Eksperimentinis kiaulës galvos smegenø iðemijos modelis

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1 MOKSLO DARBAI SCIENTIFIC PAPERS Laboratorinë medicina. 2013, t. 15, Nr. 4(60), p Eksperimentinis kiaulës galvos smegenø iðemijos modelis Olga Suchadolskienë 1 Þilvinas Dambrauskas 2 Vincentas Veikutis 3 Dinas Vaitkaitis 1 1 Lietuvos sveikatos mokslø universiteto Medicinos akademijos Ekstremalios medicinos katedra Department of Disaster Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 4, LT Kaunas, Lithuania Santrauka Galvos smegenø insultas (GSI) yra viena pagrindiniø sergamumo, mir - tin gu mo ir invalidumo prieþasèiø pasaulyje, kartu ir Lietuvoje, ir pa gal daþná iðlieka treèioji gyventojø mirties prieþastis iðsivysèiusiose ða ly se. Remiantis Europos insulto organizacijos rekomendacijomis, pa grin di nis gydymas yra trombolizë, kuriai vartojamas audiniø plaz mi no ge no aktyvatorius per pirmas 4,5 val. nuo insulto pradþios. Taèiau net re per - fu zi jos atveju gali bûti sukeliamas smegenø paþeidimas, lydimas sme ge - nø edemos, kraujavimo ar neuronø þûties per apotozæ ar nekrozæ. Pa sta - rai siais metais atliekama vis daugiau tyrimø, kad bûtø ið si aið kin ti procesai, vykstantys smegenyse iðemijos metu. Tuo tikslu pasaulyje ban do ma sukurti eksperimentinius galvos smegenø iðemijos modelius. Pa sta rai siais deðimtmeèiais pasaulyje labai padidëjo eksperimentiniø gal vos smegenø iðemijos modeliø skaièius ir ávairovë. Bandymai su gy - vû nais padëjo iðsiaiðkinti pagrindinius patologinius fiziologinius me - cha niz mus, vykstanèius smegenø iðemijos metu. Mes atlikome 15 eksperimentø su kiaulëmis, galvos smegenø iðe mi - jà sukeldami perriðæ vienà (UCO grupë) ar abi miego arterijas (BCO gru - pë) arba kartu su miego arterijø perriðimu palaikydami hipotenzijà (BCOH grupë). Po 3 val. iðemijos atliktos kraniotomijos ir pokyèiai sme - ge ny se ávertinti morfologiðkai. Tyrimai palyginti su kontrolinës grupës re zul ta tais (C grupë). Straipsnyje apraðomi eksperimentiniø tyrimø re - zul ta tai parodë, kad kiaulës smegenyse net po 3 val. iðemijos mor fo lo gi - niai pakitimai nereikðmingi. Taèiau eksperimentinis galvos smegenø iðe mi jos modelis perriðant abi miego arterijas ir sukeliant hipotenzijà (VAS mmhg) gali bûti tinkamas tolesniems tyrimams. Reikðminiai þodþiai: galvos smegenø iðemija, eksperimentinis mo de - lis, kiaulë. 2 Lietuvos sveikatos mokslø universiteto Medicinos akademijos Chirurgijos klinika Department of Surgery and Institute for Research of Digestive System, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 2, LT Kaunas, Lithuania 3 Lietuvos sveikatos mokslø universiteto Medicinos akademijos Kardiologijos institutas Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu str. 17, LT Kaunas, Lithuania ÁVADAS Galvos smegenø insultas yra treèia pa gal daþná mirties prieþastis ið si vys - èiu sio se ðalyse ir daþniausia su au gu - siø jø neágalumo prieþastis pasaulyje [1 3]. Europos Sàjungoje per metus ávyks ta apie vienà milijonà insulto at - ve jø. Kiekvienais metais Jungtinëse Vals ti jo se þmoniø patiria nau - jà arba pakartotiná