Matrikso metaloproteinazës virusinës ðirdies ligos patogenezëje

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1 MOKSLAS, TEORIJA IR PRAKTIKA SCIENCE, THEORY & PRACTICE Laboratorinë medicina. 2012, t. 14, Nr. 4(56), p Matrikso metaloproteinazës virusinës ðirdies ligos patogenezëje Dainius Daunoravièius 1 Algimantas Jasulaitis 1 Valerija Jablonskienë 2 Virginija Grabauskienë 1 Santrauka Miokarditas miokardo uþdegimo liga, kurià daþniausiai sukelia ávai - rûs infekcijos agentai. Tai viena svarbiausiø dilatacinës kar dio mio pa ti - jos prieþasèiø visame pasaulyje, o ðirdies transplantacijos ðiuo metu daþ niau siai atliekamos dël dilatacinës kardiomiopatijos. Ligos pro gre - sa vi mo mechanizmai iki liekamosios kardiomiopatijos arba savaiminio pa svei ki mo iki ðiol nëra aiðkûs, taèiau daugelis moksliniø tyrimø pa - tvir ti na, kad pagrindiná vaidmená atlieka metaloproteinazës ir eks tra ce - liu li nio matrikso remodeliacija. Ilgà laikà manyta, kad proteoliziniø fer - men tø matrikso metaloproteinaziø (MMP) pagrindinë funkcija yra tik mat rik so komponentø degradacija. Naujausi tyrimai árodë, kad MMP tu ri ir kitø svarbiø savybiø, pavyzdþiui, jos moduliuoja uþdegimo pro ce - sus. MMP palengvina imuniniø làsteliø migracijà per pamatinæ mem - bra nà, apdoroja citokinus ir chemokinus moduliuojant jø funkcijà, re gu - liuo ja uþlàstelinio matrikso komponentø ir làsteliø ryðius. Nors dar bû - ti na atlikti kontroliuojamus atsitiktiniø imèiø tyrimus, siekiant nuo - dug niau iðsiaiðkinti MMP vaidmená virusinio miokardito ir uþ de gi mi - nës kardiomiopatijos patogenezëje, jau dabar aiðkëja, kad minëti ty ri - mai ne tik iðplëtë mûsø þinias, bet ir leidþia tikëtis, kad bus sukurti vais - tai specifiniam gydymui. Naujø gydymo metodø paieðka tampa dar svar bes në þinant, kad net reikðmingos diagnostikos bei patologiniø fi - zio lo gi niø ligos mechanizmø supratimo naujovës vis dar neuþtikrina etio lo gi ja grásto gydymo bûdø. Reikðminiai þodþiai: bioþymenys, fibrozë, remodeliacija, ðirdies ne pa - kankamumas, prognozë. 1 Vilniaus universiteto Medicinos fakulteto Patologijos, teismo medicinos ir farmakologijos katedra Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology El. paðtas: dainius.daunoravicius@mf.vu.lt 2 Vilniaus universiteto Medicinos fakulteto Fiziologijos, biochemijos, mikrobiologijos ir laboratorinës medicinos katedra Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine ÁVADAS Miokarditas miokardo uþdegimo li - ga, kurià sukelia ávairûs infekciniai ir neinfekciniai agentai. Liga pasireiðkia kar dio miocitø nekroze ir degeneraci - ja, jos eiga gali bûti ûminë arba po - ûmë nuo besimptomiø pokyèiø iki kar dio ge ninio ðoko. Ilgalaikë progno - zë labai ávairi: daugeliui pacientø liga pra ei na savaime pasiekiant visiðkà re - misijà, kitiems vystosi dilatacinë kar - diomiopatija (DKMP), kuriai bûdinga ðir dies nepakankamumo klinika, ir ga li net iðtikti mirtis [1]. Ðiuo metu DKMP yra daþniausia ðirdies trans - plantacijos prieþastis [2]. Vis dar tyrinëjama, ar svarbus (ir kiek) yra tiesioginis paþeidimas, kurá su ke lia pats infekcijos sukëlëjas (vi ru - sas). Taèiau ne maþiau svarbus mio - kar di to patologinës fiziologijos veiks - nys imuninës sistemos aktyvumas bei remodeliacijos procesai. Ádomu tai, kad pacientai, kuriems miokarditas pa si reið kia þaibiðkai ir miokardo bi op - si në je medþiagoje randami in ten sy - vaus uþdegimo poþymiai, turi geresnæ il ga lai kæ prognozæ, jeigu jiems pa vyks - ta iðgyventi ûminæ ligos fazæ. Pa cien - tai, kuriems miokarditas pasireiðkia ðvel niau, esant nedideliems miokardo uþ de gi mo poþymiams, turi daug di des - næ rizikà, kad iðsivystys lëtinis ðirdies 224 LABORATORINË MEDICINA 2012, t. 14, Nr. 4(56)

