PRACTICAL ROADMAP. MUSCLE WJ van der Spuy

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1 PRACTICAL ROADMAP MUSCLE WJ van der Spuy

2 MUSCLE Skeletal (striated) Cardiac (striated) Smooth Identification based on Fiber size, shape and presence/absence of branching Number, shape and position of nuclei Presence or absence of cross-striations

3 MUSCLE Skeletal Cardiac Smooth Cell Elongated Branching Spindle-shaped Nucleus Multiple peripheral Single or binucleated central Single central Striations Cross-striated Cross-striated & Intercalated disks None Motor Control Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary

4 SKELETAL MUSCLE Slide 76 Striated Skeletal Muscle Tongue Iron haematoxylin stain

5 Organisation Endomysium - surrounding muscle fibre Muscle fibre Epimysium - surrounding muscle Perimysium - surrounding fascicle Fascicle 100µm Scanning Electron Micrograph WJ van der Spuy MSc

6 Fibre Orientation Longitudinal section Transverse section

7 Identification Fibroblast nuclei in connective tissue sheath Cross-striations Multiple peripheral nuclei Muscle fibre Muscle fibre

8 Striations I band (light striation) bisected by dark Z line A band (dark striation) bisected by light H band

9 SKELETAL MUSCLE Slide 50 Musculo-tendinous junction H&E stain

10 Musculo-tendinous Junction Dense regular connective tissue Skeletal Muscle Musculo-tendinous junction with fibres inserting obliquely into tendon

11 SKELETAL MUSCLE Slide 4 Neuromuscular (myoneural) junction Snake H&E and gold impregnation staining

12 Neuromuscular Junction Axon Boutons (neuromuscular junction) Motor Nerve (neuromuscular bundle in longitudinal section) Striated skeletal muscle fibres Neuromuscular bundle (transverse section) Micrograph WJ van der Spuy MSc Stain: Toluidine blue ph=11.5 Blood vessel

13 Neuromuscular Junction Motor nerve Axon boutons

14 Muscular Dystrophy Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy type 2B (LGMD2B) Increased rate of regeneration in response to ongoing degeneration of muscle Characterised by: Variation in fiber size Necrosis of muscle tissue Revascularisation Inflammatory cell infiltration Phagocytosis of necrotic debris Proliferation of mononuclear muscle precursors Fusion of precursors to form myotubes

15 LGMD2B CN: Central nucleus Regenerating fibre PI CN FL FS: Fibre splitting Early hyperplasia FL: Fibre lobulation Late hyperplasia PN LI: Leukocyte infiltration Inflammation NF: Necrotic fibre Degenerating fibre FS PI: Postnecrotic infiltrate Clearing debris after degeneration LI Micrograph WJ van der Spuy MSc Stain: Toluidine blue ph=11.5 SC NF 10µm SC: Satellite cell Mononuclear muscle precursor regenerative ability PN: Peripheral nucleus Mature fibre

16 CARDIAC MUSCLE Slide 57 Heart (interventricular septum) Iron haematoxylin stain

17 Fibre Orientation Longitudinal section Transverse section

18 Identification Cross-striations Fibre branching Intercalated discs Central nuclei

19 Interventricular Septum Capillaries with black stained RBCs Purkinje fibres Myocardium with ordinary cardiac muscle fibres Endocardium Lumen of left ventricle

20 Purkinje Fibres Pale-staining fibres Nucleus Large glycogen space around nuclei

21 Ordinary Cardiac Muscle Fibres Dark-staining fibres Nucleus Smaller glycogen spaces around nuclei

22 CARDIAC MUSCLE Slide 86 Heart H&E and elastic stain

23 Interventricular Septum Myocardium with ordinary cardiac muscle fibres Purkinje fibres Endocardium

24 Interventricular Septum Myocardium with ordinary cardiac muscle fibres Purkinje fibres Nucleus Nucleus Large glycogen space around nucleus Small glycogen space around nucleus

25 SMOOTH MUSCLE Slide 10 Smooth muscle Uterus (baboon) H&E stain

26 Overview Endometrium Myometrium with smooth muscle

27 Fibre Orientation Longitudinal section Transverse section

28 Identification Cigar-shaped nucleus centrally located in spindle shaped fibre Longitudinal section Transverse section

29 Smooth Muscle vs. Connective Tissue Blood vessel with smooth muscle wall Irregular dense connective tissue Myometrium with smooth muscle

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