galvos smegenø in - sul tà: apie yra pirmoji ataka, pakartotinës atakos. Nu sta - ty ta, kad vidutiniðkai kas 45 sekundës ávyks ta galvos smegenø insultas, kas 3 4 minutës nuo insulto mirðta þmo - gus [4]. Patyrusiø insultà % li - go niø visam laikui lieka invalidai, 20 % reikia specialios prieþiûros gy dy - mo ástaigose ilgiau negu 3 mënesius. Po pirmojo insulto per metus mirðta 21 % vyrø ir 24 % moterø, vyresniø ne - gu 40 metø, per penkerius metus 47 % vyrø, 51 % moterø. Daþniausi su - tri ki mai yra paralyþius ar parezë, at - min ties, màstymo, kalbos sutrikimai. Il gë jant þmoniø gyvenimo trukmei ri - zi ka susirgti ðia liga didëja, tad vis 194 LABORATORINË MEDICINA 2013, t. 15, Nr. 4(60)

2 Eksperimentinis kiaulës galvos smegenø iðemijos modelis dau gë ja þmoniø, kurie mirðta nuo in - sul to arba jiems pasireiðkia kokie nors liekamieji insulto reiðkiniai. Daþniausia iðeminio insulto prie - þas tis yra staigus smegenø krau ja gys - liø uþsikimðimas dël trombozës arba em bo li jos, dël to ûmiai sutrinka de - guo nies ir gliukozës tiekimas á sme ge - nø audiná. Insulto vystymosi ir sme ge - nø paþeidimo patologinis me cha niz - mas yra labai sudëtingas ir apima dau ge lá skirtingø procesø, taèiau svarbiausios grandys yra iðemijos-re - per fu zi jos fenomenas ir uþdegiminis at sa kas [5]. Smegenø audinys beveik ne tu ri mechanizmø, apsauganèiø nuo oksidacinio streso ir laisvøjø radikalø, ku riuos atpalaiduoja uþdegiminá at sa - kà su ke lian èios làstelës, todël insulto me tu paþeidþiamas ne tik iðemijos zo - no je esan tis smegenø audinys, bet ir di de lis aplinkinio smegenø audinio plotas. Galvos smegenø insultas (GSI) yra vie na pagrindiniø sergamumo, mir - tin gu mo ir invalidumo prieþasèiø vi sa - me pasaulyje, kartu ir Lietuvoje [6, 7]. GSI yra viena ið pagrindiniø vi du ti - nio, o ypaè vyresnio amþiaus Lietuvos gy ven to jø mirties bei neágalumo prie - þas èiø ðirdies ir kraujagysliø ligø struktûroje [8]. Pastaraisiais deðimt - me èiais mirtingumas nuo galvos sme - ge nø kraujotakos ligø maþëjo JAV, Va ka rø Europos ðalyse, Japonijoje ir kai kuriose Azijos ðalyse [6, 7, 9]. Lie - tu vo je, Kauno galvos smegenø insulto re gis tro duomenimis, vyrø ser ga mu - mas pirmuoju galvos smegenø in sul - tu bu vo 184/ , moterø 98/ , vyrø mirtingumas nuo sme ge nø kraujagysliø ligø 138/ , moterø 115/ [20]. Iðtyrus Kauno gyventojø (25 64 metø amþiaus), vidutinis ser - ga mu mo insultu daþnis m. bu vo 222/ [10, 11]. Insultas pa - þei dþia ar sutrikdo beveik vi sas þmo - gaus funkcijas. Neretai pacientas po in sul to lieka prikaustytas prie lovos: jis nepajëgia vaikðèioti, atsistoti, at si - kel ti ið lovos, pavalgyti, apsitarnauti na muo se. Patyrus insultà, gali su trik - ti kalba, prasidëti depresija, psichozë, ið ryð kë ti ir progresuoti demencija. To - kius paciento bûklës pokyèius ne leng - vai pakelia net ir artimiausi þmonës, ðeimos nariai. Pagrindinis iðeminio insulto gy dy - mas yra laiku atlikta trombolizë, var - to jant audiniø plazminogeno ak ty va - to riø [12, 13]. Taèiau ne visi pacientai pa ten ka á ligoninæ laiku, tik 3 8 % pa - cien tø yra