Factors Influencing Biochar Composition

Transcription

1 Understnding Feedstok Choie, Pyrolysis Temperture, nd Pyrolysis Type When Designing Biohrs for Speifi Uses Jim Ippolito, USDA-ARS United Sttes Deprtment of Agriulture Agriulturl Reserh Servie Ftors Influening Biohr Composition Feedstok hoie: orn, whet, rley nd rie strw, swithgrss, penut, pen, nd hzelnut shells, sugrne gsse, oonut oir, food wste, hrdwood nd softwood speies (ex., PJ), poultry nd turkey litter, swine, diry, nd ttle mnure, nd iosolids Pinyon Pyrolysis Temperture: Pine <3 o C to > o C Pyrolysis Type: Fst (flsh) or slow Juniper United Sttes Deprtment of Agriulture Agriulturl Reserh Servie Swithgrss Ftors Influening Biohr Composition Generliztions: Pyrolysis Temp High Low High Pyrolysis Tem mp Biohr Yield, CEC Totl C, K, Mg, ph, Surf e Are Low High Low United Sttes Deprtment of Agriulture Agriulturl Reserh Servie 1

2 Ftors Influening Biohr Composition Generliztions: Pyrolysis Type Low Low Fst Pyrolysis typ Temp pe Totl N, S, surfe re Aville P, C, Mg, CEC High High United Sttes Deprtment of Agriulture Agriulturl Reserh Servie Biohr Type, Pyrolysis Temperture/Type Totl nd ville nutrients ph Potentil liming vlue CEC, CCE Nutrient sorption nd entrpment Biohr Totl Elements: Pyrolysis Temp nd Type Totl C&N: CN Anlyzer, Wlkley-Blk, TKN; Totls:[HNO3], [HNO3]+3%HO, [HNO3]+[HClO], [HClO] Biohr Totl C s Funtion of Pyrolysis Temperture, Type Biohr Totl N s Funtion of Pyrolysis Temperture, Type Biohr Totl P s Funtion of Pyrolysis Temperture, Type Totl C (%) Totl N (%) Totl P (mg kg -1 ) <3oC oC - 99oC - 99oC - 99oC oC >oc Fst <3oC 3-399oC -99oC -99oC -99oC 7-799oC >oc Fst <3oC 3-399oC -99oC -99oC -99oC 7-799oC >oc Fst Biohr Totl K s Funtion of Pyrolysis Temperture, Type Biohr Totl C s Funtion of Pyrolysis Temperture, Type Biohr Totl Mg s Funtion of Pyrolysis Temperture, Type Totl K (mg kg -1 ) Totl C (mg kg -1 ) Totl Mg (mg kg -1 ) <3oC 3-399oC -99oC -99oC -99oC 7-799oC >oc Fst United Sttes Deprtment of Agriulture Agriulturl Reserh Servie <3oC 3-399oC -99oC -99oC -99oC 7-799oC >oc Fst Not Reported 3-399oC -99oC -99oC -99oC 7-799oC >oc Fst