2 Matrikso metaloproteinazës virusinës ðirdies ligos patogenezëje ne pa kan ka mu mas [3]. Dar vienas svar bus skilvelio struktûrinis ir funk - ci nis veiks nys yra ekstraceliulinis mat rik sas. Intensyvûs degradacijos procesai, nepalanki remodeliacija po ûmios fa zës daugiausia priklauso nuo uþ de gi mo atsako, dël kurio silpnëja ry - ðiai tarp miofibriliø (miocitø slip - page fenomenas), iðsipleèia skilveliai ir su trin ka jø funkcija. Straipsnyje apþvelgsime esminius procesus, vykstanèius uþlàsteliniame mat rik se esant ávairioms miokardito fa zëms, remodeliacijos svarbà mio kar - do funkcijai, aptarsime naujus prog - no zi nius laboratorinius tyrimus, ro - dan èius fibrozës ir nepalankios re mo - deliacijos procesus miokarde. VIRUSINIS MIOKARDITAS Daþniausiai miokardità sukelia ávai - rûs infekcijos agentai: nuo bakterijø ir parazitø (Borrelia burgdorferi, Cory - ne bacterium diphteria arba Trypano - so ma cruzi) iki virusø (par vo vi ru - sas B19, adenovirusas, hepatito B vi - ru sas) [4 6]. Iki ðiol neaiðkûs me cha - niz mai, ko dël liga baigiasi savaime ir ko dël pro gre suo ja iðsivystant sun - kiam ðir dies nepakankamumui. Vi ru - sinio miokardito patologinë fiziologija aið ki na ma ne tik tiesioginiu miocitø pa þei di mu ir funkcijos sutrikimu dël virusinës infekcijos, bet ir netiesioginiu ak ty vin tos imuninës sistemos po - vei kiu. Sveiks tant ið miokardo vi sið - kai paðalinamas virusas, sugràþina - ma nor ma li uþlàstelinio matrikso struktûra, atkuriama normali ðirdies veik la. Ða li nant virusinæ infekcijà ir atkuriant normalià homeostazæ, bûti - nas pa kan ka mas imuninis atsakas. Imu ni në sis te ma turi ir tiesioginæ áta - kà miokardo uþ de gi mui bei nekrozei (þudo infekuotas ðirdies làsteles), ir ne tie sio gi næ (per uþdegimà ska ti nan - èius citokinus, veikianèius kardiomio - ci tø funkcijà). Virusinio miokardito pro gre sa vi - mas gali bûti skirstomas á tris stadijas: ûmi næ viremijos, poûmæ ir lëtinæ [7]. Ûmi në stadija prasideda viruso jun gi - mu si prie pavirðiaus receptoriø, esan - èiø ant kar dio mio ci tø arba kitø juos ekspresuojanèiø làsteliø, ir ásiskverbi - mu á kar dio mio ci tà. Tai susijæ susijæs su ávai riø làsteliø tipø aktyvacija (en - do te lio làsteliø, kardiomiocitø, fib ro - blas tø, makrofagø, limfocitø ir den dri - tiniø làsteliø), kurios gamina uþdegimui pa lan kius citokinus (Il-1, TNF ir in ter fe ro nus), taip pat chemokinus, ku riais imu ni nës làstelës jungiasi prie au di niø, skatindamos uþdegimà. Poû - mës sta di jos metu imuninës làstelës mig ruo ja á miokardà. Viruso ðalinimas pra si de da nuo uþsikrëtusiø làsteliø atpaþinimo. Nustatyta, kad ðiam pro - ce sui reikðmingi aktyvintø B làsteliø ga mi na mi neutralizuojantys an ti kû - nai, kurie ypaè svarbûs virusui ðalinti [8]. Lë ti nës stadijos metu virusas gali bû ti vi sið kai paðalintas, uþdegimas nu rims ta, prasideda miokardo gi ji - mas. Ði stadija apima ir uþlàstelinio mat rik so atsigaminimà, leidþiantá normalizuoti skilveliø funkcijà, taèiau kar tais viruso RNR arba DNR ir bal ty - mai mio kar de gali iðlikti. Tai susijæ su lë ti niu audiniø uþdegimu, skatinanèiu per tek li næ fibrozæ ir skilveliø dis funk - ci jà, kuri iðsivysto á dilatacinæ kar dio - miopatijà. MATRIKSO METALOPROTEINAZËS Matrikso metaloproteinazes pirmieji 1962 m. apraðë Grossas ir Lapiere as, ku rie tyrinëjo tretinës kolageno struk - tûros degradacijà buoþgalvio uodegoje [9]. Dabar þinoma daugiau kaip 20 nuo cin ko ir kalcio priklausomø fer - men tø matrikso metaloproteinaziø (MMP), kurios reguliuoja uþlàstelinio mat rik so komponentus vykstant tam tik riems fiziologiniams (augimas, kau lø remodeliacija, organogenezë) ir patologiniams procesams (uþdegimas ar ba audiniø paþeidimas) [10]. MMP pa gal jø substrato specifiðkumà, struk tû rà ir lokalizacijà gali bûti skirstomos á ðeðis