tinkami tokiam gydymui [14 16], tada lieka tik simptominis gy - dy mas. Net ir atlikus sisteminæ trom - bo li zæ, visiðka rekanalizacija ávyksta tik % atvejø, be to, 30 % trom bo - zë pasikartoja [2]. Taèiau neuronai þû - va ir iðemijos-reperfuzijos metu [17], to dël neuroprotektoriai gali bûti nau - din gi ir atlikus sisteminæ trombolizæ. Su stab dþius làsteliø þûtá, bûtø galima ið veng ti neurologiniø sutrikimø po sme ge nø insulto ar neonatalinio hi - pok si nio paþeidimo. Penumbra tai sme ge nø audinio zona su vidutine iðe - mi ja, sutrikdanèia neuronø funkcijà, kai sutrikimas yra laikinas ir pa ki ti - mai gráþtami, kai atsigauna adekvati sme ge nø perfuzija (neuronai ðioje zo - no je struktûriðkai nepaþeisti, bet funk cið kai neaktyvûs) [1]. Tuomet, kai neámanoma atlikti trombolizës, nea be jo ti nai svarbu sumaþinti pe - num b rà, kad sumaþëtø paþeistø sme - ge nø zona ir kartu neurologinio pa þei - di mo sukelti simptomai. Pastaraisiais me tais atliekama vis daugiau eks pe ri - men ti niø tyrimø, siekiant sukurti gal - vos smegenø iðemijos modelá, tinkamà to les niems tyrimams. Mûsø tyrimai su eksperimentiniais gyvûnais (kiau - lë mis) parodë, kad po 3 val. iðemijos gal vos smegenø morfologijos pokyèiai ne nu sta to mi. METODOLOGIJA Tyrimo tikslas Pagrindinis tyrimo tikslas sukurti leng vai valdomà ir aiðkø globalios da - li nës galvos smegenø iðemijos modelá. Tiriamieji gyvûnai Tyrimai atlikti vadovaujantis geros la - bo ra to ri nës praktikos reikalavimais (Guide for the Care and Use of Lab o ra - tory An i mals. NIH Pub li ca tion No ) ir Lietuvos valstybinës ve - terinarijos tarnybos leidimu dirbti su la bo ra to ri niais gyvûnais (Leidimo Nr. 0204). Tyrimo protokolas Eksperimentiniam tyrimui parinktos vie nos vados moteriðkos lyties savaièiø amþiaus lietuviðkos bal to sios kiaulës. Ið viso atlikta 15 eks pe ri men tø. Gyvûnai 12 val. iki eksperimento galëjo gerti vandená. Ty - ri mo pradþioje kiaulës premedikuotos ke t a m i nu (20 mg/kg), ksilazinu (2 mg/kg) ir atropinu (0,01 mg/kg) á rau me nis, iðpunktuota periferinë au - sies vena kateteriu G20, intraveniðkai su lei dus natrio tiopentalio tirpalo (6 mg/kg), kiaulë intubuota, taikyta DPV (Drager, Lubeck, Vokietija) su FiO 2 21 %, k/min. kvëpavimo tû riu 10 ml/kg, palaikant nor mo kap - ni jà. Vi siems eksperimentiniams gy - vû nams preparuota ðlaunies arterija ir ákið tas invazinio AKS matavimo ka - te te ris, medikamentø skyrimui ka - te te ris á centrinæ venà. Po intubacijos eksperimentiniams gyvûnams perrið - ta vie na (UCO grupë) ar abi miego ar - te ri jos (BCO grupë) arba perriðus abi mie go arterijas dar taikyta kon tro liuo - ja ma hipotenzija atliekant kraujo nulei di mà ml (VAS mmhg, BCOH grupë), ketvirtos gru pës gy vû nams po intubacijos ne bu - vo sukelta iðe mi ja (kontrolinis ty ri - mas C grupë). Eksperimento metu ste bë ta hemodinamika, kvë pa vi mas, anestezija palaikoma nuo la ti ne tio - pen ta lio infuzija 5 mg/kg/val., skaus - mui slopinti skirta 0,01 mg/kg/val. fentanilio. Po 3 val. iðe mi jos gyvûnams atliktos kra nio to mi jos (C grupës gyvûnui po intubacijos ir esant