, kad nëð - tumo metu aktyvinama serino kinazë, kuri modifikuoja IR, o tai gali labai su - ma þin ti in su li no sig na lo per da vi mà. Or ga niz me IR se ri no ir tre o ni no fos fo - rilinimà gali skatinti ilgalaikis insuli - no vartojimas, camf analogai, akty - vindami proteinkinazæ C (PKC) [33]. Be to, áro dy ta, kad NNF- slopina IR bei IRS tirozino liekanø fosforilinimà. Kaip jau mi në jo me, nëð tu mo me tu NNF- kiekis kraujyje didëja ir koreliuo ja su in su li no re zis ten tið ku mo laipsniu. Pa di dë jæs se ri no fos fo ri li ni mas slo pi na in su li no sti mu liuo ja mà IR ir IRS-1 ti ro zi no fos fo ri li ni mà ir PI3K ak ty vu mà, dël to su ma þë ja gliu ko zës pa te ki mas á làs te læ. Ban dy mais in vi - tro su pe lë mis pa ro dy ta, kad in su li no re zis ten tið ku mas ko re liuo ja su IRS-1 se ri no fos fo ri li ni mu [34]. Pa na ðûs duo me nys bu vo gau ti pa ly gi nus II ti - po dia be to li go niø ir liek nø mo te rø re - zul ta tus [6]. Pas ta rø jø me tø il ga lai - kës stu di jos duo me ni mis, IRS-1 se ri no lie ka nø fos fo ri li ni mas GD mo te rø griau èiø rau me nø làs te lë se yra di des - nis nei nu tu ku siø mo te rø, kuriø gliu - ko zës to le ran ci ja nor ma li [35]. In ten - sy ves nis IRS-1 se ri no fos fo ri li ni mas sun ki na IRS-1 sà vei kà su IR ir slo pi - na PI3K ak ty vu mà. Va di na si, in ten - sy ves nis IRS-1 se ri no fos fo ri li ni mas, p85 per vir ðis slo pi na PI3K ak ty vu - mà, tai gi ir GLUT4 tran slo ka ci jà làs - te lës memb ra no je. Pa di dë jæs IRS-1 se - ri no fos fo ri li ni mas ga li su kel ti jo de - gra da ci jà ir taip ma þin ti jo kie ká làs te - lë je. Taigi placentos hormonai, sumaþë - ju si adi po nek ti no sek re ci ja, NNF- vei kia kar tu ir GD ser gan èioms mo te - rims sukelia stiprø insulino rezisten - tið ku mà ke pe ny se, griau èiø rau me ny - se, riebaliniame audinyje. Ta èiau GD ser gan èiø mo te rø làs te - liø at spa ru mo in su li nui ty ri mø yra ne daug ir ne aið ku, ar ku ris nors vie - nas ið minëtø sutrikimø sukelia rezis - ten tið ku mà in su li nui, ar vi si kar tu su - kelia lëtiná atsparumà insulinui, kuris daþnai pasitaiko sergant GD. Visa se - rija insulino jautrumo ir sekrecijos ty - ri mø pa ro dë, kad dau ge lio GD ser gan - èiø mo te rø in su li no sek re ci ja ga li trumpam keistis pakitus làsteliø jaut - rumui insulinui, bet gerokai silpniau kaip svei kø mo te rø. Trum pa lai kiai keleto mënesiø pakitimai rodo norma - lià fiziologijà, kai insulino sekrecija kompensuoja sumaþëjusá làsteliø jaut - rumà insulinui. Ilgalaikiai pakitimai, trun kan tys dau giau kaip me tus, at - spindi vis labiau prarandamà kasos làsteliø gebëjimà kompensuoti insuli no re zis ten tið ku mà, ku ris su ke lia progresuojanèià hiperglikemijà ir diabetà. Gauta: Priimta spaudai: LABORATORINË MEDICINA 2009, t. 11, Nr. 1(41)

4 Insulino rezistentiðkumas esant nëðtumui ir gestaciniam diabetui Summary INSULIN RESISTANCE IN NORMAL PREGNANCY AND GESTATIONAL DIABETES Daiva Aukselytë, Jûratë Valiûnienë This article presents information about in su lin re sis tance in women with ges ta - tional di a be tes and the ef fect of pla cen tal hor mones and adipokines in the in su lin resistance of pregnancy. It summarises potential mechanisms for the insulin re - sis tance of women with ges ta tional di a - betes. During pregnancy insulin sensiti - vity is quite low in nor mal women and in women with ges ta tional di a be tes. Preg - nancy is normaly at tended by pro gres sive insulin resistance. The insulin resistance of nor mal preg nancy is multifactorial, in - volv ing the re duced abil ity of in su lin to phosphorylate the in su lin re cep tor, de - creased ex pres sion of the in su lin re cep tor sub strate, and in creased lev els of the p85 sub-unit of phosphatidylinozitol 3-kinase. Hu man pla cen tal lactogen and hu man pla cen tal growth hor mones in crease through out preg nancy and cause peripheral in su lin re sis tance by in creas ing the p85 sub-unit of phosphatidylinozitol 3-kinase. Stud ies in preg nant and nonpregnant women indicate that increases in the p85 sub unit of phosphatidylinozitol 3-kinase in hibit its ac tiv ity and pre vent further insulin action. Adiponectin from adipocites and se - creted fac tors, such as tu mor ne cro sis fac - tor, are mediators of insulin resistance. Adiponectin stim u lates glu cose up take in skel e tal mus cle. Sev eral stud ies have dem - on strated that adiponectin