3 Ag. Grsses Hrdwood/Softwood Mnures Ag. Grsses Hrdwood/Softwood Mnures Ag. Grsses Hrdwood/Softwood Mnures Ag. Grsses Hrdwood/Softwood Mnures Ag. Grsses Hrdwood/Softwood Mnures Ag. Grsses Hrdwood/Softwood Mnures Feedstoks nd Finl Biohr Totl Elements Biohr Totl C s Funtion Biohr Totl N s Funtion Biohr Totl P s Funtion Totl C (%) Totl N (%) Totl P (g kg -1 ) Biohr Totl K s Funtion Biohr Totl C s Funtion Biohr Totl Mg s Funtion Totl K (g kg -1 ) Totl C (g kg -1 ) Totl Mg (g kg -1 ) United Sttes Deprtment of Agriulture Agriulturl Reserh Servie If you know your iohr totl on s..cn you predit nutrient vilility? Totl Mg (g kg -1 ) Totl P (g kg -1 ) 7 A Cttle B Cttle Grss Food wste Poultry Grss Softwood Hrdwood Swine Hzelnut shells r =. Poultry Softwood 3 Ppermill Wste r =. 3 X Aville P (mg kg -1 ) Aville K (mg kg -1 ) 1 3 C D Cttle Cttle Food wste 1 Food wste Grss Grss Hrdwood 1 Hrdwood Hzelnut shells Hzelnut shells Poultry Poultry Softwood Softwood Ppermill Wste Ppermill Wste r =. r =. Totl K (g kg -1 ) Totl C (g kg -1 ) 1 3 United Sttes Deprtment Aville of Agriulture Mg (mg kg -1 ) Agriulturl Reserh Servie Aville C (mg kg -1 ) Biohr Element Avilility: Pyrolysis Temp/Type Biohr Aville NO 3 -N s Funtion of Pyrolysis Temperture, Type Biohr Aville P s Funtion of Pyrolysis Temperture, Type Biohr Aville K s Funtion of Pyrolysis Temperture, Type Aville NO 3-N (mg kg -1 ) Aville P (mg kg -1 ) Aville K (mg kg -1 ) <3oC 3-399oC -99oC -99oC -99oC 7-799oC >oc Fst <3oC 3-399oC -99oC -99oC -99oC 7-799oC >oc Fst <3oC 3-399oC -99oC -99oC -99oC 7-799oC >oc Fst Biohr Aville C s Funtion of Pyrolysis Temperture, Type Biohr Aville Mg s Funtion of Pyrolysis Temperture, Type Missing Vlues Below Detetion Or Not Reported Aville C (mg kg -1 ) <3oC 3-399oC -99oC -99oC -99oC 7-799oC >oc Fst Aville Mg (mg kg -1 ) <3oC 3-399oC -99oC -99oC -99oC 7-799oC >oc Fst United Sttes Deprtment of Agriulture Agriulturl Reserh Servie NO3-N: KCl, KSO; P/K/C/Mg: NHOA, BCl 3

4 Below Detetion or Not Determined Ag. Grsses Hrdwood/Softwood Mnures Ag. Grsses Hrdwood/Softwood Mnures Ag. Grsses Hrdwood/Softwood Mnures 1 1 Ag. Grsses Hrdwood/Softwood Mnures 1 1 Ag. Grsses Hrdwood/Softwood Mnures Ag. Grsses Hrdwood/Softwood Mnures 3 1 Ag. Grsses Hrdwood/Softwood Mnures Ag. Grsses Hrdwood/Softwood Mnures 3 1 Feedstoks nd Nutrient Avilility Biohr Aville NO 3 -N s Funtion Biohr Aville P s Funtion Biohr Aville K s Funtion Aville NO 3-N (mg kg -1 ) Aville P (mg kg -1 ) Aville K (mg kg -1 ) Biohr Aville C s Funtion Biohr Aville Mg s Funtion Aville C (mg kg -1 ) Aville Mg (mg kg -1 ) United Sttes Deprtment of Agriulture Agriulturl Reserh Servie Feedstoks & temp/type: ph, Surfe Are, CEC, CCE Biohr ph s Funtion Biohr Surfe Are s Funtion Biohr Ction Exhnge Cpity s Funtion ph Surfe Are (m g -1 ) CEC (mmol kg -1 ) Biohr ph s Funtion of Pyrolysis Temperture, Type Biohr CCO 3 Equivlent s Funtion of Pyrolysis Temperture, Type Biohr Surfe Are Equivlent s Funtion of Pyrolysis Temperture, Type Biohr Ction Exhnge Cpity s Funtion of Pyrolysis Temperture, Type ph <3oC 3-399oC -99oC -99oC -99oC 7-799oC >oc Fst CCE (%) <3oC 3-399oC -99oC -99oC -99oC 7-799oC >oc Fst Surfe Are (m g -1 ) <3oC 3-399oC -99oC -99oC -99oC 7-799oC >oc Fst CEC (mmol kg -1 ) <3oC 3-399oC -99oC -99oC -99oC 7-799oC >oc Fst ph: sturted pste, 1:/1:/1:1 in DI, 1:1 in.1m CCl; SA: BET; CEC: NHOA, BCl United Sttes Deprtment of Agriulture Agriulturl Reserh Servie Fous hs minly een on NO 3 -N Entrpment: Mss flow moving NO 3 -N into pores Anion Exhnge: Nutrient Sorption/Entrpment Pyrolysis y tempertures exeeding 7 o C Bse funtionl group formtion

