All at sea: Application of seaweeds in pig and poultry diets

Transcription

1 All at sea: Application of seaweeds in pig and poultry diets Marinus van Krimpen & Paul Bikker Amsterdam, March 6 th 2018

2 Main challenges for the feed industry 1) Resource efficiency 2) Healthy animals and people 3) Responsible farming systems

3 Seaweeds as a protein source 1) Resource efficiency

4 Major developments affecting animal production Increase in world population Increase in income levels Limited increase in arable land Competition between feed and food Less arable land available for feed production How can the sea contribute? Shift from high-energy, high-digestible feed ingredients fibrous, lowdigestible co-products gut health might be compromised 4

5 FAO report (2009) Increase in world population (9.1 billion people in 2050) Increase in income levels (higher level of prosperity) Need to increase food production by 70% Meat production: from 229 to 465 Mton (x 2.0) Milk production: from 580 to 1043 Mton (x 1.8) Only 5% increase in arable land Conclusion: Feed production needs to grow drastically in the coming decades, whereas amount of fallow hectares is limited 5

6 Feed (million tonnes) European and global feed production (million tonnes) Europe Global EU feed production ( ) + 54% Global feed production ( ) + 66% Prospect global feed production 2050: 1,500 MTon Alltech (2018) 6

7 Feed protein balance in EU-27 ( ) Category EU-production (mln. ton crude protein) EU-consumption (mln. ton crude protein) Rate of self sufficiency (%) Soybean meal % Rapeseed meal % Sunflower meal % Legumes % Oil seeds (no crushing) % Others (e.g. palm, DDGS, wheat bran) % Total plant protein % Animal proteins % Total all proteins % 7

8 Need to increase EU protein production Current rate of self-sufficiency of EU-protein is only 42% EU is developing strategies to increase this rate 8

9 Ingredients that meet the criteria as EU protein source Category Oil seeds Grain legumes Forage legumes Leaf proteins Aquatic proteins Cereals and pseudo cereals Insects Protein source Proteins of soybeans, rapeseed and sunflower seed, after oil removal Peas, field beans, lupine, chickpeas, and their concentrates Lucerne (alfalfa) Grass, sugar beet leaves Seaweeds, microalgae, duckweed Protein concentrates from oat and quinoa E.g. mealworm, housefly Van Krimpen et al. (2013) 9

10 Protein yield of different sources (kg/hectare) Yield in EU Protein Protein yield conditions content (ton/ha/y) (DM/ha/y) Wheat (reference) 11% 10 tons 1.1 tons Oil seeds soybean 40% tons tons Oil seeds rapeseed 25% 3 tons 0.75 ton Oil seeds sunflower 23% 3 tons 0.7 ton Legumes (pulses) peas/beans/ lupine 17-35% 4-6 tons 1-2 tons Legumes (forage) lucerne 19% 13 tons 2.5 tons Leaves grass 12% tons tons Leaves (e.g. sugar beet leaves) 12% 4.5 tons 0.5 ton Cereals oat 12-15% 3-5 tons ton Pseudo cereals quinoa 12-18% 3 tons ton Macro algae - seaweed 10-30% 25 tons tons Micro algae 25-50% tons 4-15 tons Duckweed 35-45% tons 5-14 tons 10

11 To conclude: a need for new protein sources How to fulfil this demand? Increase crop yield Improve animals protein efficiency Close nutrient cycles to prevent waste (e.g. use of slaughter byproducts) Focus on new proteins with high yields/ha and no competition with arable land Seaweeds, micro algae, duckweed Insects Leaf proteins 11

12 Seaweed as a protein source in feed: Past experience, literature Seaweed used in animal diets in coastal regions (Norway, Ireland, UK, France Up to 10% in diets for cattle, horses, poultry Mainly Ascophyllum nodosum, wild populations Low CP digestibility (fibre and phenolic compounds) No sound information on feeding value 12

13 Classification of seaweeds 13

14 Simplified classification of seaweeds Phylum Common name # of species Phaeophyta Brown algae Rhodophyta Red algae Chlorophyta Green algae 7000 Examples Ascophyllum Nodosum Fucus: kelp Laminaria digitata: Finger kelp Saccharina latisima: Sugar kelp Sargassum: hijiki a.o. Undularia Chondrus Crispus Gelidium: agar Gracilaria: agar Palmaria palmata: dulse Polysiphonia Porphyra: laver, nori Caulerpa: sea grape Cladophora Ulva lactuca: sea lettuce Bold species: Promising for cultivation in the North Sea 14

