The Study of Nano-silica effects on qualitative and quantitative performance of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

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1 ISSN No. (Print): ISSN No. (Online): The Study of Nno-sili effets on qulittive nd quntittive performne of potto (Solnum tuberosum L.) Shiv Tlebi*, Ahmd Mjd*, Msoumeh Mirzi*, SyehJfri* nd Msoumeh Abedini** *Deprtment of Biology Sienes, North Tehrn Brnh, Islmi Azd University, Tehrn, IRAN. ** Deprtment of Biology Sienes, Tbriz Brnh, Pym Noor University, Tbriz, IRAN. (Corresponding uthor: Shiv Tlebi) (Reeived 12 August, 215, Aepted 9 November, 215) (Published by Reserh Trend, Website: ABSTRACT: Nno-prtiles hve entered widely into griulture nd biology world due to exlusive biologil nd Physio-hemil fetures. Plnt intertions with nno-prtiles hve been studied diretly through mny fertilizers, pestiides nd herbiides bsed on nno-prtiles nd indiretly through irrigtion wter ontminted with nno-prtiles. In this study, silion effet s useful element on quntittive nd qulittive performne of potto rop ws evluted in form nno-sili. The experiments were performed in ompletely rndomized blok design with 3 replites nd in field onditions. For review ws used of the onentrtion, of nno-sili in solution nd spry forms. The results of ompring men trits showed signifint differenes between tretment groups in hlorophyll b, soluble sugrs of leves nd rotenoids. Although, it ws not observed signifint differenes between tretment groups in terms of hlorophyll mount, leves insoluble sugrs nd protein, but sprying nno-sili showed signifint inrese in Chlorophyll b mount nd soluble sugrs. Key words: nno-sili, sugr, protein, Chlorophyll, Solnum tuberosum L. INTRODUCTION Biologil Forum An Interntionl Journl 7(2): (215) Nno-siene tehnology of mterils is t tomi nd moleulr level. The term is used for mterils tht their size is between 1 to 1 nm. Reserh in nnotehnology re hs inresed signifintly in reent yers. Although, exploittion of this tehnology potentils is ongoing in medil nd phrmeutil sienes, but using it in the protetion of griulturl produts hs reently been onsidered. New tools for rpid moleulr detetion, ure diseses, enhne the bility of plnts to bsorb nutrients nd speil lod trnsfer to speil site re exmples of development in this new field of siene ( Alejndro et l., 29).The prodution of nno-sle fertilizers is one of the pplitions of this tehnology nd hs more esy bsorption due to lrge surfe re nd high density of retive surfes nd is more effetive thn onventionl hemil fertilizers ( Anonymous, 29). Sine the plnt ell wll ts s brrier to esy entry of foreign gents into plnt ells, nno-prtiles tht hve smller pore dimeter ompred to pore dimeter of ell wll n esily pss through the pores of wlls. Nno-prtiles on leves surfe enter into plnt through pores or villus bses nd then re trnsported to different tissues (Nir et l., 21). After oxygen, sili is the seond struturl element in the erth whih is non-mobile in the plnts. Although sili is not neessry for plnts, higher plnts need it to hve optimum growth ( Currie & Perry 27, Rihmond & Sussmn 23). The most effet of sili on plnts is relted to the resistne ginst bioti nd bioti stress (Ling et l., 27, M nd Ymji 26). Silion plys role in growth improvement, photosynthesis inrese, effiieny of trnspirtion nd evportion, inresing the strength of leves, hlorophyll onentrtion per lef re nd produt qulity (Hwng et l., 25). It seems tht preipitted sili on ell wll inreses strength nd reinfores wlls (Epstein, 1999, Inng nd Oksk 1995). Potto with sientifi nme of Solnum tuberosum L. from Solnee fmily is one yer plnt with lternting nd Pinntely ompound leves tht onsist of 2 to 6 pirs of leflets nd terminl leflets. Infloresene of pistil is omposed of 5 sepls nd 5 petls nd five flgs tht re fused t the bse nd surround ovry. Potto upper ovry is omposed of rpel nd two brnhed stigm. Ripe fruit is berry tht resembles smll tomto nd is green ( Rezi nd Soltni 1996). Strtegi importne nd nutritionl vlue of pottoes for humn nutrition nd limti vribility in vrious regions of ountry requires regionl reserh in order to hieve high performne per unit re (Zhedi). MATERIALS AND METHODS This study imed to investigte the effets of nnosili nd potssium silites on qulittive nd quntittive performne of potto in spring of 214 on frm in Tbriz ity nd in ompletely rndomized blok design with three replitions. In this study, helthy tubers of Grnol potto were used.