5 All dt presented should e onsidered when designing iohrs for speifi uses Biohr Elementl Composition nd Ftors Influening Nutrient Retention, Chpter 7, in: United Sttes Deprtment of Agriulture Agriulturl Reserh Servie Keeping these generliztions in mind: Current USDA-ARS iohr reserh: sequestering soil ron & remedite degrded soils y improving: Soil moisture Soil nutrients Soring pollutnts Altering miroil signling United Sttes Deprtment of Agriulture Agriulturl Reserh Servie Improving Soil Moisture United Sttes Deprtment of Agriulture Agriulturl Reserh Servie Novk et l. (1). Soil Si. 177:31-3; Ippolito et l. (1) JEQ. 1:

6 Wter movement: Norfolk E horizon Men wter movement rtes when four lehing events were grouped. Biohr tretment n Men (ml/min) Pine hip:poultry litter (: lend) 1.19 Pine hip (1%) 1. Hrdwood 1.19 Pine hip:poultry pp litter (: lend) 1.17 Poultry litter (1%) 1.99 Norfolk E (ontrol, iohr) 1.9 LSD t α.. Dr. Sigu inspeting olumns Biohr pellets in Norfolk E horizon 1 Soil Nutrients Biohr Applition Effets on Soil DTPA-Extrtle Fe over Time DTPA Fe (mg kg -1 ) Month 1; (1.) Month ; (.9) Month 3; (.9) Month ; (.) Month ; (.7) d Month 1; (.77) d Trt: p <.1 Time: p <.1 TrtXTime: p <.1 1. y x x DTPA Mn (mg kg -1 ) 1 1 Biohr Applition Rte (% y Weight) 1 Biohr Applition Effets on Soil DTPA-Extrtle Mn over Time z Month 1; (.9) Month ; (1.) Month 3; (1.73) Month ; (1.) Month ; (1.7) d Month 1; (1.7) d y y Trt: p <.1 Time: p <.1 TrtXTime: p <.1 y z 1 1 Biohr Applition Rte (% y Weight) United Sttes Deprtment of Agriulture Agriulturl Reserh Servie Ippolito et l., 1. J. Environ. Qul. 3:1-9 Metl Pollutnts Biohr Copper Adsorption ph (1 month shking period) Predited Biohr Cu Adsorption =,33(1-e (1.7e-*Cu Added) ) Cu Adsored (mg kg -1 ) 3 1 Oserved Cu Adsorption Predited Cu Adsorption 1:1 Cu Adsorption 1 Cu Added (mg kg -1 ) United Sttes Deprtment of Agriulture Agriulturl Reserh Servie Ippolito et l. (1). JEQ. 1:11-11

7 Metl Pollutnts Lodgepole Pine Biohr.1M CCl Extrtle Cd Lodgepole Pine Biohr.1M CCl Extrtle Cu (Biohr Dilution Aounted) (Biohr Dilution Aounted) 3.1M CCl Extrtle Cd (mg kg -1 ) Ledville -m Ledville -1m Blk Rok Slough d 1 1.1M CCl Extrtle Cu (mg kg -1 ) 3 1 Ledville -m Ledville -1m Blk Rok Slough ND ND ND 1 1 Lodgepole Pine Biohr Applition Rte (% y Wt.) Lodgepole Pine Biohr Applition Rte (% y Wt.) Lodgepole Pine Biohr.1M CCl Extrtle P Lodgepole Pine Biohr.1M CCl Extrtle Zn (Biohr Dilution Aounted) (Biohr Dilution Aounted) 3 3.1M CCl Extrtle P (mg kg -1 ) Ledville -m Ledville -1m Blk Rok Slough ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 1 1.1M CCl Extrtle Zn (mg kg -1 ) 1 Ledville -m Ledville -1m Blk Rok Slough d 1 1 Lodgepole Pine Biohr Applition Rte (% y Wt.) Lodgepole Pine Biohr Applition Rte (% y Wt.) Ippolito et l., in progress Why Did the Metls Derese? Lodgepole Pine Biohr nd Soil ph 7 Lodgepole Pine Biohr ph = 7. Ledville -m Ledville -1m Blk Rok Slough Soil ph 1 1 Lodgepole Pine Biohr Applition Rte (% y Wt.) Ippolito et l., in progress Cu in Ledville, CO -m Depth (sequentil extrtion) Lodgepole Pine Biohr Ledville, CO -m Soil (Step 1: Solule, Crontes, Exhnge Sites) Lodgepole Pine Biohr Ledville, CO -m Soil (Step : Fe nd Mn oxyhdroxides) p<.1 p<.1 3 Cu (mg kg -1 ) 3 Cu (mg kg -1 ) Biohr Applition Rte (% y Wt.) Biohr Applition Rte (% y Wt.) Lodgepole Pine Biohr Ledville, CO -m Soil (Step 3: Orgni Complexes nd Sulfides) Lodgepole Pine Biohr Ledville, CO -m Soil (Step : Residul) p<.1 1 p=.3 Cu (mg kg -1 ) 3 Cu (mg kg -1 ) Ippolito et l., in progress Biohr Applition Rte (% y Wt.) Biohr Applition Rte (% y Wt.) 7