pogrupius: kolage - na zes, þe la ti na zes, stromelizinus, matrilizinus, membraninio tipo ir miðrias. Kolagenazës (MMP-1, MMP-8, MMP-13 ir MMP-18) skaido kolageno I, II ir III fib ri les á maþesnius po li pep - ti dus, þe la ti nà, lamininà, os teo nek ti - nà. Þe la ti na zës (MMP-2 ir MMP-9) skaido þelatinà ir pamatinës membra - nos IV tipo ko la ge nà. Stromelizinai (MMP-3 ir MMP-10, MMP-11) ardo ne ko la ge ni nius matrikso baltymus: pro teo gli ka nus, fibronektinà, la mi ni - nà ir ne fib ri li ná kolagenà. MMP-3 daþ - nai randama aterosklerozinës plokðtelës kraðtuose (to dël gali silpninti ate - ro skle ro zi næ plokð te læ), mak ro fa guo - se. Matrilizinai (MMP-7 ir MMP-26) ar do ne tik mat rik so komponentus, bet ir làsteliø pa vir ðiaus molekules. Esa ma ir mem bra ni nio tipo MMP, ku - rios, prisijungusios prie làsteliø mem - bra nos, geba ar dy ti proteoglikanus, þelatinà ir kt. Miðriøjø MMP specifið - ku mas subs tra tui dar nëra aiðkus, ta - èiau nustatyta, kad jos taip pat gali ar - dyti IV tipo kolagenà, þelatinà, lamini - nà. Gausus MMP iðsiskyrimas gali su - kel ti audiniø paþeidimà. Aiðkëja, kad ûmi nio miokardito ir jam bûdingo au - drin go uþdegimo fone aktyvinamos vi sø grupiø MMP, nors dël jø pro mo to - riø polimorfizmo MMP aktyvacija tam tik riems individams galëtø bûti stip - res në arba silpnesnë. Esant lëtiniam mio kar di tui specifinë MMP trans krip - ci ja tampa dar svarbesnë, nes skir tin - gi signalai galbût skatina ir skirtingus MMP transkripcijos bûdus. Ðie fer - men tai yra iðskiriami neaktyvûs. MMP ekspresija skatinama ávairiais bû dais: per uþdegimo citokinus, au gi - mo faktorius, làsteliø mechaniná ju dë - ji mà, fagocitozæ. Ðie veiksniai re gu - liuo ja MMP gamybà transkripcijos lyg me niu. Vis dëlto MMP iðskyrimas ir aktyvacija taip pat gali bûti kon tro - liuojama ir potranskripciniu lygmeniu [11]. Vadinasi, MMP yra sintetinamos ir iðskiriamos kaip proenzimai (zi mo - ge nai), jos lieka prisijungusios prie mat rik so komponentø tol, kol bus su - ar do mos ir taps aktyvuotos, panaðiai kaip membraninio tipo MMP, kurios yra membranø baltymai. Jos ak ty vuo - ja mos per proteolizinæ degradacijà, pa - vyz dþiui, per plazminà, kitas serino pro te a zes (serino elastazæ, tripsinà, ka tep si nà G) arba net per kitas MMP [12]. Eg zis tuo ja natûralûs MMP in hi - bi to riai melaoproteinaziø audiniø in hi bi to riai (TIMP), kurie jungiasi prie ka ta li zi nio jø domeno ir taip blokuoja jø vei ki mà [13]. Ilgai manyta, kad vienintelë MMP funk ci ja proteoliziniø fermentø funk ci ja, t. y. struktûriniø uþ làs te li - nio mat rik so komponentø deg ra da ci - ja. Pas ta ro jo meto tyrimai árodë, kad tai ne vienintelë ir svarbiausia jø funk ci ja. MMP bûdinga daug funk ci - jø, ið jø ir lemianèiø làsteliø mig ra vi - mà. Jos ga li ardyti signalines mo le ku - les ci to ki nus, chemokinus, augimo fak to rius, ir (ar) juos aktyvindamos ar ba inak ty vin da mos atpalaiduoti nuo uþ làs te li nio matrikso. MMP kon - tro liuo ja au di niø architektûrà re gu - liuo da mos tarp au di ni nes ir tarp làs te - li nes jungtis [14]. Taip pat turi ne tie - sio gi ná poveiká làs te liø funkcijoms, veik da mos mo le ku les per matrikso ar do mus bal ty mus [15]. Nu sta ty ti vi - du làs te li niai MMP tai ki niai: mio zi - nas ir troponinas, taigi MMP funk ci - jos iðsiplëtë iki sub làs te li nio lygmens [16, 17]. MATRIKSO METALOPROTEINAZËS VIRUSINIO MIOKARDITO PATOGENEZËJE Jau þinoma, kad MMP ekspresija mio - kar de kinta progresuojant ligai ið ûmi - nio miokardito á lëtinæ kar dio mio pa ti - LABORATORINË MEDICINA 2012, t. 14, Nr. 4(56) 225