15 Composition of selected seaweeds, g/kg DM Group: Brown algae Red algae Green algae Genera: Laminaria/Saccharina Palmaria Ulva HK LC HK LC HK LC DM, % Ash Crude protein Crude fat Carbohydrates HK = Holdt and Kraan (2011) LC = Lopez-Contreras et al. (2012) 15

16 Composition of seaweeds: example ash content Colour: brown, red, green species SC = Scotland, IE = Ireland, FR = France, NS = North Sea, IEX = extracted product Ireland Bikker et al. (2017) 16

17 Composition of seaweeds: proximate components (g/kg DM) Large variation: species and location; High ash; moderate crude protein; low fat and starch; high NSP Bikker et al. (2017) 17

18 Composition of seaweeds: protein and amino acids (g/kg DM) Large variation in CP; green > red > brown; Reasonable AA-pattern, limited species difference in essential amino acids High variation in non-essential amino acids (ALA en GLU) Bikker et al. (2017) 18

19 In vitro digestibility (~boisen): Organic matter (OM) and nitrogen (N) 6h simulates ileal digestibility, 24h simulates total tract digestibility Large variation in nutrient digestibility between species and locations Moderate ileal N and total-tract OM digestibility (soybean meal 95%) Bikker et al. (2017) 19

20 Seaweed protein digestibility in animal studies? Very limited quantitative data from studies with substantial intact seaweed inclusion levels Study of El-Deek (2009) in broilers: 25% inclusion of red seaweeds (Polysiphonis SPP) Oven dried for 72h at 60 0 C Total Protein Efficiency (body weight gain / protein consumption): Control diet: 2.63 Seaweed diet:

21 Saccharina silage and silage residue in broilers Washed silage and silage residue (oven dried, 35 C) 10% included in a basal diet via dilution (except vit./min.) 5 pens with 10 birds/treatment Treatments from day Items Basal diet B + silage B + residue SED BW day FI, d (g) 890 b 954 a 974 a 14.6 <0.001 BWG, d (g) 540 ab 513 b 550 a FCR, d c 1.86 a 1.77 b <0.001 P DC OM of diet, % 82.1a 72.6 c 75.1 b 0.89 <0.001 DC CP seaweed, % Bikker et al. (2017) 21

22 Seaweeds as a protein source? Potentially, seaweeds can contribute to the increasing protein demand Variation in crude protein content selection for protein-rich species In vitro protein digestibility moderate in intact seaweeds In vivo protein digestibility limited data, moderate in intact seaweeds Extraction of protein from seaweeds might be promising Wageningen started a 4-year project to work on this topic

23 Bioactive components in seaweeds 2) Healthy animals and people

24 Gut barrier function in intestine Intestine microbiota ( species) 75% of immune system Balanced gut Intact epithelial barrier Clearance of pathogens Repair damage Immune memory Imbalanced gut Epithelial barrier defect Pathogens invade periphery Fluid loss (diarrhea) Chronic inflammation Inflammation

25 Bioactive components in seaweeds

26 Bioactive compounds in seaweeds Demonstrated effects Antibacterial activity Antioxidant potential Anti-inflammatory properties Anti-coagulant activity Anti-viral activity Apoptotic activity O Sullivan et al. (2010) 26

27 Bioactive compounds in seaweeds Polysaccharides in Brown seaweeds Alginates Laminarin Fucoidan Cellulose Polysaccharides in Green seaweeds Ulvan Polysaccharides in Red seaweeds Agars Carrageenans O Sullivan et al. (2010) 27

28 Response IPEC-J2 cells to seaweed extracts with and without an challenge with E.coli IPEC-J2 cells were grown for 7 days; cells resembles an artificial epithelial layer Seaweed extracts: Fucoidan and Laminarin from brown seaweed Ulvans from green seaweed + Seaweed extracts Plus ETEC 2 hr 6 hr mrna Microarray (Gene expression) IPEC-J2 cells + Seaweed extracts NO ETEC 2 hr 6 hr mrna Microarray (Gene expression) Budan et al. (2017) 28