2 Tubers were immersed in solution of 5% sodium hypohlorite disinfetnt for 4 minutes when they were wshed with tp wter nd then they were wshed with sterile distilled wter. Nno- sili ws prepred from Nno- unit Industry Compny's. Nno- sili tretments were used in both forms with onentrtions of ( nd 5 mm) in order to mesure photosyntheti pigments, soluble nd insoluble sugrs of leves nd protein. A. Photosyntheti pigments mesurement Mesurement of photosyntheti pigments suh s hlorophyll, b nd rotenoids ws performed using Lihtenthler (1987) method..1gr of fresh leves ws grdully rubbed with 8% etone nd the extrt ws entrifuged for 1 minutes t 1g round using entrifuges nd then, optil bsorption of zin solution ws mesured using spetrophotometer t wvelengths of 646, 663 nd 47 nm. Chlorophyll ontent ws lulted in milligrms per grm fresh weight using formul (18). Chl. = (12.21 (A663) (A646)) volume of superntnt (ml) /1 smple weight (g). Chl. b = (2.13 (A646) (A663)) volume of superntnt (ml) / 1 smple weight (g). Cr = [(1A47 (1A [hl ] - 14[hl b])/227] volume of superntnt (ml) /1 smple weight (g). B. Soluble nd insoluble sugrs of leves mesurement.1 gr of plnt dried mterils (leves) ws dded to 1 ml of Ethnol 7% nd ws held for week in refrigertor. Then, 5. ml of superntnt smples ws tken nd ws rehed to volume of 2 ml nd then 1 ml of phenol 5% nd 5 ml of onentrted sulfuri id ws dded to it. The yellow olor ws obtined nd it ws red fter hlf n hour using spetrophotometer Tlebi, Mjd, Mirzi, Jfri nd Abedini 88 devie t wvelength of 485 nm nd sugr smple quntities were mesured using stndrd urves bsed on mg/ g dry weight. Remined plnt from filtering ethnol solution ws dried for 15 minutes t 1 C in oven in order to mesure the dissolved sugrs, then it ws boiled in Erlenmeyer ontining distilled wter (15 minutes) nd its volume beme 25 ml using distilled wter nd finlly, 2 ml of this solution ws removed nd dissolved sugrs were determined by phenolsulfuri id (Helluburst nd Crigie 1978). C. Proteins mesurement.5 gr of leves ws rubbed in 5 ml extrtion buffer of TRIS glyine (PH = 8.3) in order to hieve homogenous solution. Extrt ws trnsferred to entrifuge tube nd ws entrifuged t 12g t 4 C for 1 minutes. Conentrtions of solved proteins were mesured ording to Brdford method (Brdford1979). Different onentrtions of bovine serum lbumin protein (BSA) were used in order to drw stndrd urve of (6). D. Sttistil Anlysis SPSS softwre ws used for dt nlysis nd sttistil nlysis nd Dunn's Multiple Rnge test ws used for omprison of dt men in different tretments. Clulting the probbility of signifint differenes ws done t P <.5 level. Digrms were drwn using Exel softwre. RESULTS A. Photosyntheti pigments Chlorophyll index of nno-sili solution nd spry ws inresed ompred to ontrol group but this differene ws not sttistilly signifint (Fig. 1). Chlorophyll (mg/g.fw) Nno- sili solution Nno- sili spry Tretment Fig. 1. Averge of effets nno-sili on hlorophyll. The olumns whih hve joint letters hve not signifint differene in level of 5%. (Mens±SE). Chlorophyll b mount differene between tretments ws signifint t probbility level of (P<.5). Nnosili spry hs the highest hlorophyll b. The lowest level of hlorophyll b is relted to ontrol group tht is not sttistilly nd signifintly different from nno-sili solution tretment (Fig. 2). The results showed tht nno-sili sttistilly hs signifint effet on rotenoids t probbility level of (P <.5). The highest level of rotenoids ws observed in nnosili spry. The ontrol group hd the lest mount of rotenoids nd this differene ws signifint ompred to nn-sili spry (Fig. 3).