pakankamai anestezijai), pa im ti galvos smegenø mëginiai his to lo gi - niams ir TUNEL tyrimams. Histologiniai ir TUNEL tyrimai Galvos smegenø mëginiai buvo fik suo - ti 10 % buferiniame formalino tirpale ir álieti á parafinà. Pjaustyti 5 m sto - rio pjû viais. Paruoðti mëginiai naudoti his to che mi niams, imu no his to che mi - niams ir tyrimams TUNEL me to du. For ma li ne fiksuoti ir á parafinà álieti gal vos smegenø mëginiai nudaþyti he - ma tok si li nu ir eozinu ir naudoti ne pa - þeis tø neuronø kiekiui nustatyti. Premedikacija 00 min. Intubacija 20 min. Iðemijos sukëlimas 25 min. Hipotenzijos sukëlimas 30 min. Kraniotomija ir mëginiø paëmimas 3 val. 30 min. 1 pav. Eksperimento atlikimas ir pagrindinës procedûros Fig. 1. Per for mance of ex per i ment and main pro ce dures LABORATORINË MEDICINA 2013, t. 15, Nr. 4(60) 195

3 Olga Suchadolskienë, Þilvinas Dambrauskas, Vincentas Veikutis, Dinas Vaitkaitis Suðaldyti skystu azotu ir á pa ra fi - nà álieti galvos smegenø mëginiai nau - do ti apoptoziniø làsteliø kiekiui nu - sta ty ti. TUNEL eksperimentas at lik - tas pagal gamintojo rekomendacijas, naudojant In Situ Cell Death De tec - tion Kit (Roche, Vokietija). TUNEL yra patikimas metodas DNR frag men - ta ci jai nustatyti. Daþyti mëginiai fo to - gra fuo ti trijose vietose. Ðiuo metodu iðryðkinamos visos apoptozinës làste - lës. Nuotraukose skaièiuoti tik nu si - da þæ neuronai (làstelës su branduoliu ir branduolëliais). Kiekybinë analizë Neuronø kiekis buvo suskaièiuotas 0,3 0,5 m smegenø audinio pjû viuo - se skaièiuojant tik H&E nusidaþiusias làs te les su gerai matomu branduoliu. Ne u ro nø tankis buvo vertinama kaip neu ro nø skaièius, iðreikðtas N/ m 2. Statistinë analizë Statistinë duomenø analizë atlikta nau do jant kompiuterinæ programà Or i gin Lab the ver sion 6.1 (OriginLab Cor po ra tion, Northampton, Mas sa - chu setts, JAV). Apskaièiuoti kie ky bi - niø rodikliø vidurkiai, standartinio nuo kry pio reikðmës (SDS). Dviejø ne - priklausomø grupiø kiekybiniø rodik - liø vidurkiams palyginti taikytas ne - po ri nis abipusis Stjudento t testas, esant trims ir daugiau nepriklausomø im èiø ANOVA. Duomenø skirtumai bu vo statistiðkai patikimi, jeigu pa - klai dos tikimybës reikðmë p < 0,05. REZULTATAI IR APTARIMAS Mûsø tyrimai parodë, kad mor fo lo gi - niai pakitimai, iðsivystantys galvos sme ge ny se po 3 val. iðemijos, yra ne di - de li. Vis dëlto manome, kad detalesni ty ri mai naudojant sukurtà galvos sme ge nø iðemijos modelá yra rei ka lin - gi ir ðis modelis yra tinkamas to les - niems tyrimams (mitochondrijø kvë - pavimo parametrams ávertinti). Pasaulyje nuolat atliekami tyrimai su eksperimentiniais gyvûnais sie - kiant sukurti tinkamà iðemijos modelá ir surasti neuroprotekciniø savybiø tu rin tá vaistà, kuris gali palankiai pa - veik ti iðemijos paþeistas galvos sme - ge nø làsteles, taèiau ðie tyrimai ne tei - kia labai aiðkiø teigiamø rezultatø [18]. Pastaraisiais metais tyrimams vis daþniau naudojamos kiaulës dël sa vo fiziologiniø savybiø panaðumo á þmo gaus, dël galimybës atlikti ávai - rius invazinius ir neinvazinius ma ta - vi