TRANSITION ANALYSIS AGE ESTIMATION: ILLUSTRATIONS
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1 TRANSITION ANALYSIS AGE ESTIMATION: ILLUSTRATIONS Soft, deep billowing 2 (T 222R, image reversed) Fordisc Version 1.00 Figures are from France Casting pubic symphysis casts and bones from several institutions: France Casting Male and Female Suchey-Brooks Stages (12 each), and Male and Female Instructional casts (FC ); Forensic cases from Mercyhurst College (MC ); Terry Collection, Smithsonian Institution (T ); Bass Donated Collection, University of Tennessee (B ); University of Pretoria (P ); and Norris Farms Collection, Illinois State Museum (NF ). Each photograph is accompanied by stage name and numerical designation; the part of interest, if relevant; and specimen designation. Some images are reversed to make it easier to compare one specimen to the next. Multiple examples of stages illustrate the variation one might encounter when examining skeletons. At present, illustrations are not available for all stages. Pubic Symphysis Soft, deep billowing 2 (P 6192, image reversed) Soft, shallow billowing 3 (FC M-III-1) Symphyseal Relief 1. Sharp billowing 2. Soft, deep billowing 3. Soft, shallow billowing 4. Residual billowing 5. Flat 6. Irregular Soft, deep billowing 2 (FC F-I-1) Soft, shallow billowing 4 (P 5152, image reversed)
2 Soft, shallow billowing 4, (T 385, image reversed) Residual billowing 4, inferior part (MC 7-76) Residual billowing 4, inferior part (FC M-13) Flat 5 (FC M-V-1) Residual billowing 4, inferior part (P 6120, image reversed) Irregular 6 (FC F-12C) 2
3 Dorsal Symphyseal Texture 1. Smooth (fine grained) 2. Coarse grained 3. Microporosity 4. Macroporosity Microporosity 3 (FC F-III-1) Smooth 1 (FC M-I-1) Microporosity 3 (MC 6-69) Coarse grained 2 (FC M-V-1) Microporosity 3 (MC 7-55, image reversed) Coarse grained 2 (T 862) Microporosity 3 (NF 19) 3
4 Macroporosity 4 (FC F-12C) Macroporosity 4 (NF 191) 4
5 Superior Protuberance Characteristics 1. No protuberance 2. Early protuberance 3. Late protuberance 4. Integrated Early protuberance 2 (T No protuberance 1 (FC F-I-1) Early protuberance 2 (P 5152, image reversed) No protuberance 1 (NF 44) Early protuberance 2 (T 255, image reversed) Early protuberance 2 (FC M-I-2) Late protuberance 3 (FC M-III-1) 5
6 Late protuberance 3 (T 862) Integrated 4 (FC M-V-1) Integrated 4 (MC 7-55) 6
7 Ventral Symphyseal Margin 1. Serrated 2. Beveling 3. Rampart formation 4. Rampart completion with anterior sulcus 5. Rampart completion without sulcus 6. Rim 7. Breakdown Beveling 2(T 255, image reversed) Serrated 1 (FC F-I-1) Rampart formation 3 (P 6120, image reversed) Beveling 2 (FC M-12) Rampart formation 3 (FC M-1B, image reversed) Beveling 2 (NF 44) Rampart formation 3 (T 255) 7
8 Rampart Completion With or Without Sulcus (Stages 4 and 5) are distinguished by the appearance of the ventral surface, not the symphyseal face. Look for the presence (Stage 4) or absence (Stage 5) of a deep groove on the ventral surface immediately lateral to the anterior margin of the symphyseal face. The groove corresponds to where the Ventral Rampart formed over the previously Beveled surface. Breakdown 7 (FC M-VI-2) Rampart completion (symphyseal face only shown) (FC F-IV-1) Breakdown 7, breakdown superiorly and rim inferiorly (MC 7-55) Rim 6 (FC M-V-1) Breakdown 7, breakdown most of margin (MC 7-55, image reversed) Rim 6 (T 862) Breakdown 7 (T 500) 8
9 Breakdown 7 (T 1115) Breakdown 7 (NF 191) 9
10 Dorsal Symphyseal Margin 1. Serrated 2. Flattening incomplete 3. Flattening complete 4. Rim 5. Breakdown Flattening complete 3(NF 229) Serrated 1 (FC F-I-1) Rim 4 (FC M-V-1) Flattening incomplete 2 (FC M-II-1) Rim 4 (NF 19) Flattening complete 3(FC M-III-2) Breakdown 5 (FC F-12C) 10
