Treasure Coast Science Scope and Sequence

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1 Course: Anatomy and Physiology Honors Course Code: Quarter: 4A Topic(s) of Study: Digestive System and Nutrition Bodies of Knowledge: Nature of Science and Life Science Standard(s): 1: Practice of Science, 14: Organization and Development of Living Organisms, 16: Heredity and Reproduction, 18: Matter and Energy Transformation Essential Questions: How does the digestive system provide the body with vital nutrients? What diseases are associated with this system? What are the factors that can affect personal and public health? How do scientists design an investigation to answer a scientific question and communicate their findings? Resources: Click here NGSSS SC.912.L.14.45: Describe the histology of the alimentary canal and its associated accessory organs. Cognitive Complexity: Moderate SC.912.L.14.46: Describe the physiology of the digestive system, including mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption and the neural and hormonal mechanisms of control. Cognitive Complexity: Moderate SC.912.L.18.2: Describe the important structural characteristics of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides and explain the functions of carbohydrates in living things. Cognitive Complexity: Moderate SC.912.L.18.3: Describe the structures of fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids. Explain the functions of lipids in living organisms. Identify some reactions that fatty acids OUTLINE OF CONTENT (CONCEPT/SKILLS) I Overview of Digestive System A. Digestive Processes 1. Ingestion 2. Propulsion 3. Mechanical Digestion 4. Chemical Digestion 5. Absorption 6. Defecation B. Basic Functional Concepts C. Digestive System Organs: Relationships II Functional Anatomy of the Digestive System A. The Mouth and Associated Organs B. Digestive Processes: Mouth to Esophagus C. The Stomach D. The Small Intestine and Associated Structures E. The Large Intestine III Physiology of Chemical Digestion and Absorption Syllabus: Click here CCSS Literacy Standards: Click here OBJECTIVES Describe the function of the digestive system, and differentiate between organs of the alimentary canal and accessory digestive organs. (I) List and define the major processes occurring during digestive system activity. (I) Describe stimuli and controls of digestive activity. (I) Describe the location and function of the peritoneum. (I) Define retroperitoneal and name the retroperitoneal organs. (I) Define splanchic circulation. (I) Describe the importance of the hepatic portal system. (I) Describe the tissue composition and the general function of each of the four layers of the alimentary canal. (I) Describe the gross and microscopic anatomy and the basic functions of the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus. (II) Describe the composition and functions of saliva, and explain how salivation is regulated. (II) Explain the dental formula and differentiate clearly between deciduous and permanent teeth. (II) Describe the mechanisms of chewing and swallowing. (II) 1

2 undergo. Relate the structure and function of cell membranes. Cognitive Complexity: Moderate SC.912.L.18.4: Describe the structures of proteins and amino acids. Explain the functions of proteins in living organisms. Identify some reactions that amino acids undergo. Relate the structure and function of enzymes. Cognitive Complexity: Moderate SC.912.L.18.11: Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions. Identify factors, such as ph and temperature, and their effect on enzyme activity. Cognitive Complexity: Moderate SC.912.L.14.6: Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agents to health from the perspectives of both individual and public health. Cognitive Complexity: High SC.912.L.16.10: Evaluate the impact of biotechnology on the individual, society and the environment, including medical and ethical issues. Cognitive Complexity : High SC.912.N.1.1: Define a problem based on a specific body of knowledge, for example: biology, chemistry, physics, and earth/space science, and do the following: A. Chemical Digestion i. Structure of fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids B. Absorption IV Developmental Aspects of the Digestive System (including heredity and environmental factors) V Diet and Nutrition VI Overview of Metabolic Reactions VII Metabolism of Major Nutrients A. Carbohydrate Metabolism B. Lipid Metabolism C. Protein Metabolism VIII Metabolic States of the Body IX The Metabolic Role of the Liver X Energy Balance A. Energy Intake and Energy Output B. Obesity C. Regulation of Food Intake D. Metabolic Rate and Heat Production E. Regulation of Body Temperature XI Developmental Aspects of Nutrition and Metabolism Identify structural modifications of the wall of the stomach that enhance the digestive process. (II) Name the cell types responsible for secreting the various components of gastric juice. (II) Describe the importance of each component in stomach activity. (II) Describe stomach structure and indicate changes in the basic alimentary canal structure that aid its digestive function. (II) Explain how gastric secretion and stomach motility are regulated. (II) Define and account for the alkaline tide. (II) Identify and describe structural modifications of the wall of the small intestine that enhance the digestive process. (II) Differentiate between the roles of the various cell types of the intestinal mucosa. (II) Describe the function of local intestinal hormones and paracrines. (II) Describe the histologic anatomy of the liver. (II) State the role of bile in digestion and describe how its entry into the small intestine is regulated. (II) Describe the role of the gallbladder. (II) State the role of pancreatic juice in digestion. (II) Describe how entry of pancreatic juice into the small intestine is regulated. (II) List the major functions of the large intestine. (II) Describe the regulation of defecation. (II) List the enzymes involved in chemical digestion; name the foodstuffs on which they act. (III) List the end products of protein, fat, carbohydrate, and nucleic acid 2

