Dr. Fawzy Elnady Professor of Anatomy and Embryology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cairo University
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1 Dr. Fawzy Elnady Professor of Anatomy and Embryology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cairo University
2 Objectives By the end of this lecture you should be able to: 1. Understand the components and functions of the digestive system 2. Understand the anatomical features of each part of GIT. 3. Apply the normal topographical anatomy of the digestive system on the live animal. 4. Understand the clinical correlation of anatomy to some affections of the GIT.
3 Prehension Mastication Chemical digestion Absorption Elimination of wastes Functions
4 Key terms Digestive tube Digestive tract Gastrointestinal tract (GI) Gastroenteric tract Alimentary canal Gut Entery ---- intestine Entritis
5 Abdominal Regions 9 regions Imaginary planes: 2 transverse planes (cr, middle, ca abdominal) 2 sagittal planes
6 Prof. Dr. Fawzy Elnady Abdominal Regions
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8 Body cavities and serous membranes Thoracic Abdominal Pelvic
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11 The Peritoneum Largest serous membrane in the body Closed sac in male 2 openings in female (uterine tube) Peritoneal cavity (between 2 contain serous fluid) Parietal and visceral
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13 Def. 3 sections Rosette-like in C.S Esophagus
14 The Stomach
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16 Stomach of the horse Type Description: Shape and Size Position
17 Equine stomach
18 Parts Stomach Cardia Fundus (saccus cecus) Body Pyloric Prof. Fawzy Elnady
19 Orifices Sphicters Surfaces Extremities Curvatures Regions
20 Prof. Fawzy Elnady
21 Equine stomach
22 Fixation of the stomach Non peritoneal Peritoneal Vessels: Arteries Celiac a Veins Gastric veins --- into portal vein Lymph gastric l. nodes Nerves: Vagus and sympathetic
23 Renosplenic lig spleen Left lobe of pancreas Gastrosplenic lig. Lesser curvature Visceral surface Greater curvature Greater omentum Rt. lobe of pancreas pancreatic ring body of pancreas epiploic foramen
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25 Clinical Ext. clinical examination of the stomach in horse is inaccessible Why? Gastric distension in horse (if left). Rupture Why? Horse can t vomit. Why? ----V3S
26 Length of the mesentries Herniation and retraction of the gut tube. Fixed viscera: stomach and duodenum (cranially) Ileum, cecum and colon (caudally) Mobile viscera: Jejunum
27 Small intestine Duodenum jejunum ileum
28 Prof. Fawzy Elnady
29 Duodenum Stomach and duodenum dorsal aspect
30 Starts caudal to pylorus --- ends at duodenojejunal flexure Length 1m Shape: horse shoe like 4 Parts: 1. Cranial part: a. S shaped loop (duodenal bulb or duodenal ampula) b. Cr. duodenal flexure c. Major and minor duodenal papilla 2. Descending (ca duodenal flexure) 3. Transverse 4. Ascending (duodenojejunal flexure) Blood Supply Duodenum
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32 Longest: about 22 m Jejunum Begins at DJ flexure & ends at JI junction. Long meso-jejunum (originate at T18 L1&2) Found anywhere in abdomen, but mainly in Left dorsal part. (vlovulus- intussusception incarceration of jejunal loops in the epiploic foramen or tunica vaginalis jejunal Aa. (arcades)
33 Ileum Shortest ½ m Opens at ileocecal opening 2 curvatures: Greater. Ileocecal fold Lesser mesoileum (short) Thick wall (ileal sphincter) At L3-4 it passes from ileocecal opening: into lesser curvature of base of cecum. Ileal papilla: (site of intussusception)
34 Cecum Large intestine Colon Rectum Anal canal
35 Cecum Def. Shape & Length curvatures Parts Teniae ceci (bands) Orifices Blood and Nerve supply
36 Auscultation
37 Trocharization of cecum
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39 Colon Ascending Transverse Descending
40 Prof. Fawzy Elnady
41 Prof. Fawzy Elnady
42 Arrangement of Asc. Colon Part # of taeniae Sacculation Diameter Bl. supply RVC 4 SF 4 LVC 4 4 rows Wide Colic A. PF 1 anastomosis LDC 1 No smallest DF 3 wide RDC 3 Weak Largest (ampulla coli) Rt. Colic A.
