Khalid A. Ibrahim, Elsiddig A.E. Elsheikh and Elfadil E. Babiker

Transcription

1 Australian Jurnal f Basic and Applied Sciences, 2(3): , 2008 ISSN Bradyrhizbium Inculatin and Chicken Manure r Fertilizatin f Hyacinth Bean (Dlichs hyacinth L.): Changes in Physical Characteristics and Chemical Cmpsitin f the Seeds Khalid A. Ibrahim, Elsiddig A.E. Elsheikh and Elfadil E. Babiker 1 Faculty f natural Resurces & Envirnmental Studies, Department f sil &water sciences, University f Krdfan, Elbeid, Sudan. 2 Faculty f Agriculture, Department f sil sciences & Envirnment, University f Khartum, Shambat 14413, Sudan. 3 Faculty f Agriculture, Department f Fd Science & Technlgy, University f Khartum, Shambat 14413, Sudan. Abstract: A field experiments were carried ut at Shambat, Sudan (Latitude N and Lngitude E) in three cnsecutive seasns (2000/03) t investigate the effect f Bradyrhizbium inculatin, chicken manure r sulphur fertilizatin n physical characteristics and chemical cmpsitin f hyacinth bean (Dlichs hyacinth L.) seeds. The results shwed that chicken manure r sulphur fertilizatin in the presence r absence f Bradyrhizbium inculatin and their interactins significantly (P 0.05) imprved hydratin cefficient and ckability f the seeds. Misture and ash cntents were nt greatly affected while fat, fiber, prtein and carbhydrates were greatly affected especially when 10 t/fed chicken manure r 100 kg/fed sulphur were applied with r withut inculatin. Mrever, inculatin with r withut chicken manure r sulphur fertilizatin greatly affected the chemical cmpsitin f the seeds. Tannin cntent f the seeds was increased by applicatin f fertilizers especially when accmpanied by inculatin. Hwever, the in vitr prtein digestibility was significantly (P 0.05) imprved especially when chicken manure r sulphur was applied t inculated seeds. The results indicated that all measured parameters increased with increasing level f amendments (manure r sulphur) and the highest value f each parameter was bserved with either 10 t/fed chicken manure r 100 kg/fed sulfur. Key wrds: Bradyrhizbium, inculatin, chicken manure, hyacinth bean, sulphur, prximate cmpsitin INTRODUCTION The imprtance f legumes as fd lied primarily in their high prtein cntent that averages 20 25%. Hyacinth bean (Dlichs hyacinth (L.) is an Asia rigin crp, and was prbably dmesticated in India as a cultivated grain legume. The crp is widespread in India, Egypt and Sudan as well as in Madagascar and Ethipia. Hyacinth seed cntains an average f 17% prtein with in vitr prtein digestibility f 80% (Murphy and Clucci, 1999). These nutritinal characteristics cupled with the ther envirnmental benefits make hyacinth bean a suitable fd and fdder crp fr the trpics. Hyacinth is an ld established irrigated crp in Sudan. The crp was intrduced in the Gezira Scheme in 1926 as apart f rtatin and main fdder fr cattle. Als hyacinth is used fr shifting cultivatin r shrter rest perids f ne r a few years fr the usual methd f maintaining sil fertility and rganic matter (English et al., 1999). Grain legumes fix abut kg/ha/y (Dakra and Keya, 1997). Inculatin f sybean by Bradyrhizbium japnicum significantly increased ndulatin, yield and seed quality (Okereke and Onchie, 1996). Chicken manure amendments significantly imprved the physical prperties f the sil, such as water infiltratin rate, water hlding capacity, texture, reducing bulk density and hence increasing prsity. Mrever, chicken manure is readily Crrespnding Authr: Elfadil E. Babiker, Faculty f Agriculture, Department f Fd Science & Technlgy, University f Khartum, Shambat 14413, Sudan. elfadilbabiker@yah.cm 605