3 1.pose questions about the natural world, 2.conduct systematic observations, 3.examine books and other sources of information to see what is already known, 4.review what is known in light of empirical evidence, 5.plan investigations, 6.use tools to gather, analyze, and interpret data (this includes the use of measurement in metric and other systems, and also the generation and interpretation of graphical representations of data, including data tables and graphs), 7.pose answers, explanations, or descriptions of events, 8.generate explanations that explicate or describe natural phenomena (inferences), 9.use appropriate evidence and reasoning to justify these explanations to others, 10.communicate results of scientific investigations, and 11.evaluate the merits of the explanations produced by others. Cognitive Complexity: High HE.912.C.1.3: Evaluate how environment and personal health are interrelated. HE.912.C.1.4: Analyze how heredity and family history can impact personal health digestion. (III) Describe the process of absorption of breakdown products of foodstuffs that occurs in the small intestine. (III) Describe embryonic development of the digestive system. (IV) Describe abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract at different stages of life. (IV) Define nutrient, essential nutrient, and calorie. (V) List the six major nutrient categories. Note important sources and main cellular uses. (V) Distinguish between simple and complex carbohydrate sources. (V) Indicate the major uses of carbohydrates in the body. (V) Indicate uses of fats in the body. (V) Distinguish between saturated, unsaturated, and trans fatty acid sources. (V) Distinguish between nutritionally complete and incomplete proteins. (V) Indicate uses of proteins in the body. (V) Define nitrogen balance and indicate possible causes of positive and negative nitrogen balance. (V) Distinguish between fat- and watersoluble vitamins, and list the vitamins in each group. (V) For each vitamin, list important sources, body functions, and important consequences of its deficit or excess. (V) List minerals essential for health; indicate important dietary sources and describe how each is used. (V) Define metabolism. Explain how catabolism and anabolism differ. (VI) Define oxidation and reduction and indicate the importance of these reactions in metabolism. (VI) 3

4 Indicate the role of coenzymes used in cellular oxidation reactions. (VI) Explain the difference between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. (VI) Summarize the important events and products of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and electron transport. (VII) Define glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis. (VII) Describe the process by which fatty acids are oxidized for energy. (VII) Define ketone bodies, and indicate the stimulus for their formation. (VII) Describe how amino acids are metabolized for energy. (VII) Describe the need for protein synthesis in body cells. (VII) Explain the concept of amino acid or carbohydrate fat pools, and describe pathways by which substances in these pools can be interconverted. (VIII) List important events of the absorptive and postabsorptive states, and explain how these events are regulated. (VIII) Describe several metabolic functions of the liver. (IX) Differentiate between LDLs and HDLs relative to their structures and major roles in the body. (IX) Explain what is meant by body energy balance. (X) Describe some theories of food intake regulation. (X) Define basal metabolic rate and total metabolic rate. Name factors that influence each. (X) Distinguish between core and shell body temperature. (X) Describe how body temperature is regulated, and indicate the common mechanisms regulating heat production/retention and heat loss from the body. (X) 4