mus. Labai svarbios ir tarptautinës in sul to tyrimo rekomendacijos [19, 20]. Atliekant tyrimus su grauþikais ky la sunkumø dël gyvûno dydþio, o kiau lës yra pakankamai didelës, jø sme ge nys turi vingiø, kas jas daro la - bai panaðias á þmogaus [21 24]. Ta - èiau kiaulës smegenys, ne taip kaip þmo gaus, turi labai gerà kolateralinæ krau jo ta kà, kuri suformuojama per specialø kraujagysliø tinklà, vadinamàjá rete mi ra bile. Kaip nurodo Bul - bri ge ir kt., dël ðios kiauliø smegenø kraujotakos savybës neámanoma atlik ti smegenø kraujotakos tyrimø Neuronø tankis Lentelë. Neuronø tankis grupëse. Skir - tu mas tarp kontrolinës ir eksperimentiniø gru piø buvo statistiðkai nereikðmingas, p < 0,05 Ta ble. The den sity neu rons within the groups. The dif fer ences be tween the con - trol and all ex per i men tal groups were sta - tis ti cally in sig nif i cant at p<0.05 Grupës Neuronø tankis Diapazonas min-max C 31 ± UCO 40 ± BCO 34 ± BCOH 35 ± C UCO BCO BCOH 2 pav. Neuronø tankis grupëse Kontrolinë (C), vienpusës miego arterijos per ri ði mo (UCO), abipusës (BCO), abipusës mie - go arterijø perriðimo ir hipotenzijos (BCOH). Skirtumai tarp kontrolinës ir kitø eks pe ri - men ti niø grupiø buvo statistiðkai ne reikð min gi, p < 0,05. Fig. 2. Neuronal den sity in dif fer ent mod els of brain ischemia The graph dem on strates the mean num ber ± stan dard er ror of the neuronal den sity within the groups: con trol (Con trol), uni lat eral (UCO), bi lat eral li ga tion (BCO) of the ca rotid ar - ter ies, bi lat eral li ga tion and con trolled hypotension (BCOH). The dif fer ences be tween the con trol and all ex per i men tal groups were sta tis ti cally insignificant at p<0.05. Neuronø tankio ávertinimas procentais C UCO BCO BCOH 3 pav. Neuronø tankio procentinë iðraiðka skirtingose grupëse Fig. 3. The graph dem on strates the per cent age num ber of the neuronal den sity within the groups 196 LABORATORINË MEDICINA 2013, t. 15, Nr. 4(60)

4 Eksperimentinis kiaulës galvos smegenø iðemijos modelis lan dø, nesukelia matomø mor fo lo gi - niø pakitimø, bet pokyèiai làstelëse jau vyksta [26, 27]. Kaip þinoma, svarbø vaidmená pa - þeidþiant làsteles atlieka mitochondri - jos [28 30], todël vien morfologiniai tyrimai (histologiniai, imunohistoche - mi niai) tyrimai neparodo visø pro ce - sø, vykstanèiø galvos smegenø làs te - lë se. Taèiau net nereikðmingi mor fo lo - gi niai pakitimai vis dëlto leidþia da ry - ti prielaidà, kad smegenyse po 3 val. iðe mi jos vystosi làsteliø pakitimai, ku - rie nenustatomi morfologiniais ty ri - mais. Panaðûs pakitimai gali vykti pe - num bro je, galvos smegenø làstelëse po reperfuzijos. Kiauliø galvos smegenø iðemijos mo de lis, kai iðemija sukeliama per ri - ðant abi miego arterijas ir sukeliant nuo la ti næ hipotenzijà, yra techniðkai pa pras tai atliekamas ir lengvai val do - mas, todël tinkamas tyrinëjant làs te - liø pokyèius iðemijos metu. IÐVADOS 4 pav. Morfologiniai galvos smegenø pakitimai Paþymëti mëginiai buvo ávertinti nepriklausomo vertintojo, neþinant eksperimento pro to - ko lo. Tyrimai parodë, kad visose eksperimento grupëse