43 Right side
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47 Continuation of desc. Colon through pelvic cavity, to terminate as the anal canal. Parts Relations Female Male Muscles: Rectococcygeus Rectum Prof. Fawzy Elnady
48 Anal Canal Terminal part of digestive tract. Muscles 1- internal anal sphincter 2- external anal sphinter 3- Levator ani 4- Suspensory lig. of anus (ventral rectal loop) Origin: 1 st. cd vertebra Insertion: I. in male. Continues as retractor penis m. II. In female.. Continues as retractor clitoridis & blends with constrictor vulvae M. Action as accessory anal sphincter.
49 Liver = hepar Prof. Fawzy Elnady profelnady@cu.edu.eg
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51 Basic lobation of liver
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53 Weight Position & direction Surfaces Borders Lobes Gall bladder Porta hepatis Renal impression Prof. Fawzy Elnady
54 Liver of a horse (visceral view)
55 Liver of a horse (visceral view)
56 Liver of a horse (visceral view)
57 Peritoneal fixation Coronary lig. Rt. & Lt. triangular ligg. Falciform lig. (ventral part of ventral mesogastrium) Round lig Lesser omentum (dorsal part of ventral mesogastrium) Hepaticgastric Hepatoduodenal Hepato renal lig. Prof. Fawzy Elnady
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59 Portal vein Hepatic artery Hepatic vein Blood Supply Prof. Fawzy Elnady
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65 Pancreas Prof. Fawzy Elnady
66 Shape triangular Position --- sublumbar, cd to stomach and liver Description 2 surfaces 3 borders Pancreas 3 parts (body and Rt, left lobes) The body is perforated by portal ring for portal V. Secretory ducts (pancreatic duct and accessory pancreatic duct.)
67 Prof. Dr. Fawzy Elnady
68 Quiz Prof. Fawzy Elnady
69 What problems can you see associated with the large colon? Its poorly attached to the body wall. Secured only at the cecal base and transverse colon. The rest is freely moveable and susceptible to volvulus Prof. Fawzy Elnady
70 Why do you sometimes see blockage in the transverse colon? Funnel shaped and short. Prof. Fawzy Elnady
71 Which site is the most dangerous Pelvic flexure in terms of blockage? Prof. Fawzy Elnady
72 Why do you sometimes see impaction at the ceco-colic opening? What do you do to fix? Enlarged cranial part of base falls over cranioventrally and blocks the ceco-colic orifice. Trocarization needs to be done. Prof. Fawzy Elnady
73 Why do you sometimes see impaction (or peristasis) at the ileo-cecal opening? How would you fix this? The ileum telescopes into the cecum (intussusception). Surgical remedy. Prof. Fawzy Elnady
74 Why do you sometimes see impaction at the ileum? Thick walled. Prof. Fawzy Elnady
75 Potential areas of intestinal Ileum Ileo-cecal opening Ceco-colic opening Pelvic flexure Transverse colon obstruction. Prof. Fawzy Elnady
76 Name features of the transverse Funnel shaped (risk of impaction) Attached to roof of body cavity. 2 taeniae. colon. Present cranial to the cranial mesenatric artery Prof. Fawzy Elnady profelnady@cu.edu.eg
77 Name features of the right dorsal colon, including location, size and taeniae number. Mostly within the thoracic cage. Shortest but widest. At base of cecum it turns left close to the stomach and liver and becomes the transverse. 3 taeniae Prof. Fawzy Elnady profelnady@cu.edu.eg
78 Which parts of the colon can be Left ventral colon Left dorsal colon palpated per rectum? Prof. Fawzy Elnady
79 How many taeniae are at the pelvic flexure? 1 Prof. Fawzy Elnady profelnady@cu.edu.eg
80 What is the flexure where the left dorsal colon turns right? Diaphragmatic flexure Prof. Fawzy Elnady
