Circulation 1 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2012
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1 Circulation 1 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2012
2 2 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2012
3 The exchange of substances 3 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2012 Single-celled organisms, such as bacteria and amoeba (below), do not need a circulatory system. This is because they can obtain nutrients and excrete waste by diffusion. nutrients waste products Multi-cellular organisms, such as insects, fish and mammals, require a more specialized transport system. Why is this?
4 Circulatory systems 4 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2012 A circulatory system consists of a group of organs that assist the movement of substances, such as oxygen and glucose, around the body. Some organisms, such as insects, have an open circulatory system. This type of system contains a heart, however the fluid is not confined to vessels it moves around amongst the body cells. heart The blood within an open system flows slowly and is at low pressure. There is also little control of distribution of blood within the body.
5 Closed circulatory systems 5 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2012 Some animals, including humans, have a closed circulatory system where blood is contained within a series of vessels. A closed circulatory system has advantages including: the speed of blood flow can be controlled the pressure of the blood can be altered the distribution of the blood around the body can be controlled.
6 Single and double circulatory systems 6 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2012
7 The contribution of Galen and Harvey 7 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2012
8 Multiple choice quiz 8 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2012
9 9 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2012
10 Pulse 10 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2012 In the closed circulatory system, the blood will flow in: arteries capillaries veins Each time the heart muscle contracts, it pushes blood out of the chambers at high pressure. This causes the blood vessels to throb. This is called a pulse. The pulse can be detected at various places around the body, including the wrist, at the temple and in the ear lobe.
11 Blood vessels 11 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2012
12 Blood flow in arteries 12 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2012 Blood pressure is the main force that drives blood from the heart around the body. When the heart contracts (systole), blood is pumped through the arteries at high pressure. The elasticity of the fibres in the arteries means they can expand and allow blood through. When the heart relaxes (diastole), the blood in the arteries is at a much lower pressure. The elastic recoil of the arteries means they can help force the blood along to the arterioles.
13 Changes in blood pressure 13 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2012 The blood pressure drops continuously as the blood flows from the arteries, into smaller arterioles, through the capillaries, through the venules and into the veins.
14 Blood flow in veins 14 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2012
15 Which type of blood vessels? 15 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2012
16 Identifying blood vessels 16 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2012
17 Arteries, capillaries and veins 17 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2012
18 18 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2012
19 In the capillaries 19 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2012
20 Exchange in the capillaries 20 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2012 The capillary wall is permeable to allow the diffusion of nutrients from the blood into the tissues, and the exchange of waste products from the cells into the capillaries. Examples of nutrients for the cells include oxygen and glucose. Examples of the waste products include urea and carbon dioxide. The balance between the hydrostatic pressure of blood ( blood pressure ) and the osmotic pressure of blood is important in the formation of tissue fluid.
21 Formation of tissue fluid 21 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2012
22 22 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2012
23 Reduced blood flow 23 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2012 Arteries can become blocked when fatty deposits build up. This reduces blood flow and increases the pressure. A reduced blood flow is especially dangerous in the coronary arteries, which supply the heart with oxygen and glucose. fatty deposits To restore normal blood flow, a small mesh tube called a stent is inserted into the narrow artery. The metal or fabric mesh of the stent is used to support the inner wall of the artery to keep it open artificially.
24 Stents restore blood flow 24 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2012
25 25 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2012
26 Glossary 26 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2012
27 Multiple-choice quiz 27 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2012
Blood is carried within a closed transport system that is made up of three types of vessel:
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