histologiniai pakitimai yra ne - reikð min gi arba jø visai nëra: kontrolinë grupë (Con trol), vienos pusës miego arterijos per - ri ði mo grupë (UCO), abiejø miego arterijø perriðimo grupë (BCO) ar abiejø miego arterijø per ri ði mo su hipotenzijos palaikymu grupë (BCOH). TUNEL tyrimas neparodë þymesniø apop to zës ar DNR framentacijos në vienoje tiriamøjø grupëje. Fig. 4. Mor pho log i cal changes of tis sue in dif fer ent mod els of brain ischemia The stained sections were examined by independent examiner with a light microscope without the examiner knowing the experimental protocol. Analysis revealed that there are little or none histological changes in the study groups: normal control (Control), animals subjected to the unilateral (UCO), bilateral ligation (BCO) or bilateral ligation of the carotid arteries and controlled hypotension (BCOH). TUNEL assay showed no signs of apoptosis and DNA fragmentation in either of the experimental groups. Atliekant morfologinius tyrimus, pa - ki ti mai kiaulës galvos smegenø làs te - lë se po 3 val. iðemijos nenustatomi. Gal vos smegenø iðemijai patvirtinti bû ti na atlikti daugiau tyrimø, nes eks pe ri men tas su kiaulëmis aiðkiai pa ro dë, kad po 3 val. iðemijos ryðkiø his to lo gi niø pakitimø nëra. Taèiau mû sø sukurtas galvos smegenø iðe mi - jos modelis yra aiðkus ir lengvai val do - mas, todël tinkamas tolesniems iðe mi - jos sukeltø pokyèiø tyrimams. Gauta: Priimta spaudai: [25]. Tai patvirtina ir mûsø eks pe ri - men tai su miego arterijø (vienos ar abie jø) perriðimu ar miego arterijos perriðimu su hipotenzijos palaikymu, kai net ilgalaikë iðemija (BCOH gru - pë) nesukelia matomø morfologijos pa - ki ti mø (lentelë, 2 pav., 3 pav.). Galvos sme ge nø iðemija, trunkanti keletà va - Summary EXPERIMENTAL SWINE MODEL OF CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA Olga Suchadolskienë, Þilvinas Dambrauskas, Vincentas Veikutis, Dinas Vaitkaitis Stroke is an im por tant cause of mor bid ity and mor tal ity world wide and in Lith u a - nia and is the third lead ing cause of death in de vel oped coun tries. The only currently approved medical treatment is the administration of intravenous recombi nant tis sue plasminogen ac ti va tor within 4.5 hours of stroke on set (ac cord - ing to the Eu ro pean Stroke Or ga ni za tion guide lines), aimed at re stor ing ce re bral blood flow. How ever, reperfusion can cause neurovascular in jury, lead ing to ce - re bral edema, brain hem or rhage, and neuronal death by apoptosis/ne cro sis. The num ber and di ver sity of ex per i men tal global ce re bral ischemia mod els have in - creased over the re cent de cades and an i mal stud ies have been pro vided most of our knowl edge on pathophysiological mech a - nism involved in cerebral ischemia. Fif teen pigs (18 29 kg) were an es the - tized and ran domly as signed to the one of the fol low ing groups: 1 con trol (C), 2 uni lat eral ca rotid oc clu sion (UCO), 3 bi lat eral ca rotid oc clu sion (BCO), 4 bi lat eral ca rotid oc clu sion with hypo - tension (MAP mmhg) (BCOH). In or der to in ves ti gate mech a nisms