3 Tlebi, Mjd, Mirzi, Jfri nd Abedini 881 Chlorophyll b (mg/g.fw) b Nno- sili solution Nno- sili spry Tretment Fig. 2. Averge of effets nno- sili on hlorophyll b. The olumns whih hve joint letters hve not signifint differene in level of 5%. (Mens±SE). Crotenoids (mg/g.fw) b Nno- sili solution Nno- sili spry Tretment Fig. 3. Averge of effets nno- sili on rotenoids. The olumns whih hve joint letters hve not signifint differene in level of 5%. (Mens±SE). B. Soluble nd insoluble sugrs of leves Nno-sili solution nd spry on soluble sugrs showed signifint differenes t probbility level of (P <.5). So tht the mximum mount of soluble sugrs soluble sugrs of leves (mg/g.dw) ws relted to nno- sili spry tretment, tht hve signifintly different with ontrol group tht hd the lest mount of soluble sugrs (Fig. 4). b Nno- sili solution Nno- sili spry Fig. 4. Averge of effets nno- sili on soluble sugrs. The olumns whih hve joint letters hve not signifint differene in level of 5%. (Mens±SE).

4 Sine the mximum mount of insoluble sugrs in leves ws relted to nno- sili spry tretment but it ws not signifintly different with nno- sili solution tretment nd ontrol groups (Fig. 5). Tlebi, Mjd, Mirzi, Jfri nd Abedini 882 C. Protein Aording to findings, nno- sili effets on protein levels of tretment nd ontrol groups ws not sttistilly signifint t level of (P <.5) (Fig. 6). insoluble sugrs of leves (mg/g.dw) Nno- sili solution Nno- sili spry Tretment Fig. 5. Averge of effets nno- sili on insoluble sugrs. The olumns whih hve joint letters hve not signifint differene in level of 5%. (Mens±SE). Protein ontent (mg/g.fw) Nno- sili solution Tretment Nno- sili spry Fig. 6. Averge of effets nno-sili on Protein. The olumns whih hve joint letters hve not signifint differene in level of 5%. (Mens±SE). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Aording to results of present reserh, nno-sili onentrtions hd sttistilly signifint effet on the mount of hlorophyll b, rotenoids nd soluble sugrs t probbility level of (P <.5). Chlorophyll mount, insoluble sugrs of lef nd protein ontent did not show sttistilly signifint differene of nno-sili pplition. The results of study using silion in uumbers bushes, inresed hlorophyll nd photosyntheti tivity of leves, redued petiole length nd inresed weight gin re onsistent with study results ( Jung Sup et l., 2). Nno-sili spryed tretment showed the highest hlorophyll mount ompred to Nno- sili solution tretment nd ontrol groups, but this differene ws not sttistilly signifint. The results of reserh ws onsistent with Agrie et l (1996) study results who showed tht when sili is redued, hlorophyll mount will be low s result, plnt photosynthesis will be redued. They relted the reson for this issue to sili role in photosynthesis hin nd preventing hlorophyll degrdtion by sili. One of the min resons for hlorophyll deline is its destrution by retive oxygen speies. The redued tivity of photosystem II nd Robisko deresed enzyme tivity nd ATP inhibition inreses the formtion of free oxygen speies in hloroplsts (Lwlor nd Corni 22). Sine sili plys n importnt role in leves upright stte nd is ble to provide more lef re towrds light, thereby inresed the plnt photosynthesis effiieny (Qunzhi nd Erming 1998). Hqiqi et l reported tht using nnosili t optiml onditions of tomtoes growth without stress inreses photosynthesis nd the photosyntheti wter use effiieny whih re onsistent with test results (Hgigi, 214). The highest hlorophyll b mount, soluble sugrs nd rotenoids re relted to nno-sili spryed tretment nd the lest re relted to ontrol group. No signifint differene ws observed between nno-sili solution tretment nd ontrol in terms of hlorophyll b mount. No signifint differene ws observed between nno-sili solution tretment nd nno-sili spryed tretments in terms of mesuring rotenoids.