3 Dainius Daunoravièius, Algimantas Jasulaitis, Valerija Jablonskienë, Virginija Grabauskienë jà. Esant Koksakio virusinio mio kar - di to ûminei stadijai, daugelio MMP (ypaè MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-9 ir MMP-12) trans - krip ci ja yra skatinama, o MM-11 ir MMP-7 transkripcija lieka nepakitusi. Manoma, kad ðios teigiamos reguliaci - jos paleidikliu galëtø bûti padidëjusi uþdegimui palankiø citokinø (IL-1 ir TNF- ) koncentracija. Kadangi MMP-9 iðskiria ir infiltruojanèiø uþ - de gi mo làsteliø, dël to tik padidëja jø mig ra ci jà per endotelá, sukeliama tar - po tarp audiniø (intersticiumo) re mo - deliacija, skatinamas uþdegimo proce - sas [18]. MMP ekspresuojamos kaip funk ci nis imuninio atsako vienetas. Áro dy ta, kad esant virusiniam mio kar - di tui MMP-9 yra naudinga imuniniam at sa kui á virusà [3, 19]. Esant lëtinei miokardito stadijai, dominuoja fibrozæ, o ne uþ de gi mà skatinantys fak to - riai, dël to pa ste bë tas MMP slo pi ni - mas ir aki vaiz dus fibrozës procesø su - aktyvëjimas [20]. Kokybiniai kolageno tinklo po ky - èiai ávyksta dar esant ankstyvai mio - kar di to stadijai. Ðiame etape pa dau - gë ja tirpios jo frakcijos, taèiau bend - ras ko la ge no kiekis miokarde pakinta ma þai. Tokie pokyèiai rodo pa di dë ju - sià mat rik so apyvartà, kai maþëja ko - la ge no kryþminiø jungèiø, ne pa lan - kià re mo de lia ci jà [21]. Ádomu tai, kad pa di dë jæs tir pio sios kolageno frak ci - jos kie kis sa vai me reguliuoja audiniø re mo de lia ci jà, ypaè neo re vas ku lia ri - za ci jà [22]. Ga li bû ti, kad tai dar vie - nas ryðiø tarp mio fib ri liø silpnëjimo (miocitø slippag e ) fe no me no pa lei - dik lis, ska ti nan tis di la ta ci næ kar dio - mio pa ti jà. Ty ri në jant di lia ta ci næ kar - dio mio pa ti jà nu sta ty ta, kad padidëja MMP-2, MMP-9 ir kitø MMP (MMP-13 ir MT1-MMP) ak ty vu mas, su ma þë ja MMP-1 eks pre si ja [23]. Svar bus ðiø ty ri mø rezultatas nu - sta ty tas MMP-2 kiekio padidëjimas pa èiuo se mio ci tuo se, kur galëtø bûti ar do mi to kie kontraktiliniai bal ty - mai kaip mio zi nas [24]. Padidëjusi MMP kon cen tra ci ja dilatacinës kar - dio mio pa ti jos at ve ju skatina mat rik - so bal ty mø ir ak ty viø molekuliø ar - dy mà, kon trak ti li nës miocitø funk ci - jos pa ki ti mus. Duo me nø apie kitas MMP funk ci jas (pvz., citokinø, che - mo ki nø ar dy mà ir ak ty va ci jà) þmo - gaus ðir dies më gi niuo se yra labai ma - þai. Pav. MMP veikimo mechanizmai virusinës ðirdies ligos patogenezëje (adaptuota pagal [3]) Fig. The role of MMPs in the pathogenesis of vi ral heart dis ease (adapted by [3]) A) Cirkuliujanèios imunines làstelës prisijungia, prie adhezijos molekuliø, esanèiø ant ak ty vuo tø endotelio làsteliø pavirðiaus ir mig ruo - ja á miokardà. MMP daugiausia MMP-2 ir MMP-9 yra atsakingos uþ pamatinës membranos ardymà ir taip palengvina uþdegimo làs te - liø patekimà. Todël didesnis MMP aktyvumas gali paskatinti imuniniø làsteliø mig ra ci jà per endotelá. B) Ðirdies làstelës (makrofagai, kardiomiocitai, dendritinës làstelës, endotelio làstelës, fib ro blas tai) aktyvinamos ir iðskiria chemokinus. Ak tyvintos MMP skaido ðiuos che mo ki nus, moduliuoja jø funkcijas juos aktyvina arba inaktyvina. MMP moduliuoja chemokinø gra dien - tus aktyvuojant arba ardant (molekuliø skilimas). Todël, MMP veikla gali daryti áta kà audiniø uþdegimo procesams. C) Iðsiskirti citokinai gali bûti perdirbami MMPs, taip keièiant jø veikimà, t. y. stiprinant ar silpninant uþdegimo procesus. IL-1a ir IFN-b yra suskaidomi, latentinis TNF- jungiasi su ECM ir tampa aktyvus MMP já ardant ir atpalaiduojant. D) MMP gali veikti làstelës viduje, ardydamos kontraktininës sistemos kardiomiocitø bal ty mus, pavyzdþiui, miozinà ir troponinà I. Ðie me cha niz mai dar turi bûti iðnagrinëti nuo dug niau, taèiau tai rodo, kad liga turi kità galimà mechanizmà. E) Ilgai manyta, kad tai vienintelë MMP funkcija, esant uþdegimui jø teigiama reguliacija su ke lia ECM komponentø skilimà, silpnina mio fib ri liø ryðius ir galbût suþadina skilvelio struk tû ros ir funkcijos pokyèius. CCL CC-chemokino ligandas; CCR CC-chemokino receptorius; MMP matrikso me ta lo pro te i na zë; IL interleukinas; IFN in ter fe - ro nas; TNF navikø nekrozës faktorius; DL dendritinës làstelës; ECM uþlàstelinis matriksas. 226 LABORATORINË MEDICINA 2012, t. 14, Nr. 4(56)