5 Describe the effects of inadequate protein intake on the fetal nervous system. (XI) Describe the cause and consequences of the low metabolic rate typical of the elderly. (XI) List ways that medications commonly used by aged people may influence their nutrition and health. (XI) 5

6 Course: Anatomy and Physiology Honors Course Code: Quarter: 4B Topic(s) of Study: Urinary System Bodies of Knowledge: Nature of Science and Life Science Standard(s): 1: Practice of Science, 14: Organization and Development of Living Organisms Essential Questions: How does the urinary system filter blood? What diseases are associated with this system? What are the factors that can affect personal and public health? How do scientists design an investigation to answer a scientific question and communicate their findings? Resources: Click here NGSSS SC.912.L.14.47: Describe the physiology of urine formation by the kidney. Cognitive Complexity: Moderate SC.912.L.14.48: Describe the anatomy, histology, and physiology of the ureters, the urinary bladder and the urethra. Cognitive Complexity: Moderate SC.912.L.14.6: Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agents to health from the perspectives of both individual and public health. Cognitive Complexity: High SC.912.N.1.1: Define a problem based on a specific body of knowledge, for example: biology, chemistry, physics, and earth/space science, and do the following: 1.pose questions about the natural world, 2.conduct systematic observations, 3.examine books and other sources of information OUTLINE OF CONTENT (CONCEPT/SKILLS) I Kidney Anatomy A. Location and External Anatomy B. Internal Anatomy C. Blood and Nerve Supply D. Nephrons II Kidney Physiology: Mechanisms of Urine Formation A. Step 1: Glomerular Filtration B. Step 2: Tubular Reabsorption C. Step 3: Tubular Secretion D. Regulation of Urine Concentration and Volume E. Renal Clearance III Urine A. Physical Characteristics B. Chemical Composition IV Ureters V Urinary Bladder Syllabus: Click here CCSS Literacy Standards: Click here OBJECTIVES Describe the gross anatomy of the kidney and its coverings. (I) Trace the blood supply through the kidney. (I) Describe the anatomy of a nephron. (I) Describe the forces (pressures) that promote or counteract glomerular filtration. (II) Compare the intrinsic and extrinsic controls of the glomerular filtration rate. (II) Describe the mechanisms underlying water and solute reabsorption from the renal tubules into the peritubular capillaries. (II) Describe how sodium and water reabsorption is regulated in the distal tubule and collecting duct. (II) Describe the importance of tubular secretion and list several substances that are secreted. (II) Describe the mechanisms responsible for the medullary osmotic gradient. (II) Explain formation of dilute versus concentrated urine. (II) Define renal clearance and explain how this value summarizes the way a substance is handled by the kidney. (II) Describe the normal physical and chemical properties of urine. (III) 6

7 to see what is already known, 4.review what is known in light of empirical evidence, 5.plan investigations, 6.use tools to gather, analyze, and interpret data (this includes the use of measurement in metric and other systems, and also the generation and interpretation of graphical representations of data, including data tables and graphs), 7.pose answers, explanations, or descriptions of events, 8.generate explanations that explicate or describe natural phenomena (inferences), 9.use appropriate evidence and reasoning to justify these explanations to others, 10.communicate results of scientific investigations, and 11.evaluate the merits of the explanations produced by others. Cognitive Complexity: High HE.912.C.1.4: Analyze how heredity and family history can impact personal health VI Urethra VII Micturition VIII Developmental Aspects of the Urinary System IX Body Fluids A. Body Water Content B. Fluid Compartments C. Composition of Body Fluids D. Fluid Movement Among Compartments X Water Balance and ECF Osmolality A. Water Intake= Water Output B. Regulation of Water Intake C. Regulation of Water Output D. Influence of ADH E. Disorders of Water Balance XI Electrolyte Balance XII Acid-Base Balance XIII Developmental Aspects of Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance List several abnormal urine components, and name the condition characterized by the presence of detectable amounts of each. (III) Describe the general location, structure, and function of the ureters. (IV) Describe the general location, structure, and function of the urinary bladder. (V) Describe the general location, structure, and function of the urethra. (VI) Compare the course, length, and functions of the male urethra with those of the female. (VI) Define micturition and describe its neural control. (VII) Trace the embryonic development of the urinary organs. (VIII) List several changes in urinary system anatomy and physiology that occur with age. (VIII) List the factors that determine body water content and describe the effect of each factor. (IX) Indicate the relative fluid volume and solute composition of the fluid compartments of the body. (IX) Contrast the overall osmotic effects of electrolytes and nonelectrolytes. (IX) Describe factors that determine fluid shifts in the body. (IX) List the routes by which water enters and leaves the body. (X) Describe feedback mechanisms that regulate water intake and hormonal controls of water output in urine. (X) Explain the importance of obligatory water losses. (X) Describe possible causes and consequences of dehydration, hypotonic hydration, and edema. (X) Indicate routes of electrolyte entry and 7