81 What flexure does the left ventral colon flex upon itself sharply and the diameter narrows. Pelvic flexure Prof. Fawzy Elnady
82 What is the flexure where the right ventral colon turns on itself to become left ventral colon. Sternal flexure Prof. Fawzy Elnady
83 Where does the right ventral colon begin? At the caeco-colic junction at base cecum at the level of last rib, running ventrally and cranially on right body wall and abdominal floor to the xiphoid area. Prof. Fawzy Elnady
84 How can the base of the cecum be palpated? Located dorsally and can be palpated per rectum. Prof. Fawzy Elnady
85 What attaches the body of the cecum to the right ventral colon? Cecocolic fold Prof. Fawzy Elnady
86 Where does the cecum extend and how many taeniae ceci does it have? Pelvic inlet to diaphragmatic area. 4 Prof. Fawzy Elnady profelnady@cu.edu.eg
87 What are unique features of the large intestine that differentiate the horse from a dog or ox? Longitudinal bands (taeniae coli) which are responsible for sacculations (haustra). Prof. Fawzy Elnady profelnady@cu.edu.eg
88 What can get strangulated at the Loops of jejunum epiploic foramen? Prof. Fawzy Elnady
89 Describe the location of the epiploic foramen. Between the right lobe of liver and descending duodenum, and between caudal vena cava and portal vein. Prof. Fawzy Elnady
90 Characteristics of internal surface of stomach Margo plicatus Cardiac sphincter thick, enters oblique Two pyloric sphincters (cranial/caudal) Prof. Fawzy Elnady
91 The peritoneal fold that attaches the intestine to the posterior abdominal wall is the 1. Mesentery 2. Lesser curvature 3. omentum Prof. Fawzy Elnady
92 Vermiform is a name given to the 1. cecum 2. appendix 3. rectum Prof. Fawzy Elnady profelnady@cu.edu.eg
93 Another name for the gallbladder is 1. choledochus 2. Ductus choledochus 3. cholecyst Prof. Fawzy Elnady
94 The fluid secreted by the liver and poured into the intestines is called 1. chyle 2. bile 3. chyme Prof. Fawzy Elnady
95 Prof. Dr. Fawzy Elnady 4 How mane taeniae are at the pelvic flexure? How can the base of the cecum be palpated? Where does the right ventral colon begin? How many taeniae does the left ventral colon have?
96 Prof. Dr. Fawzy Elnady Vermiform is a name given to the 1. cecum 2. appendix 3. rectum
97 Prof. Dr. Fawzy Elnady What problems can you see associated with the large colon? Its poorly attached to the body wall. Secured only at the cecal base and transverse colon. The rest is freely moveable and susceptible to volvulus
98 Prof. Dr. Fawzy Elnady Why do you sometimes see blockage in the transverse colon? Funnel shaped and short.
99 Prof. Dr. Fawzy Elnady Which site is the most dangerous Pelvic flexure in terms of blockage?
100 Prof. Dr. Fawzy Elnady Why do you sometimes see impaction at the ceco-colic opening? What do you do to fix? Enlarged cranial part of base falls over cranioventrally and blocks the ceco-colic orface. Trocarization needs to be done.
101 Prof. Dr. Fawzy Elnady Why do you sometimes see impaction (or peristasis) at the ileo-cecal opening? How would you fix this? The ileum telescopes into the cecum (intussusception). Surgical remedy.
102 Prof. Dr. Fawzy Elnady Why do you sometimes see impaction at the ileum? Thick walled.
103 Prof. Dr. Fawzy Elnady When would a duodeno-cecostomy need to be performed? Gastro-duodeno-jejunitis (side to side anastomoses of descending duodenum to base of the cecum)
104 Prof. Dr. Fawzy Elnady Potential areas of intestinal Duodenocecostomy Long great mesentery Ileum Ileo-cecal opening Ceco-colic opening Pelvic flexure Transverse colon obstruction.