4 Matrikso metaloproteinazës virusinës ðirdies ligos patogenezëje NAUJAS MATRIKSO METALOPROTEINAZIØ VAIDMUO Randama vis naujø MMP substratø, to dël iðsiplëtë jø vaidmuo fi zio lo gi - niuo se ir patologiniuose procesuose. Vie na svarbiausiø tokiø MMP funk ci - jø uþdegimo reakcijø moduliavimas. Jis gali vykti tiesiogiai, veikiant làs te - liø migracijà, ir netiesiogiai per uþ de - gi mo molekuliø reguliavimà [25]. Þi - no ma, kad migruojanèios làstelës (to - kios kaip vëþinës arba uþdegiminës) eks pre suo ja didelius kiekius MMP, ku rios skaido intersticiumà ir padeda ðioms làstelëms keliauti á audinius. Svar bus vaidmuo inicijuojant uþ de gi - mà tenka MMP-2 ir MMP-9, taèiau ki - tos MMP gali taip pat bûti svarbios, kas jau árodyta modeliniais uþ de gi mi - nës plauèiø ligos tyrimais [26]. Tiek pro ak ty vios, tiek aktyvios MMP gali sie tis su integrinais ir kitais làsteliø pa vir ðiaus receptoriais, esanèiais ant uþdegiminiø arba vëþiniø làsteliø, ir ska tin ti jø judëjimà net ir nesant MMP aktyvacijos [27]. Todël manyti - na, kad pro- MMP-9, be savo fer men ti - nio re zer vi nio aktyvumo, galbût at lie - ka ir dar vie nà vaidmená. Kita svarbi MMP funkcija re gu - liuo ti citokinø koncentracijà ir che mo - ki nø gradientà. Ávairûs tyrimai su la - bo ra to ri niais gyvûnais, imituojantys autoimuniniø ir infekciniø ligø mode - lius, parodë, kad daugelis uþdegimo mo le ku liø (citokinai ir chemokinai) ga li tapti substratais ávairioms MMP (þr. pav.). Ðiø molekuliø ardymas gali jas aktyvuoti, inaktyvuoti arba ga min - tis naujos modifikuoto aktyvumo mo - le ku lës; per ðià reguliacijà MMP gali su kur ti chemokinø gradientus, trau - kian èius leukocitus ið kraujo tëkmës á uþ de gi mo þidiná. Reikia pabrëþti, kad iki ðiol daugelis substratus nu sta tan - èiø tyrimø yra in vi tro, todël ðie re zul - ta tai turi bûti patikrinti atliekant in vi vo tyrimus. Visa tai dar kartà parodo MMP sistemos sudëtingumà ir svarbø subtilios reguliacijos vaidmená uþdegimo procese. Esant virusiniam miokarditui, tiek ci to zi nø, tiek chemokinø sistemos tam pa aktyvintos visuose viruso pa - þeis tuo se organuose, tai skatina uþ de - gi mo làsteliø migracijà ir aktyvacijà bei viruso ðalinimà [28]. Manoma, kad MMP ypaè svarbios, nes reguliuoja uþ - de gi mo atsakà per chemokinø gra - dien tus, todël esant virusiniam mio - kar di tui MMP veikla gali nulemti tiek adek va tø imuniná atsakà, tiek stiprø uþdegimo atsakà, paþeidþiantá audinio funk ci jà ir struktûrà. Kelios studijos naudojant Kok sa - kio viruso B3 (CVB-3) miokardito mo - de lius atskleidë MMP svarbà ligos pro gre sa vi mui. Heymans su bend ra - au to riais vieni pirmøjø árodë, kad vi - ru si nio miokardito atveju padaugëja uro ki na zës tipo plazminogeno ak ty - va to riø (upa) ir padidëja MMP eks - pre si ja. Ávairiais bûdais bandant slo - pin ti upa ir MMP, buvo sumaþintas mio kar do uþdegimas, fibrozë, ap sau - go ta nuo skilveliø disfunkcijos ir di la - ta ci jos. Greièiausiai tai ávyko su ma þë - jus uþ de gi mo làsteliø migracijai ir mat rik so komponentø degradacijai. Ne pai sant sumaþëjusios uþdegimo re - ak ci jos ir uþdegimo làsteliø in fil tra ci - jos mio kar de, viruso ðalinimas liko ne pa ki tæs. Migruojanèios T làstelës dau giau sia ekspresuoja upa, MMP-2 ir MMP-9, o tai galëtø paaiðkinti su - ma þë ju sià làsteliø migracijà. Su ma - þë jæs imu