8 loss from the body. (XI) Describe the importance of ionic sodium in fluid and electrolyte balance of the body, and indicate its relationship to normal cardiovascular system functioning. (XI) Describe mechanisms involved in regulating sodium balance, blood volume, and blood pressure. (XI) Explain how potassium, calcium, and anion balances in plasma are regulated. (XI) List important sources of acids in the body. (XII) Name the three major chemical buffer systems of the body and describe how they resist ph changes. (XII) Describe the influence of the respiratory system on acid-base balance. (XII) Describe how the kidneys regulate hydrogen and bicarbonate ion concentrations in the blood. (XII) Distinguish between acidosis and alkalosis resulting from respiratory and metabolic factors. (XII) Describe the importance of respiratory and renal compensations to acid-base balance. (XII) Explain why infants and the aged are at greater risk for fluid and electrolyte imbalances than are young adults. (XIII) Define a scientific problem or question based on the specific body of knowledge correlated to the anatomy and physiology honors science course. 8

9 Course: Anatomy and Physiology Honors Course Code: Quarter: 4C Topic(s) of Study: Reproductive System Bodies of Knowledge: Nature of Science and Life Science Standard(s): 1: Practice of Science, 14: Organization and Development of Living Organisms, 16: Heredity and Reproduction Essential Questions: What are the functions of the male and female reproductive systems? How do the ovarian and uterine cycles work together to make it possible for reproduction? What diseases are associated with this system? What are the factors that can affect personal and public health? How does the anatomy of an animal (cat, pig, etc) compare to a human? How do scientists design an investigation to answer a scientific question and communicate their findings? Resources: Click here NGSSS SC.912.L.16.13: Describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system. Describe the process of human development from fertilization to birth and major changes that occur in each trimester of pregnancy. Cognitive Complexity: Moderate SC.912.L.14.41: Describe fetal circulation and changes that occur to the circulatory system at birth. Cognitive Complexity: Moderate SC.912.L.16.8: Explain the relationship between mutation, cell cycle, and uncontrolled cell growth potentially resulting in cancer. Cognitive Complexity: Moderate SC.912.L.16.10: Evaluate the impact of biotechnology on the individual, society and the environment, including medical and ethical issues. Cognitive OUTLINE OF CONTENT (CONCEPT/SKILLS) I Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System A. The Scrotum B. The Testes C. The Penis D. The Male Duct System E. Accessory Glands II Physiology of the Male Reproductive System A. Male Sexual Response B. Spermatogenesis C. Hormonal Regulation of Male Reproductive Function III Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System A. The Ovaries B. The Female Duct System C. External Genitalia D. Mammary Glands IV Physiology of the Female Syllabus: Click here CCSS Literacy Standards: Click here OBJECTIVES Describe the structure and function of the testes, and explain the importance of their location in the scrotum. (I) Describe the structure of the penis and indicate its role in the reproductive process. (I) Describe the location, structure, and function of the accessory reproductive organs of the male. (I) Discuss the sources and functions of semen. (I) Describe the phases of the male sexual response. (II) Define meiosis. Compare and contrast it to mitosis. (II) Outline events of spermatogenesis. (II) Discuss hormonal regulation of testicular function and the physiological effects of testosterone on male reproductive anatomy. (II) Describe the location, structure, and function of the ovaries. (III) Describe the location, structure, and function of each of the organs of the female reproductive duct system. (III) Describe the anatomy of the female external genitalia. (III) 9