of ce re - bral ischemia and histological struc ture (light mi cros copy and TUNEL as say) of brain tis sue in healthy con trol an i mals and af ter 3 hours of brain ischemia (3 groups). We found that in swine brains are just insignificant morphological changes af ter 3 hours ischemia. Nev er the less, global ce re bral ischemia model with bi - lat eral ca rotid oc clu sion and hypotension can be use ful model for in ves ti ga tions in the future. Keywords: ce re bral ischemia, ex per i - men tal model, pig. LABORATORINË MEDICINA 2013, t. 15, Nr. 4(60) 197

5 Olga Suchadolskienë, Þilvinas Dambrauskas, Vincentas Veikutis, Dinas Vaitkaitis LITERATÛRA 1. Bastianello S, Del Sole A, Bosone D, Cavallini A, Nappi G. Ex ploit ing the full width of the ther a peu tic win dow to sal vage the ischemic pen um bra: im ag - ing for a cost-ef fec tive per son al ized ther apy. Funct Neurol 2006; 21: Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Blaha MJ, et al. Heart dis ease and stroke sta tis tics 2014 up date: a re port from the Amer i - can heart as so ci a tion. Cir cu la tion 2014; 129: e28 e Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. Heart dis ease and stroke sta tis tics 2013 up date: a re port from the Amer i - can Heart As so ci a tion. Cir cu la tion 2013; 127: e6 e Rosamond W, Flegal K, Fri day G, Furie K, Go A, Greenlund K, et al. Heart dis ease and stroke sta tis tics 2007 up date: a re port from the Amer i - can Heart As so ci a tion Sta tis tics Com - mit tee and Stroke Sta tis tics Sub com - mit tee. Cir cu la tion 2007; 115: e Muir KW, Tyr rell P, Sattar N, War bur - ton E. In flam ma tion and ischaemic stroke. Curr Opin Neurol 2007; 20: Giampaoli S, Hammar N, Adany R, De Peretti C, Group ER. Pop u la tion-based reg is ter of stroke: man ual of op er a - tions. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2007; 14(Suppl. 3): S Cut ler JA, Thom TJ, Roccella E. Lead - ing causes of death in the United States. JAMA 2006; 295: 383 4; au thor re ply Petrauskiene J, Kalediene R. Trends in mor tal ity of Lith u a nian pop u la tion through out the first de cade of In de - pend ence. Medicina (Kaunas) 2003; 39: Sarti C, Rastenyte D, Cepaitis Z, Tuomilehto J. In ter na tional trends in mor tal ity from stroke, 1968 to Stroke 2000; 31: Radisauskas R, Rastenyte D, Ber no tie - ne G, Sopagiene D, Jancaityte L. Mor - bid ity and mor tal ity from the ma jor car dio vas cu lar dis eases in Kaunas pop - u la tion from 1983 to Medicina (Kaunas) 2003; 39: Rastenyte D, Sopagiene D, Vir vi ciu - te D, Jureniene K. Di verg ing trends in the in ci dence and mor tal ity of stroke dur ing the pe riod : a study from the stroke reg is ter in Kaunas, Lith u a nia. Scand J Pub lic Health 2006; 34: Furlan AJ, Katzan IL, Caplan LR. Throm bo lytic ther apy in acute ischemic stroke. Curr Treat Op tions Cardiovasc Med 2003; 5: Del Zoppo GJ, Saver JL, Jauch EC, Ad - ams HP, Jr. Ex pan sion of the time win - dow for treat ment of acute ischemic stroke with in tra ve nous tis sue plasminogen ac ti va tor: a sci ence ad vi - sory from the Amer i can Heart As so ci a - tion/amer i can Stroke As so ci a tion. Stroke 2009; 40: Da vis SM, Donnan GA. 4.5 hours: the new time win dow for tis sue plasminogen ac ti va tor in stroke. Stroke 2009; 40: Kleindorfer D, Kissela B, Schnei der A, Woo D, Khoury J, Miller R, et al. El i gi - bil ity for re com bi nant tis sue plasminogen ac ti va tor in acute ischemic stroke: a pop u la tion-based study. Stroke 2004; 35: e Crumrine RC, Marder VJ, Tay lor GM, Lamanna JC, Tsipis CP, Scuderi P, et al. Intra-arterial administration of re - combinant tissue-type plasminogen ac - ti va tor (rt-pa) causes more intra - cranial bleed ing than does in tra ve nous rt-pa in a tran sient rat mid dle ce re bral ar tery oc clu sion model. Exp Transl Stroke Med 2011; 3: Lust WD, Tay lor C, Pundik S, Selman WR, Ratcheson RA. Ischemic cell death: dy nam ics of de layed sec ond - ary en ergy fail ure dur ing reperfusion fol low ing fo cal ischemia. Metab Brain Dis 2002; 17: Lo EH, Dalkara T, Moskowitz MA. Mechanisms, challenges and opportuni ties in stroke. Nat Rev Neurosci 2003; 4: STAIR Stroke Ther apy Ac a demic In - dus try Roundtable (1999) Rec om men - dations for standards regarding pre - clin i cal neuroprotective and re stor - ative drug de vel op ment. Stroke 1999; 30: Fisher M, Feuerstein G, Howells DW, Hurn PD, Kent TA, Savitz SI, et al. Up - date of the stroke ther apy ac a demic in - dus try roundtable pre clin i cal rec om - men da tions. Stroke 2009; 40: Sicard KM, Fisher M. An i mal mod els of fo cal brain ischemia. Exp Transl Stroke Med 2009; 1: Traystman RJ. An i mal mod els of fo cal and global ce re bral ischemia. ILAR J 2003; 44: Durukan A, Tatlisumak T. Acute ischemic stroke: over view of ma jor ex - per i men tal ro dent mod els, pathophysi - ology, and ther apy of fo cal ce re bral ischemia. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007; 87: Imai H, Konno K, Nakamura M, Shimizu T, Kubota C, Seki K, et al. A new model of fo cal ce re bral ischemia in the min ia ture pig. J Neurosurg 2006; 104: Burbridge B, Matte G, Remedios A. Com plex intracranial ar te rial anat omy in swine is un suit able for ce re bral in - farc tion pro jects. Can Assoc Radiol J 2004; 55: Dirnagl U, Iadecola C, Moskowitz MA. Pathobiology of ischaemic stroke: an in - te grated view. Trends Neurosci 1999; 22: Bhardwaj A, Alkayed NJ, Kirsch JR, Hurn PD. Mech a nisms of ischemic brain dam age. Curr Cardiol Rep 2003; 5: Pastorino JG, Snyder JW, Serroni A, Hoek JB, Farber JL. Cyclosporin and carnitine pre vent the anoxic death of cultured hepatocytes by inhibiting the mi to chon drial per me abil ity tran si tion. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: Zahrebelski G, Nieminen AL, al-ghoul K, Qian T, Herman B, Lemasters JJ. Pro gres sion of subcellu - lar changes dur ing chem i cal hypoxia to cul tured rat hepatocytes: a la ser scan - ning con fo cal mi cro scopic study. Hepatology 1995; 21: Sims NR, Anderson MF. Mitochondrial con tri bu tions to tis sue dam age in stroke. Neurochem Int 2002; 40: LABORATORINË MEDICINA 2013, t. 15, Nr. 4(60)

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