ni niø làsteliø kiekis mio kar - de lë më ir maþesnæ citokinø eks pre si - jà. Ki tas galimas paaiðkinimas su - ma þë jæs uþ de gi mo atsakas dël su ma - þë ju sio uþ làs te li nio matrikso deg ra - da ci jos pro duk tø kiekio esant maþam pro tei na ziø aktyvumui miokarde. Dau ge lis au to riø teigiamai vertina pro tei na ziø in hi bi ci jos naudà ûminio vi ru si nio mio kar di to patogenezëje, ti - kin tis su ma þin ti ðirdies paþeidimà [29]. Cheung ir bendraautoriai neseniai atskleidë svarbià MMP-9 apsauginæ funk ci jà esant CVB3 miokarditui. Kai MMP-9 aktyvumas nepakankamai ma þas, padidëja interferono- â kon cen - tra ci ja, nes jis lieka nesuskaidytas Summary MMP-9. Tai skatinà stiprø imuniniø làs te liø sukeltà miokardo paþeidimà ir nesustabdomà viruso replikacijà [19, 30]. Croc ker ir kiti árodë þalingà me ta - loproteinaziø audiniø inhibitoriaus 1 (TIMP-1) vaidmená CVB3 miokardito at ve ju. Ðie mokslininkai pastebëjo TIMP-1 svarbà vietinio uþdegimo re - guliacijoje [31], taèiau dauguma ðiø ty ri mø bu vo atlikti naudojant ne spe ci - fi nius MMP tyrimo metodus ir todël, tu rint gal vo je MMP/TIMP sistemos su dë tin gu mà bei nuolat nustatomus nau jus subs tra tus, galima daryti tik ga na ri bo tas iðvadas apie MMP vaid - me ná ir ga li mas farmakologines in ter - vencijas [32]. Akivaizdus MMP vaidmuo mio kar - do remodeliacijos procese skatina kur - ti jø farmakologinius inhibitorius, lei - dþian èius keisti ðiø procesø eigà. Dau - ge lis MMP inhibitoriø yra sukurti at - lie kant vëþio, reumato tyrimus ir yra la bai neselektyvûs arba selektyvûs dau giau nei vienai MMP [33]. Ne pai - sant ákve pian èiø pradiniø tyrimø re - zul ta tø, gydymas MMP inhibitoriais, tai ky tas laboratoriniø gyvûnø bei ke - lio se mio kar do infarkto, ðirdies hi per - tro fi jos ir aterosklerozës klinikinëse studijose, nepasiþymëjo jokiais pranaðu mais. Tai tik rodo mûsø supratimo apie MMP/TIMP sistemà spragas ir sun ku mus perkeliant þinias ið teorijos moks lø á klinikinæ praktikà. Gauta: Priimta spaudai: MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF VIRAL HEART DISEASE Dainius Daunoravièius, Algimantas Jasulaitis, Valerija Jablonskienë, Virginija Grabauskienë Myocarditis is an in flam ma tory dis ease of the myocardium, com monly caused by dif fer ent in fec tious agents. It is one of the im por tant causes of di lated cardio - myopathy world wide and di lated cardio - myopathy is cur rently the most fre quent rea son for heart trans plan ta tion. The mech a nisms of pro gres sion to per sis tent cardiomyopathy or heal ing by spon ta ne - ous re cov ery still re main poorly un der - stood, how ever many au thors agree, that extracellular ma trix re mod el ing by metallo proteinases could be one of the im por tant fac tors. It was as sumed that degradation of matrix components is the only role of the proteolytic en zymes ma - trix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Re cent stud ies dem on strated some new func - tions of the MMPs as pow er ful modula - tory factors in inflammatory disorders: MMPs can pro cess cytokines and chemo - kines mod u lat ing their func tion, ease the mi gra tion of im mune cells through the base ment mem brane and reg u late the re - la tion ship of cells with ECM com po nents. Although further investigations by con - trolled ran dom ized stud ies are still needed to def i nitely de ter mine the role of MMPs in pathogenesis of vi ral myo - carditis and in flam ma tory cardio myo - pathy, this study prog ress not only wid - ened our knowl edge but could also lead to de vel op ing the spe cific treat ment in the fu ture. The de vel op ment of new treat - ment strat e gies is even more im por tant know ing, that de spite a re mark able achieve ment in diagnostics and un der - stand ing the pathophysiological mech a - nisms there is still no ae ti ol ogy- based treatment. Keywords: ma trix metalloproteinases, biomarkers, fi bro sis, re mod el ing, heart failure, prognosis. LABORATORINË MEDICINA 2012, t. 14, Nr. 4(56) 227

