New Approaches to Chemical Risk Assessment
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1 New Approaches to Chemical Risk Assessment Wednesday 11 May, IAFP s European Symposium on Food Safety 2016, Athens, Greece
2 Introduction to Chemicals in Food Dr Benoît Schilter, Nestlé Research Centre, Switzerland
3 Food is chemicals proteinase inhibitor oxalic acid asparagine iron chaconine phenylalanine deltamethrin DDT dimethylpyrazine ascorbic acid methylbutanal phytate lectin propham styrene potassium glyphosate acrylamide 4-nonylphenol furan cadmium globulin folate Isopropylthioxantone lead starch anthocyanins albumin amylase hydoxymethylfurfural etcc 3
4 intrinsic extrinsic Food is chemicals Nutrients: - Macro (proteins, carbohydrate, lipids) - Micro (vitamins, minerals) Anti-nutritional: - reduce digestibility (e.g. protease inh.) - Reduce bioavailibility (phytate) Inherent toxicants - glycoalkaloids (chaconine, solanine) Additives: - preservatives - Antioxidants - Flavors - Agricultural residues: - pesticides - veterinary drugs - sanitizers/disinfectants - packaging migrants Process contaminants - thermal (acrylamide, furan, flavors) - fermentation Contaminants - ph - Industrial (heavy metals, dioxins, ) -. - Natural (heavy metals, mycotoxins) 4
5 Sources of chemicals in food milk as an example Agri./vet. Practices: antibiotics hormones agrochemicals Environment: pollutants Mycotoxins Agrochemicals hormones allergens. Raw milk additives sanitizers disinfectants migrants Milk production: Milking ustensils Teat treatments Sanitation Dairy products additives sanitizers disinfectants migrants Manufacturing: Processing Packaging 5
6 Examples of chemicals in food Pesticides Pesticide are widely used in agriculture: Control detrimental organisms: Fungi, insects, rodents, weeds Increase availability of plant foods Residues (parent, metabolites) occur in raw materials and finished foods 800 active substances 6
7 Examples of chemical in food Packaging migrants safety safety EU-plastic regulation: >900 substances Swiss regulation on inks: 6000 substances Belgium database: > substances (monomers, additives, ink comp., adhesives, NIAS ) Migration into food? Packaging increasingly seen as source of food contaminations 7
8 Examples of chemicals in food process related contaminants O H 2 N O NH 2 Asn OH Reducing sugars Heat H 2 N O acrylamide Asp Gln Glu acrylic acid butenamide butenoic acid O R OH R NH 2 23 free amino acids 26 vinylogous compounds EU-HEATOX Other processes 800 chemicals.. 8
9 Examples of chemicals in food inherent toxicants from food plants toxicants Typical food Effects (human) mechanism structure Glycyrrhizic acid Licorice Hypokalemia, arrhytmia, hypertension Inh. renninangiotensinaldosterone Linamarin Cassava Headache, Neurological, convulsions a-solanine potato Gastro-intest. Neurological Cyanide binding to cytochrone oxidase AChE-inhibition, Disrupt. cell membrane 9
10 Examples of chemicals in food inherent toxicants from non-food plants 200 tropane alkaloids (musc. ach recept. Inh.) 350 pyrrolizidine alkaloids (some carcinogenic) Present in datura seeds Impurities in soy beans, millet, buckwheat seeds Produced by many plants Seeds of such plants may contaminate food/feed Transfered in milk Found in honey 10
11 Examples of chemicals in food Adulterants/food fraud Intentional and economically-motivated adulteration of foods. Fraudulent addition of non-authentic substances Could (but not necessarely) result in safety issues: Farmed salmon sold as wild Milk adulterated with melamine 11
12 Examples of chemicals in food Melamine in milk 12
13 Food is chemicals: What the problem? Vitamin A-teratogenic zearalenone-toxic for reproduction Peanut proteins-allergenic 13
14 Chemicals produce toxicity e.g. acute effects Key words: chemical specific potency natural/artificial health impact conditions 14
15 Toxic effects are diverse Acute (fast): Organophosphorus (respiratory arrest) Allergens (anaphylactic chock) Chronic (slow): Aflatoxin B1 (liver cancer) Cadmium (kidney failure) Cyanide (konzo, neurodegenerative disease) Delayed: Lead (development of nervous system) Vitamin A (teratogenicity) Endocrine disruptors (reproduction) Key words: chemical specific potency severity time-course target organs subpopulations natural/artificial 15
16 Toxicity depends on chemical structure food mycotoxin zearalenone as example 200x 16
17 Food is chemicals So what the problem? Chemicals may compromise food safety, but. 17
18 Risk assessment-risk management 18
19 Risk perception 19
20 Chemicals in food Summary & Conclusion Food is chemicals. Chemicals may compromise food safety. Chemicals have to be managed. Chemicals to be managed need to be identified. Risk assessment is the tool to establish priorities. 20
21
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