10 Complexity : High SC.912.L.14.6: Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agents to health from the perspectives of both individual and public health. Cognitive Complexity: High SC.912.N.1.1: Define a problem based on a specific body of knowledge, for example: biology, chemistry, physics, and earth/space science, and do the following: 1.pose questions about the natural world, 2.conduct systematic observations, 3.examine books and other sources of information to see what is already known, 4.review what is known in light of empirical evidence, 5.plan investigations, 6.use tools to gather, analyze, and interpret data (this includes the use of measurement in metric and other systems, and also the generation and interpretation of graphical representations of data, including data tables and graphs), 7.pose answers, explanations, or descriptions of events, 8.generate explanations that explicate or describe natural phenomena (inferences), 9.use appropriate evidence and reasoning to justify these explanations to others, 10.communicate results of Reproductive System A. Oogenesis B. Ovarian Cycle C. Hormonal Regulation of the Ovarian Cycle D. The Uterine E. Extrauterine Effects F. Female Sexual Response V Sexually Transmitted Infections A. Gonorrhea B. Syphilis C. Chlamydia D. Trichomoniasis E. Genital Warts F. Genital Herpes G. HIV/AIDS H. HPV VI Developmental Aspects of the Reproductive System A. Embryological and Fetal Events B. Puberty C. Declining Ovarian Function VII From Zygote to Egg VIII Events of Embryonic Development: Zygote to Blastocyst Implantation IX Events of Embryonic Development: Gastrula to Fetus X Events of Fetal Development XI Effects of Pregnancy on the Mother Discuss the structure and function of the mammary glands. (III) Describe the process of oogenesis and compare it to spermatogenesis. (IV) Describe the ovarian cycle phases, and relate them to events of oogenesis. (IV) Describe the regulation of the ovarian and uterine cycles. (IV) Discuss the physiological effects of estrogens and progesterone. (IV) Describe the phases of the female sexual response. (IV) Describe the infectious agents and modes of transmission of gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, genital warts, HIV/AIDS, HPV, and genital herpes. (V) Discuss the determination of genetic sex and prenatal development of male and female structures. (VI) Note the significant events of puberty and menopause. (VI) Describe the importance of sperm capacitation. (VII) Explain the mechanism of the slow block to polyspermy. (VII) Define fertilization. (VII) Explain the process and product of cleavage. (VIII) Describe implantation. (VIII) Describe placenta formation, and list placental functions. (VIII) Name and describe the formation, location, and function of the extraembryonic membranes. (IX) Describe gastrulation and its consequence. (IX) Define organogenesis and indicate the important roles of the three primary germ layers in this process. (IX) Describe unique features of the fetal circulation. (IX) Indicate the duration of the fetal period, and note the major events of 10

11 scientific investigations, and 11.evaluate the merits of the explanations produced by others. Cognitive Complexity: High HE.912.C.1.3: Evaluate how environment and personal health are interrelated. LA : The student will organize information to show understanding or relationships among facts, ideas, and events (e.g., representing key points within text through charting, mapping, paraphrasing, summarizing, comparing, contrasting, or outlining); XII Parturition (Birth) XIII Adjustments of the Infant to Extrauterine Life XIV Lactation XV Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) and Reproductive Cloning XVI Mammalian Dissection fetal development. (X) Describe functional changes in maternal reproductive organs and in the cardiovascular, respiratory, and urinary systems during pregnancy. (XI) Indicate the effects of pregnancy on maternal metabolism and posture. (XI) Explain how labor is initiated, and describe the three stages of labor. (XII) Outline the events leading to the first breath of a newborn. (XIII) Describe changes that occur in the fetal circulation after birth. (XIII) Explain how the breasts are prepared for lactation. (XIV) Describe some techniques of ART including IVF, ZIFT, and GIFT. (XV) Compare the anatomy of other animals to a human. (XVI) LA : The student will record information and ideas from primary and/or secondary sources accurately and coherently, noting the validity and reliability of these sources and attributing sources of information; 11

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