8 Zn in Ledville, CO -m Depth (sequentil extrtion) Lodgepole Pine Biohr Ledville, CO -m Soil (Step 1: Solule, Crontes, Exhnge Sites) Lodgepole Pine Biohr Ledville, CO -m Soil (Step : Fe nd Mn oxyhdroxides) 1 p=. p<.1 Zn (mg kg -1 ) Zn (mg kg -1 ) Biohr Applition Rte (% y Wt.) Biohr Applition Rte (% y Wt.) Lodgepole Pine Biohr Ledville, CO -m Soil (Step 3: Orgni Complexes nd Sulfides) Lodgepole Pine Biohr Ledville, CO -m Soil (Step : Residul) 1 1 p=. 7 p<.1 1 Zn (mg kg -1 ) 1 Zn (mg kg -1 ) Ippolito et l., in progress Biohr Applition Rte (% y Wt.) Biohr Applition Rte (% y Wt.) Metl Pollutnts Biohr nd remedition of mine spoils (ARS-EPA) Mine spoil site in Southern OR. Soil ph = 3.. Needs n estlished vegettive over to redue erosion nd metl movement. United Sttes Deprtment of Agriulture Agriulturl Reserh Servie 1% Biohr Biohr Affets on Miroorgnisms 1 Month Inution: Miroil Community Struture (FAME) 3 PC (1.% ) % Biohr, Months 1% Biohr, Months % Biohr, Months 1% Biohr, Months % Biohr, Months 1% Biohr, Months % Biohr, Months 1% Biohr, Months % Biohr, Months 1% Biohr, Months % Biohr, Months 1% Biohr, Months % Biohr, 1 Months 1% Biohr, 1 Months % Biohr, 1 Months 1% Biohr, 1 Months Low Rtes Less teri More fungi PC1 (3.%) High Rtes More teri Less fungi Ippolito et l. (1) JEQ. 3:1-9. Ippolito et l., 1. J. Environ. Qul. 3:1-9

9 Reltive Au undne (%) Reltive Aundnes moa nifh nirs nosz Gene (Nitrifition) (N Fixtion) (Denitrifition) Swithgrss Biohr Rte % 1% % 1% Thoms F. Duey, Ph.D. Costl Plins Soil, Wter, nd Plnt Reserh Center, Florene SC Future Reserh Pths Vlue-dded iohr produts e.g., o-omposting with mnure Develop designer iohrs & iohr-sed fertilizers enhne soil fertility, improve soil moisture retention, nd redue soil GHG emissions In-field trils Speilty/sh rops, mine lnd relmtion Joint ARS-Europen reserh group Control ( y/) Biohr Treted (7 u/) Thnk You Biohr Mnure Biohr + Mnure United Sttes Deprtment of Agriulture Agriulturl Reserh Servie Jim Ippolito, Ph.D. Reserh Soil Sientist USDA-Agriulturl Reserh Servie Northwest Irrigtion nd Soils Reserh Lortory Kimerly, Idho Emil: jim.ippolito@rs.usd.gov Phone: ()3-9