2-3 Carbon Compounds 10/22/2013. The Chemistry of Carbon. More Carbon. Chemistry (cont) More Macromolecules. Macromolecules

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1 The Chemistry of Carbon 2-3 Carbon Compounds Because of carbons 4 valence electrons it can form covalent bonds with many other elements (octet rule) 2 Chemistry (cont) Plus, it can bond with itself More Carbon Carbon can have single, double or triple bonds Ethane Carboxylic Acid Each line represents a pair of shared electrons 3 4 Macromolecules More Macromolecules Many molecules are made of thousands, if not hundreds of thousands of other molecules Large molecules Macro = large Micro = small Polymers = many monomers joined together mono = one poly = many Formed by a process called Polymerization 5 6 1

2 4 Macromolecules Four organic compounds formed through this idea of polymerization Carbohydrates (sugars simple and complex) Nucleic Acids Proteins 7 8 Carbohydrates Monosacharides Carbon + water = carbohydrate hydrogen, and oxygen Chemical formula ratio C H 2 O Main source of energy for living things Monomers = Monosaccharide ENERGY source Glucose (blood sugar), fructose, galactose Simple sugars sweet Upon digestion they don t have to be broken down Associated with sugar highs sugar is available immediately All have chemical formula C 6 H 12 O Disaccharides Polysaccharides Disaccharide = two mono s put together Table sugar = sucrose Milk sugar = lactose Relatively small Sweet would enter bloodstream quite quickly Two monosaccharide molecules put together Polysaccharide = many monosaccharide molecules bonded together Large macromolecules Can be 1000 s of glucose molecules long Starch = polysaccharide Glucose = monosaccharide

3 Animal Polysaccharides Plant Polysaccharide Glycogen (animal starch) Polysaccharide in animals that stores excess sugar. Stored in liver and muscles Cellulose (fiber) Polysaccharide in plants that forms cell walls Very rigid giving plants structure Released and broken down when glucose (mono) is low. Can t be digested by humans but great in our diet. Excess monosaccharides will be converted Mostly made from carbon and hydrogen Can be used to store energy Important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings Fats, oils, and waxes Used for cell membranes Store energy (9 calories per gram vs. 4 calories for carbs) Nutritional sources of lipids Saturated Solid at room temp Butter, animal lipids Unsaturated Liquid at room temp Oil, plant lipids

4 Nucleic Acids Macromolecules containing H, O, N, C, and P Made of nucleotides which consist of 5- carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base Store and transmit hereditary or genetic information 2 kinds RNA DNA Nucleic Acid Atoms (C, H, O, N, P) Sides of ladder = Sugar + Phosphate Rungs of ladder = nitrogen bases Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C) Nucleic Acid Nucleic Acids store and transmit hereditary or genetic info. Order of nitrogen base pairs Determines individual uniqueness (eyes, hair, disease, etc.) Nucleotide = monomers Nitrogen Base Deoxyribose sugar Phosphate Proteins Macromolecules containing H, C, and O. Polymers of amino acids Polymers made up of monomers called amino acids. 20 different amino acids. Can be fit together in many different ways to make various functioning proteins Amino acid amino acid amino acid protein

5 Polymers made up of monomers called amino acids. 20 different amino acids. Can be fit together in many different ways to make various functioning proteins Amino acid amino acid amino acid protein Go to Section: 25 Go to Section: 26 Proteins Review Roles Rate of reactions and regulate cell processes Form bone and muscle Transport substances in and out of cells Fight disease that consist of which contain Carbon Compounds include Carbohydrates Nucleic acids Proteins Sugars and starches hydrogen, oxygen that consist of that consist of that consist of Fats and oils Nucleotides which contain which contain which contain hydrogen, oxygen hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,