The Manga Guide to Biochemistry 2011 Masaharu Takemura, Kikuyaro, and Office Sawa.

Transcription

1

2

3 Contents Preface.... xi Prologue What Happens Inside Your Body? Cell Structure What Are the Components of a Cell? What Happens Inside a Cell? Protein Synthesis Metabolism Energy Production Photosynthesis A Cell Is the Location of Many Chemical Reactions Biochemistry of Protein Synthesis Biochemistry of Metabolism Biochemistry of Energy Production Biochemistry of Photosynthesis Fundamental Biochemistry Knowledge Carbon Chemical Bonds Biopolymers Enzymes Oxidation-Reduction Respiration Metabolism Photosynthesis and Respiration Ecosystems and Cycles Ecosystems and the Biogeochemical Cycle What Is the Biogeochemical Cycle? Carbon Cycle Let s Talk Photosynthesis The Importance of Plants Chloroplast Structure Photosynthesis The Photophosphorylation Reaction Photosynthesis Carbon Dioxide Fixation Respiration What Is a Carbohydrate? Saccharides and the -ose Suffix Why Do Monosaccharides Take a Cyclic Structure?... 63

4 Why Do We Need to Breathe? Respiration Is a Reaction That Breaks Down Glucose to Create Energy Stage 1: Glucose Decomposition by Glycolysis Stage 2: Citric Acid Cycle (aka TCA Cycle) Stage 3: Mass Production of Energy by the Electron Transport Chain Conclusion ATP The Common Currency of Energy Types of Saccharides (Monosaccharides) Aldoses and Ketoses Pyranose and Furanose D-form and L-form What Is CoA? Biochemistry in our Everday Lives Lipids and Cholesterol What Are Lipids? Fatty Acids Cholesterol Is a Type of Steroid Cholesterol s Job Lipoproteins: Beyond Good and Evil What is Arteriosclerosis? Mystery 1: Is Cholesterol Really Bad? Biochemistry of Obesity Why Is Fat Stored? Ingested and Expended Energy Animals Preserve Fat Excess Saccharides Become Fat! When Fat Is Used as an Energy Source Mystery 2: Why Do You Gain Weight If You Overeat? What Is Blood Type? Blood Type How Is Blood Type Determined? Mystery 3: What Is Blood Type? Why Does Fruit Get Sweeter as It Ripens? What Types of Sugar Are in Fruit? Monosaccharides, Oligosaccharides, and Polysaccharides How Fruits Become Sweet Mystery 4: Why Does Fruit Become Sweet? Why Are Mochi Rice Cakes Springy? Differences Between Normal Rice and Mochi Rice The Difference Between Amylose and Amylopectin What Do the Numbers Mean in α(1 4) and α(1 6)? Mystery 5: Why Are Mochi Rice Cakes Springy? viii Table of Contents

5 4 Enzymes Are the Keys to Chemical Reactions Enzymes and Proteins The Roles of Proteins What Is an Enzyme? Proteins Are Formed from Amino Acids Primary Structure of a Protein Secondary Structure of a Protein Tertiary Structure of a Protein Quaternary Structure of a Protein and Subunits An Enzyme s Job Substrates and Enzymes Strict Enzyme? Relaxed Enzyme? Enzyme Classifications Transferases Glucosyltransferase Determines Blood Type Hydrolases Using Graphs to Understand Enzymes Why Are Enzymes Important for Chemical Reactions? What Is Activation Energy? Enzymes Bring Down the Wall Maximum Reaction Rate The Michaelis-Menten Equation and the Michaelis Constant Let s Calculate V max and K m! Why Do We Take Reciprocals? Enzymes and Inhibitors Allosteric Enzymes Molecular Biology and the Biochemistry of Nucleic acids What Is Nucleic Acid? Nucleic Acid Basics The Discovery of Nuclein Nucleic Acid and Nucleotides Base Complementarity and DNA Structure DNA Replication and the Enzyme DNA Polymerase RNA Structure Nucleic Acid and Genes DNA Is the Language of Genes RNA Has Several Jobs mrna rrna and trna Ribozymes Table of Contents ix

6 3. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology The Dirty Job of a Biochemist Early Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Development of Recombinant DNA Techniques Returning to Biochemistry The Origin of the Cell Conducting Biochemistry Experiments Column Chromatography Electrophoresis and a Western Blot Lectin Blotting Centrifugation Enzyme Reaction Measurement Epilogue Index x Table of Contents