29 Response IPEC-J2 cells to seaweed extracts with and without an challenge with E.coli Fucoidan and Laminarin from Ulvans from green seaweed brown seaweed Functions of differential expressed genes related to: Functions of differential expressed genes related to: Cell proliferation Protein degradation Energy metabolism Immune responses (inflammation) in ETEC challenged cells increased aspartate/ glutamate Cell differentiation/proliferation (with/without ETEC) Oxidative stress Gut integrity Antigen recognition Vitamin C anti-oxidation pathway intestinal transporter Budan et al. (2017) 29

30 Marine-sulphated polysaccharides (MSPs) Extract from green seaweed (Ulva armoricana) In vitro anti-bacterial activity against e.g.: Pasteurella multocida Mannheimia haemolytica Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus suis In vitro immune response mediators were stimulated Higher expression of cytokines (IL1α, IL1β, L6, IL8, TNFα, TGFβ) Higher expression of chemokines (CCL20) Higher expression PPARγ Berri et al. (2016) 30

31 Sow supplementation of fucoidan, laminarin or both: effects on the offspring Study with sows (day 107 of gestation until weaning (day 24). Piglets followed from weaning until slaughter (day 117) Treatments: Basal diet (BD) BD g Laminarin/d BD g Fucoidan/d BD g Laminarin +0.8 g Fucoidan/d Effects on: Growth performance Faecal excretion of Enterobacteriaceae Gut integrity Genes expression (Heim et al., 2015) 32

32 Body weight (kg) Sow supplementation of fucoidan, laminarin or both: effects on BW of the offspring 120 Body weight (kg) development over time Week after weaning Control FUC LAM LAM+FUC (Heim et al., 2015) 33

33 Feed Conversion Ratio Sow supplementation of fucoidan, laminarin or both: effects on FCR of the offspring 3.0 Development of FCR over time Week after weaning Control FUC LAM LAM+FUC (Heim et al., 2015) 34

34 Sow supplementation of fucoidan, laminarin or both: explanatory factors Sow faecal Enterobacteriaceae: higher values in Fucoidan-sows; no effect in Fuc-Lam sows At weaning shorter villi in ileum of piglets from Fuc-sows Longer villi in the ileum at day 8 post-weaning in piglets from Lam-sows Downregulation of IL-6 mrna in colon at weaning and IL-8 in ileum on d8 post-weaning in pigs from the Lam-sows Conclusion Maternal laminarin supplementation: positive effects on intestinal health post-weaning and pig growth performance during the grower-finisher period. (Heim et al., 2015) 35

35 Brown seaweed extract (A. nodosum) in Campylobacter jejuni challenged young broilers Ross broilers challenged at d3 with Campylobacter jejuni Diets (d0-10) with 0, 500 and 1000 ppm Ascophyllum nodosum extract (MSP s mannitol, laminarin and fucoidan) Results (d0 d10) 0 ppm 500 pm 1000 ppm ADG (g/d) 17.0 a 15.5 b 15.1 c ADFI (g/d) 26.0 a 24.8 b 24.6 c FCR (g/g) 1.55 a 1.62 ab 1.66 b C. Jejuni counts (Log 10 CFU/g f.) 7.8 a 7.1 b 7.1 b Villus height (µm) 288 a 321 ab 351 a Higher expression of tight-junction genes No data after d10 need for an experiment including the whole cycle (Sweeney et al., 2016) 36

36 Prebiotic effects of red seaweeds in laying hens Study with Lohmann Brown Classic laying hens (67 wk, 4-wk exp.) Chondrus crispus and Sarcodiotheca gaudichaudii (0.5%, 1% or 2%) No negative effects on hen performance, blood serum profile; improved FCR with 2% seaweeds Improved villus height and villus surface with 2% red seaweeds Higher abundance of beneficial bacteria (e.g. bifido) Lower abundance of unfavourable bacteria (Clostridium perfringens) Higher concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (Kulshreshta et al., 2014) 37

37 Conclusions on seaweeds and healthy animals Seaweeds are sources of bioactive components Health improving properties demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo studies in pigs, broilers and laying hens. Seaweed component might have long-term effects Variation in response among components (e.g. laminarin vs. fucoidan) Balance between gut health and performance has to be found 38

38 Take-home message Seaweeds might be considered as a (future) resource of valuable nutrients (protein,...) Seaweeds might improve the (gut) health status of farm animals Seaweeds might positively contribute to responsible farming systems 39

39 Thank you for your kind attention