11 Breakdown 5 (NF 191) 11
12 Iliac Auricular Surface Superior and Inferior demiface topography 1. Undulating 2. Median elevation 3. Flat to irregular Undulating 1, inferior and superior (subtle) parts (P 5897) Undulating 1, inferior part (T 269, image reversed) Undulating 1, inferior part (T 255) Undulating 1, inferior part (T 385, image reversed) Median elevation 2, superior part (MC 6-73) 12
13 Median elevation 2, inferior part (T 274, image reversed) Flat 3, inferior part (MC 6-73) Flat 3, superior and inferior parts (T 500) 13
14 Superior, Apical, and Inferior surface characteristics 1. >2/3 covered by billows 2. 1/3-2/3 covered by billows 3. <1/3 covered by billows 4. Flat (no billows) 5. Bumps Billows 1-3, inferior part (Bass 14-90) Billows 1-3, inferior part (P 5897) Billows 1-3, apical and inferior parts (T-1023) Billows 1-3, apical part (NF 225, image reversed) Flat 4, apical and inferior parts (T-500) 14
15 Flat 4 (MC 6-73) Bumps 5 superior part (T-1103R, image reversed) Flat 4, superior part (MC 5-55, image reversed) Bumps 5 middle part (P 5750, image reversed) Flat 4, superior part (T 269, image reversed) 15
16 Inferior surface texture Characteristics 1. Smooth 2. Microporosity 3. Macroporosity Macroporosity 3 (T 1394, image reversed) Smooth 1 (MC 6-69) Microporosity 2 (MC 6-73) 16
17 Superior & Inferior posterior iliac exostoses 1. Smooth 2. Rounded exostoses 3. Pointed exostoses 4. Jagged exostoses 5. Touching exostoses 6. Fusion Rounded 2, superior (T 862) Smooth 1, inferior (T 862) Rounded 2, superior exostoses (T 500) Smooth 1, inferior exostoses (MC 6-69) Rounded 2, superior and inferior exostoses (MC 5-55, image reversed) 17
18 Rounded 2, superior (MC 7-76) Pointed 3, superior (T 1394, image reversed) Pointed 3, inferior, sometimes sharp ones can approximate linear ridges (MC 7-76) 18
19 Posterior exostoses Characteristics 1. Smooth (no exostoses) 2. Rounded exostoses 3. Pointed exostoses Smooth 1, while exostoses are present, significant areas of smooth bone remain (MC 5-55, image reversed) Smooth 1 (T 862) Smooth 1 (MC 6-69) Smooth 1, while exostoses are present, significant areas of smooth bone remain (MC 7-76) Rounded 2 (T 274, image reversed) 19
20 Sacroiliac Joint, Not Scorable Superior part of sacroiliac joint surface cannot be scored because of significant abnormal pitting (NF 229, image reversed). Sometimes defects in the surface take the form of grooves that extend across the joint in a roughly transverse direction. Multiple closely spaced grooves often prevent the scoring of surface characteristics. 20
21 Cranial Sutures Juxtaposed, Zygomaticomaxillary (MC 6-69) Coronal Pterica (left), Sagittal Obelica, Lambdoidal Asterica (left), Zygomaticomaxillary (left), Interpalatine (median palatine, posterior portion) Characteristics 1. Open 2. Juxtaposed 3. Partially obliterated 4. Punctuated 5. Obliterated Open, Lambdoidal Asterica (MC 7-76) Juxtaposed (MC 7-76) Open, Coronal Pterica (MC 6-69) Open & Juxtaposed, Interpalatine, combined for Interpalatine only (MC 6-69) 21
22 Open & Juxtaposed, Interpalatine, combined for Interpalatine only (NF 229) Partly obliterated, Zygomaticomaxillary (MC 7-55) Partly obliterated, Coronal Pterica (MC 6-69) Partly obliterated, Interpalatine (NF 225) Partly obliterated, Coronal Pterica (NF 225) Punctuated, Sagittal Obelica (only Obelica, not segments on either side) (MC 7-55) 22
23 Obliterated, Coronal Pterica (MC 7-55) 23
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