5 The mximum mount of soluble sugrs is relted to nno- sili spryed tretment. The mount of plnts hlorophyll is n importnt ftor in mintining photosyntheti pity (Jing nd Hung 21). The results of this test re onsistent with results of the reserhers who stted tht the mximum mount of brley plnt hlorophyll is relted to nno- sili 5Mm spryed whih n be due to deposition of silion on lef lmin nd inresed onentrtions of hlorophyll per unit re (Ling et l., 23). When plnt's ell is under stress signling pthwy in orportion with lium send signls to nuleus of ell, Due to this signling, genes expression undergoes hnges nd beuse of inresing or deresing of some genes, plnt n resist ginst stress. Due to these geneti hnges, ontent of speil proteins hnges (Amini et l., 27, Biglri et l., 212) showed tht tretment of selenium n use inresing of mino id ontent, speilly Asp in rie. The ssessment of hnges pttern of totl protein ontent shows tht under sili stress some new proteins n be generted, or the mount of some others n be inresed or deresed (Vulik et l., 29). Aording to findings, it seems tht in inrese mount of hlorophyll b, soluble sugrs nd rotenoids, nno-sili spry will be the best tretment. Given the importne of potto plnt, this study imed to ssess plnt responses to nno-sili effets on pottoes qulittive nd quntittive performne. REFERENCES Agrie, S., (1996). Funtion of sili bodies in epiderml system of rie (Oryz stiv L.). Journl of Experimentl Botny. 47: Alejndro, Perez-de-Luque.,& Diego Rubiles., (29). Pest Mngement Siene. 65: Amini, F., Ehsnpour, A.A., Hong, QT., & Shin, J. Sh., (27). Protein Pttern Chnges in Tomto under In Vitro Slt Stress. Russin Journl of Plnt Physiology. 54(4): Anonymous. (29). Nno tehnology in griulture. Journl of Agriulture nd Tehnology. 114: Biglri, F., Hdd, R., & Sotude, A., (212). Assessment of sili tretments on glyine hnges nd tlse, in rie, in drought stress. In: Seond onferene of plnt physiology t Irn. Brdford, M.M., (1976). A Rpid Sensitive Method for the Quntittion of Miro Progrm Quntities of Protein Utilizing the Priniple of Protein-Dye Binding. Anl Biohem., 72: Currie HA & Perry C (27). Sili in plnts: Biologil, biohemil nd hemil studies. Annls of Botny 1(7): Epstein, E. (1999). Silion. Ann. Rev. Plnt Physiol. Plnt Mol. Biol. 5: Hgigi, M. (214). Study vegettive hnges, morphologil nd photosyntheti tomto in effet silion nd nno SiO 2 dded to the nutrient solution, Siene nd Tlebi, Mjd, Mirzi, Jfri nd Abedini 883 Tehnology of Greenhouse Culture, fifth yer, No.19. Helluburst J.A. nd Crigie J.S. (1978). Hndbook of Physiologil nd Biohemil Method Cmbridge Univ. Press. Hwng, S.J., H.M. Prk nd B.R. Jeong. (25). Effet of potssium silite on the growth of miniture rose ' Pinohio' grown on rok wool nd its ut flower qulity. J. Jp. So. Hort. Si. 74: Inng, S, nd A. Oksk. (1995). Clium nd silion binding ompounds in ell wlls of rie shoot.soil Siene. Plnt Nutrient, 41: Jing,Y. nd N. Hung. (21). Drough nd het stress injury to two ool seson turf grsses in reltion to ntioxidnt metbolism nd lipid peroxidse. Crop Si. 41: Jung Sup, L.,P. Jong Hn nd H. Kyeong Suk. (2). Effets of potssium silite on growth, photosynthesis, nd inorgni ion bsorption in uumber hydroponis. J. Koren Soi. for Horti.Si. 41: Lwlor, D.W nd G. Corni. (22). Photosyntheti rbon ssimiltion nd ssoited metbolism in reltion to wter defiits in higher plnts ffeted by N fertiliztion. Agron. J. 73: Ling, Y.C., Q. Chen, Q. Liu, W.H. Zhng nd R.Z. Ding. (23). Exogenous silion (Si) inrese ntioxidnt enzyme tivity nd redues lipid peroxidtion in roots of slt stressed brley ( Hordeum vulgre L.). Plnt Physiol.16: Ling, Y., Sun, W., Zhu, Y & Christie, P. (27). Mehnisms of silion-medited llevition of bioti stresses in higher plnts- review. Environmentl Pollution, 147: Lihtenthler, H.K. nd A.R. Wellburn, (1983). Determintions of Totl Crotenoids nd Chlorophylls nd b of Lef Extrts in Different Solvents. Biohemil Soiety Trnstions, 11: M. J.F. nd N.Ymji. (26). Silion uptke nd umultion in higher Plnts. Trends in Plnt Siene 11: Nir, R., S.H. Vrghese, B.G. Nir, T. Mekw, Y. Yoshid nd D. Skthi Kumr. (21). Review: Nnoprtiulte mteril delivery to plnts. Plnt Si. 179: Qunzhi, Z. Erming, G. (1998). Effet of silion pplition on rie in rie re long the yellow river, Deprtment of Agronmomy. 32: Rezi, A. nd A. Soltni Pottoes griulture, Mshhd University Press. Rihmond, KE & Sussmn, M.23. Got silion? The nonessentil benefiil plnt nutrient. Current Opinion in Plnt Biology, 6(3): Vulik, M., Lux, A., Luxov, M., Tnimoto, E & Lihtsheidl, I. (29). Silion mitigtes dmium inhibitory effets in young mize plnts. Environmentl nd Experimentl Botny, 67: Zhedi, M.H. Pottoes Agriulture. Agriulture Promoting Orgniztion. 44Pges.