pro duced by adipose tis sue is sig nif i cantly lower in women with ges ta tional di a be tes than it is in preg nant con trol women and could be in - volved in the tran si tion to in su lin re sis - tance. Tu mor ne cro sis fac tor sup - presses mrna tran scrip tion in adipo - cytes, which might ex plain the lower lev - els of se rum adiponectin in in di vid u als with ges ta tional di a be tes. There is ev i - dence for in creased tu mor ne cro sis fac tor in the skel e tal mus cle of women with ges - ta tional di a be tes. Tu mor ne cro sis factor im pairs in su lin sig nal ing by in - creas ing serin phosphorilation of the in - sulin receptor substrate and decreasing the ac tiv ity of the ty ro sine kinase of the in su lin re cep tor. Serin phosphorylation of the in su lin receptor and insulin receptor substrate in hibit in su lin ac tion, lead ing to strong re duced glu cose trans porter transloca - tion and de creased glucose uptake. Keywords: ges ta tional di a be tes, in su lin re sis tance, adiponectines, tu mor ne cro sis factor, placental hormone. LITERATÛRA 1. Kir wan JP, Hauguel-De Motuzon S, Lepercq J, Challier JC, Huston- Pres - ley L, et al. TNF-al pha is a predictor of in su lin re sis tance in hu man preg - nancy. Di a be tes 2002; 51: Brelje TC, Scharp DW, Lacy PE, Ogren L, Talamantes F, Rob ert son M, et al. Ef fect of ho mol o gous pla cen tal lactogens, prolactins, and growth hor - mones on is let B-cell di vi sion and in su - lin se cre tion in rat, mouse, and hu man is lets: im pli ca tion for pla cen tal lactogen reg u la tion of is let func tion dur ing preg nancy. En do cri nol ogy 1993; 132: Handwerger S, Freemark M. The roles of pla cen tal growth hor mone and pla - cen tal lactogen in the reg u la tion of hu - man fe tal growth and de vel op ment J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2000; 13: Barbour LA, Shao J, Qiao L, Pulawa LK, Jensen DR, Bartke A, et al. Hu man pla cen tal growth hor mone causes se vere in su lin re sis tance in trans gen ic mice. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 186: Kir wan JP, Varastehpour A, Jing M, Pres ley L, Shao J, Fried man JE, et al. Re ver sal of in su lin re sis tance postpar - tum is linked to en hanced mus cle in su - lin sig nal ing. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: Bandyopadhyay GK, Yu JG, Ofrecio J, Olefsky JM. In creased p85/55/50 ex - pres sion and de creased phospho tidy - lino sitol 3-kinase ac tiv ity in in su lin re - sistant human skeletal muscle. Diabe - tes 2005; Barbour LA, Mizannor Rahman S, Gurevich I, Leitner JW, Fischer SJ, Roper MD, et al. In creased P85 al pha is po tent neg a tive reg u la tor of skel e tal muscle insulin signaling and induces in vivo in su lin re sis tance as so ci ated with growth hor mone ex cess. J Biol Chem 2005; 20: Weyer C, Funahashi T, Tanaka S, Hotta K, Matsuzawa Y, Pratley RE, et al. Hypoadiponectinemia in obe sity and type 2 di a be tes: close as so ci a tion with in su lin re sis tance and hyper - insulinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: Cseh K, Baranyi E, Melczer Z, Kaszas E, Palik E, Winkler G. Plasma adiponectin and preg nancy-in duced in - su lin re sis tance. Di a be tes Care 2004; 27: Catalano PM, Hoegh M, Minium J, Huston- Pres ley L, Ber nard S, Kalhan S, et al. Aiponectin in hu man pregnancy: implications for regulation of glu cose and lipid me tab o lism Diabetologia 2006; 49: Hara K, Yamauchi T, Kadowaki T. Adipo nectin: an adipokine link ing adipo cytes and type 2 di a be tes in hu - mans. Curr Diab Rep 2005; 5: Winzer C, Wag ner O, Fes ta A, Schnei - der B, Roden M, Bancher-Todesca D, et al. Plasma adiponectin, in su lin sen si - tiv ity, and subclinical in flam ma tion in women with prior ges ta tional di a be tes mellitus. Di a be tes Care 2004; 27: Wil liams MA, Qui C, Muy-Rivera M, Vadachkoria S, Song T, Luthy DA. Plasma adiponectin con cen tra tion in early preg nancy and sub se quent risk of ges ta tional di a be tes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: Ranheim T, Haugen, Staff AC, Braekke K, Harsem NK, Drevon CA. Adiponectin re duce in ges ta tional di a - be tes mellitus in nor mal weight women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2004; 83: Ategbo JM, Grissa O, Yessoufou A, Hichami A, Dramane KL, Moutairou K, et al. Mod u la tion of adipokines and cytokines in ges ta tional di a be tes and macrosomia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: Bruun JM, Lihn AS, Verdich C, Pedersen SB, Toubro S, Astruo A, et al. Reg u la tion of adiponectin by ad i pose tis sue-de rived cytokines: in vivo and in vitro investigations in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003; 285: E Fasshauer M, Kralisch S, Klier M, Lossner U, Bluher M, Klein J, et al. Adiponectin gene ex pres sion and se cre - tion is in hib ited by interleukin-6 in 3T3-L1 adipocites. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 301: Coppac SW. Pro-in flam ma tory cyto - kines and ad i pose tis sue. Proc Nutr Soc 2001; 60: Lyon CJ, Law RE, Hsueh WA. Minire - view: ad i pos ity, in flam ma tion, and atherogenesis. En do cri nol ogy 2003; 144: Farnier C, Krief S, Blache M, Diot- Dupuy F, Mory G, Ferre P, et al. Adipo - cyte func tions a mod u lated by cell size change: po ten tial in volve ment of an integrin/erk sig nal ing path way. J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003; 27: Tamori Y, Sakause H, Kasuga M. RBP$, an un ex pected adipocine. Nat Med 2006; 12: Furukawa S, Fujita T, Shimabu ku - ro M, Iwaki M, Yamada Y, Nakajimi Y, et al. In creased ox i da tive stress in obe - sity and its im pact on met a bolic syn - drome. J Clin In vest 2004; 114: Peraldi P, Hotamisligil GS, Buurman WA, White MF, Spiegelman BM. Tu mor ne cro sis fac tor (TNF)-alpha inhibits insulin signaling through stim u la tion of the p55 TNF re - LABORATORINË MEDICINA 2009, t. 11, Nr. 1(41) 41

5 Daiva Aukselytë, Jûratë Valiûnienë ceptor and activation of sphingomyeli - na se. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: Peraldi P, Spiegelman BM. TNF-al pha and insulin resistance: summary and fu ture pros pects. Mol Cell Biochem 1998; 182: Catalano PM, Huston L, Amini SB, Kalhan SC. Longitudinal changes in glucose metabolism during pregnancy in obese women with nor mal glu cose tol er ance and ges ta tional di a be tes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 180: Winkler G, Cseh K, Baranyi E, Melczer Z, Speer G, Hajos P, et al. Tu - mor necrosis factor system and insulin re sis tance in ges ta tional di a be tes. Di a - be tes Res Clin Pract 2002; 56: Retnakaram R, Halney AJ, Raif N, Connelly PW, Sermer M, Zinman B. Re duced adiponectin con cen tra tion in women with ges ta tional di a be tes: a po - ten tial fac tor in pro gres sion to type 2 di a be tes. Di a be tes Care 2004; 27: Catalano PM, Nizielski SE, Shao J, Pres ton L, Qiao L, Fried man JED. Down- reg u lated IRS-1 and PPAR gamma in obese women with ges ta - tional di a be tes: re la tion ship to FFA dur ing preg nancy. Am J Physiol 2002; 282: E Shao J, Yamashita H, Qiao L, Draz - nin B, Fried man JE. Phosphat idy li no - si tol 3-kinase re dis tri bu tion is as so ci - ated with skel e tal mus cle in su lin re sis - tance in ges ta tional di a be tes mellitus. Di a be tes 2002; 51: Barbour LA, McCurdy CE, Hernandez TL, Kir wan JP, Catalano PM, Fried man JE. Cel lu lar Mechanisms for insulin resistance in normal pregnancy and gestational dia - be tes. Di a be tes Care 2007; 30: S Shao J, Catalano PM, Yamashita H, Ishizuka T, Fried man JE. Vanadate en hances but does not nor mal ize glu - cose trans port and in su lin re cep tor phosphorylation in skel e tal mus cle from obese women with ges ta tional di - a be tes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 183: Cheatham B, Vlahos CJ, Cheatham L, Wang L, Blenis J, Kahn CR. Phosphat - idy linositol 3-kinase ac ti va tion is re - quired for in su lin sim u la tion of pp70 S6 kinase, DNA syn the sis, and glu cose trans porter translocation. Mol Cell Biol 1994; 14: Idris I, Gray S, Don nel ly R. In su lin ac - tion in skel e tal mus cle: isozyme-spe - cific ef fects of pro tein kinase C. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 967: Moeschel K, Beck A, Weigert C, Lammers R, Kalbacher H, Voelter W, et al. Pro tein kinase C zeta-in duced phosphorylation of Ser 318 in in su lin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) attenuates the interaction with the insulin receptor and ty ro sine phosphorylation of IRS-1. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: Barbour LA, McCurdy CE, Hernan - dez TL, De la Houssaye BE, Draznin B, Fried man JE. Re duced IRS-1 and in - creased serine IRS-1 phosphorylation in skel e tal mus cle of women with GDM. Di a be tes 2006; 55 (Suppl): A LABORATORINË MEDICINA 2009, t. 11, Nr. 1(41)

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