105 Prof. Dr. Fawzy Elnady Name features of the transverse colon. Funnel shaped (risk of impaction) Attached to roof of body cavity. 2 taeniae.
106 Prof. Dr. Fawzy Elnady Name features of the right dorsal colon, including location, size and taeniae number. Mostly within the thoracic cage. Shortest but widest. At base of cecum it turns left close to the stomach and liver and becomes the transverse. 3 taeniae
107 Prof. Dr. Fawzy Elnady Which parts of the colon can be Left ventral colon Left dorsal colon palpated per rectum?
108 Prof. Dr. Fawzy Elnady How many taeniae are at the pelvic flexure? 1
109 Prof. Dr. Fawzy Elnady What is the flexure where the left dorsal colon turns right? Diaphragmatic flexure
110 Prof. Dr. Fawzy Elnady What flexure does the left ventral colon flex upon itself sharply and the diameter narrows. Pelvic flexure
111 Prof. Dr. Fawzy Elnady What is the flexure where the right ventral colon turns on itself to become left ventral colon. Sternal flexure
112 Prof. Dr. Fawzy Elnady Where does the right ventral colon begin? At the caeco-colic junction at base cecum at the level of last rib, running ventrally and cranially on right body wall and abdominal floor to the xiphoid area.
113 Prof. Dr. Fawzy Elnady How can the base of the cecum be palpated? Located dorsally and can be palpated per rectum.
114 Prof. Dr. Fawzy Elnady What attaches the body of the cecum to the right ventral colon? Cecocolic fold
115 Prof. Dr. Fawzy Elnady Where does the cecum extend and how many taeniae ceci does it have? Pelvic inlet to diaphragmatic area. 4
116 Prof. Dr. Fawzy Elnady What are unique features of the large intestine that differentiate the horse from a dog or ox? Longitudinal bands (taeniae coli) which are responsible for sacculations (haustra).
117 Prof. Dr. Fawzy Elnady What can get strangulated at the Loops of jejunum epiploic foramen?
118 Prof. Dr. Fawzy Elnady Describe the location of the epiploic foramen. Between the right lobe of liver and descending duodenum, and between caudal vena cava and portal vein.
119 Prof. Dr. Fawzy Elnady Where is the jejunoileum? Mostly on left dorsal part of abdomen. (loose coils mixed with coils of small colon)
120 Prof. Dr. Fawzy Elnady What are three ligaments of the greater omentum? Gastrophrenic ligament Gastrosplenic ligament Ienorenal (renosplenic) ligament
121 Prof. Dr. Fawzy Elnady Characteristics of internal surface of stomach Margo plicatus Cardiac sphincter thick, enters oblique Two pyloric sphincters (cranial/caudal)
122 Prof. Dr. Fawzy Elnady The ileum telescopes into the cecum (intussusception). Surgical remedy. Why do you sometimes see impaction (or peristasis) at the ileo-cecal opening? How would you fix this? Do you ever see impaction in the cecum? Why do you sometimes see blockage in the transverse colon? Why do you sometimes see impaction at the ileum?
123 Prof. Dr. Fawzy Elnady Stomach capacity is: a ml depending on the animal s size. b.. ml depending on the animal s size. c.... ml depending on the animal s size.
124 Prof. Dr. Fawzy Elnady The falciform ligament attaches 1. Diaphragm 2. Stomach 3. Spleen 4. Duodenum. the liver to the:
125 Prof. Dr. Fawzy Elnady The peritoneal fold that attaches the intestine to the posterior abdominal wall is the 1. Mesentery 2. Lesser curvature 3. omentum
126 Prof. Dr. Fawzy Elnady Vermiform is a name given to the 1. cecum 2. appendix 3. rectum
127 Prof. Dr. Fawzy Elnady Another name for the gallbladder is 1. choledochus 2. Ductus choledochus 3. cholecyst
128 Prof. Dr. Fawzy Elnady The fluid secreted by the liver and poured into the intestines is called 1. chyle 2. bile 3. chyme
129 Activities Prof. Fawzy Elnady
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