5 Dainius Daunoravièius, Algimantas Jasulaitis, Valerija Jablonskienë, Virginija Grabauskienë LITERATÛRA 1. Fabre A, Sheppard MN. Sud den adult death syn drome and other nonischaemic causes of sud den car diac death. Heart 2006; 92(3): Epub 2005/06/ Maron BJ, Towbin JA, Thiene G, Antzelevitch C, Corrado D, Arnett D, et al. Contemporary definitions and clas - si fi ca tion of the cardiomyopathies: an American Heart Association Scientific State ment from the Coun cil on Clin i cal Car di ol ogy, Heart Fail ure and Trans - plantation Committee; Quality of Care and Out comes Re search and Func - tional Genomics and Translational Bi - ol ogy In ter dis ci plin ary Work ing Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Pre ven tion. Cir cu la tion 2006; 113(14): Epub 2006/03/ Westermann D, Savvatis K, Schultheiss HP, Tschope C. Immuno - modulation and ma trix metallopro - teinases in vi ral myocarditis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010; 48(3): Epub 2009/09/ Hidron A, Vogenthaler N, Santos- Preciado JI, Ro dri guez-mo rales AJ, Franco-Paredes C, Rassi A, Jr. Car diac in volve ment with par a sitic in fec tions. Clin Microbiol Rev 2010; 23(2): Epub 2010/04/ Pankuweit S, Moll R, Baandrup U, Portig I, Hufnagel G, Maisch B. Prev a - lence of the par vovi rus B19 ge nome in endomyocardial bi opsy spec i mens. Hum Pathol 2003; 34(5): Epub 2003/06/ Kindermann I, Kindermann M, Kandolf R, Klingel K, Bultmann B, Mul ler T, et al. Pre dic tors of out come in pa tients with sus pected myocarditis. Cir cu la tion 2008; 118(6): Epub 2008/07/ Coo per LT, Jr. Myocarditis. N Engl J Med 2009; 360(15): Epub 2009/04/ Mena I, Perry CM, Harkins S, Ro dri - guez F, Gebhard J, Whit ton JL. The role of B lym pho cytes in coxsackievirus B3 in fec tion. Am J Pathol 1999; 155(4): Epub 1999/10/ Gross J, Lapiere CM. Collagenolytic ac - tiv ity in am phib ian tis sues: a tis sue cul ture as say. Pro ceed ings of the Na - tional Acad emy of Sci ences of the United States of Amer ica 1962; 48: Epub 1962/06/ Page-McCaw A, Ewald AJ, Werb Z. Ma - trix metalloproteinases and the reg u la - tion of tis sue re mod el ling. Na ture Rev Mol Cell Biol 2007; 8(3): Epub 2007/02/ Clark IM, Swingler TE, Sampieri CL, Ed wards DR. The reg u la tion of ma trix metalloproteinases and their in hib i - tors. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 40(6 7): Epub 2008/02/ Heymans S. In flam ma tion and car diac re mod el ing dur ing vi ral myocarditis. Ernst Schering Re search Foun da tion work shop 2006; 55: Epub 2005/12/ Nagase H, Visse R, Murphy G. Struc - ture and func tion of ma trix metallopro - teinases and TIMPs. Cardiovasc Res 2006; 69(3): Epub 2006/01/ Sternlicht MD, Werb Z. How ma trix metalloproteinases reg u late cell be hav - ior. Annu Rev Cell Devel Biol 2001; 17: Epub 2001/11/ Streuli C. Extracellular ma trix re mod - el ling and cel lu lar dif fer en ti a tion. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1999; 11(5): Epub 1999/10/ Chow AK, Cena J, Schulz R. Acute ac - tions and novel tar gets of ma trix metalloproteinases in the heart and vasculature. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 152(2): Epub 2007/06/ Schulz R. Intracellular tar gets of ma - trix metalloproteinase-2 in car diac dis - ease: ra tio nale and ther a peu tic ap - proaches. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2007; 47: Epub 2006/11/ Vermaelen KY, Cataldo D, Tournoy K, Maes T, Dhulst A, Louis R, et al. Ma trix metalloproteinase-9-me di ated den - dritic cell re cruit ment into the air ways is a crit i cal step in a mouse model of asthma. J Immunol 2003; 171(2): Epub 2003/07/ Marchant D, McManus BM. Ma trix metalloproteinases in the pathogenesis of vi ral heart dis ease. Trends Cardio - vascul Med 2009; 19(1): Epub 2009/05/ Gluck B, Schmidtke M, Merkle I, Stelzner A, Gemsa D. Per sis tent ex - pres sion of cytokines in the chronic stage of CVB3-in duced myocarditis in NMRI mice. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2001; 33(9): Epub 2001/09/ Woodiwiss AJ, Tsotetsi OJ, Sprott S, Lan cas ter EJ, Mela T, Chung ES, et al. Re duc tion in myo car dial col la gen cross- link ing par al lels left ven tric u lar di la ta tion in rat mod els of sys tolic cham ber dys func tion. Cir cu la tion 2001; 103(1): Epub 2001/01/ Da vis GE, Senger DR. En do the lial extracellular ma trix: biosynthesis, re - modeling, and functions during vascu - lar morphogenesis and neovessel sta bi - li za tion. Circ Res 2005; 97(11): Epub 2005/11/ Spinale FG, Coker ML, Heung LJ, Bond BR, Gunasinghe HR, Etoh T, et al. A ma trix metalloproteinase in duc - tion/activation system exists in the human left ven tric u lar myocardium and is upregulated in heart fail ure. Cir cu la - tion 2000; 102(16): Epub 2000/10/ Sawicki G, Leon H, Sawicka J, Sariahmetoglu M, Schulze CJ, Scott PG, et al. Deg ra da tion of my o sin light chain in iso lated rat hearts sub - jected to ischemia-reperfusion in jury: a new intracellular tar get for ma trix metalloproteinase-2. Cir cu la tion 2005; 112(4): Epub 2005/07/ Manicone AM, McGuire JK. Ma trix metalloproteinases as mod u la tors of in - flam ma tion. Sem Cell Dev Biol 2008; 19(1): Epub 2007/08/ Corry DB, Kiss A, Song LZ, Song L, Xu J, Lee SH, et al. Over lap ping and in - de pend ent con tri bu tions of MMP2 and MMP9 to lung al ler gic in flam ma tory cell egression through de creased CC chemokines. The FASEB jour nal: of fi - cial pub li ca tion of the Fed er a tion of Amer i can So ci et ies for Ex per i men tal Bi ol ogy 2004; 18(9): Epub 2004/04/ Stefanidakis M, Koivunen E. Cell-sur - face as so ci a tion be tween ma trix metalloproteinases and integrins: role of the com plexes in leu ko cyte mi gra tion and can cer pro gres sion. Blood 2006; 108(5): Epub 2006/04/ Yuan J, Liu Z, Lim T, Zhang H, He J, Walker E, et al. CXCL10 in hib its vi ral replication through recruitment of nat - u ral killer cells in coxsackievirus B3-in - duced myocarditis. Circ Res 2009; 104(5): Epub 2009/01/ Heymans S, Pauschinger M, De Palma A, Kallwellis-Opara A, Rutschow S, Swinnen M, et al. In hi bi - tion of urokinase-type plasminogen ac - ti va tor or ma trix metalloproteinases pre vents car diac in jury and dys func - tion dur ing vi ral myocarditis. Cir cu la - tion 2006; 114(6): Epub 2006/08/ Cheung C, Marchant D, Walker EK, Luo Z, Zhang J, Yanagawa B, et al. Ab - la tion of ma trix metalloproteinase-9 in - creases se ver ity of vi ral myocarditis in mice. Cir cu la tion 2008; 117(12): Epub 2008/03/ Crocker SJ, Frausto RF, Whitmire JK, Benning N, Milner R, Whit ton JL. Ame lio ra tion of coxsackievirus B3-me - di ated myocarditis by in hi bi tion of tis - sue in hib i tors of ma trix metallopro - teinase-1. Am J Pathol 2007; 171(6): Epub 2007/12/ Carriero MV, Longanesi-Cattani I, Bifulco K, Maglio O, Lista L, Barbieri A, et al. Struc ture-based de - sign of an urokinase-type plasminogen ac ti va tor re cep tor-de rived pep tide in - hib it ing cell mi gra tion and lung me tas - ta sis. Mol Can cer Ther 2009; 8(9): Epub 2009/08/ Over all CM, Lopez-Otin C. Strat e gies for MMP inhibition in cancer: innova - tions for the post-trial era. Na ture Rev Can cer 2002; 2(9): Epub 2002/09/ LABORATORINË MEDICINA 2012, t. 14, Nr. 4(56)

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