2 available surce f plant nutrients as well as a surce f energy fr sil bita and thus influences many f bilgical prcesses f the sil which was fund t affect the seed quality f faba bean (Elsheikh and Alzidany, 1997a&b). Chicken manure is cnsidered t have fertilizing prperties intermediate between mineral fertilizers and farmyard manure and it has an appreciable residual effect (Abdelgani et al., 2003). Elemental sulphur (ES) has a variety f uses as sil amendment. The xidatin f ES t H2SO 4 is particularly beneficial = in alkaline sils in reducing the ph, supplying SO 4 t plants, making phsphrus and micrnutrients mre available and reclaiming sils (Lindemann et al., 1991). The effectiveness f ES depends upn the sil type, ph, rganic matter cntent, clay minerals, depth f sil prfile and drainage status. Hwever, Ghani et al. (1997) reprted that micrbial ppulatin in sil is nt a limiting in ES xidatin. Rhizbium inculatin significantly increased tannin cntent f faba bean (Babiker et al., 1995) and grundnut (Elsheikh and Mhamedzein, 1998) seeds. Rhizbium inculatin significantly increased the in vitr prtein digestibility f grundnut (Elsheikh and Mhamedzein, 1998) and faba bean (Elsheikh and Ahmed, 2000 and Elsheikh and Alzidany, 1997a) seeds. Effrts thrughut the wrld are directed twards increasing the prtein cntent and in vitr prtein digestibility, and decreasing the tannin cntent, f beans and grains. Breeding, fertilizatin prgrammes and genetic engineering are directed twards imprving seed quality. Rhizbium inculatin f faba beans was reprted t increase yield and prtein cntent (Babiker et al., 1995; Elsheikh & Osman, 1995). Additin f sulphur t faba bean plants increased seed yield by 33% and significantly increased the amunt f prtein and the cncentratin f methinine and cystine in seeds (Farrag et al., 1992). N trials were cnducted t study the effect f chicken manure r elemental sulphur in cmbinatin with Bradyrhizbium inculatin n chemical cmpsitin f plant seeds. Therefre, in this study we wuld like t investigate the effect f Bradyrhizbium inculatin, sulphur r chicken manure fertilizatin n the physical characteristics and chemical cmpsitin f hyacinth bean seeds. MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials: Hyacinth bean (Dlichs lablab L.) cultivar used in this study was supplied kindly by Dr. Abd El Wahab, H. Abdalla, Department f Agrnmy, Faculty f Agriculture, University f Khartum, Shambat, Sudan. Bradyrhizbium (TAL 102) was btained frm the Bifertilizatin Department, Envirnment and Natural Resurces Institute, Natinal Centre fr Research, Khartum, Sudan. The Yeast Extract Manitl (YEM) medium was prepared accrding t Cleyet-Marel (1993) methd. Chicken manure was btained frm the Tp Farm f Faculty f Agriculture, University f Khartum, Shambat, Sudan. Elemental sulphur was btained frm El Geneed Sugar Industry, Sudan. Strains f Bradyrhizbium were preserved by streaking n YEM agar, mixed with 3.0 g f calcium carbnate per litre, in slants in screw-caps test tubes and kept in the refrigeratr at 4 C. Seeds were inculated by mixing with a thick suspensin f characal based 9 Bradyrhizbium inculum, with average cunt f 1 x 10 cfu/g. Arabic gum slutin (40%) was added fr gd adhesin. Seed inculatin was carried ut in the farm and seeds were immediately swn in the sil and irrigated. Unless therwise stated all chemicals and reagents used in this study are f reagent grade. Field Experiments: Three field experiments were cnducted at the Demnstratin Farm f the Faculty f Agriculture, University f Khartum, Shambat, Sudan (Latitude N and Lngitude E). The experiments were cnducted during the seasns 2000/2001, 2001/2002 and 2002/2003. Chicken Manure and Applicatin: Tw separate experiments were cnducted, fr ne experiment chicken manure was applied at different levels (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 t/fed). The fertilizer was distributed alng the ridges and mixed with the sil and then the sil divided int plts. Thereafter, the plts were irrigated twice fr tw weeks befre swing. Fr the ther experiment elemental sulphur was applied at different levels (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg/fed), distributed alng the ridges and mixed with the sil. The sil was divided int plts and the plts were irrigated twice befre swing fr tw weeks. 606

3 Treatments: The treatments were replicated three times in a split-split plt design. The treatments used during the first and secnd seasns were divided int grups as fllws: Uninculated: Only chicken manure was applied at different levels (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 t/fed). Inculated: The seeds were inculated and the sil was amended with chicken manure at different levels (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 t/fed). Uninculated: Only elemental sulphur was applied at different levels (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg/fed). Inculated: The seeds were inculated and the sil was amended with elemental sulphur at different levels (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg/fed). In the third seasn the residual effect f either chicken manure r sulphur in the presence r absence f Bradyrhizbium inculatin was investigated. Sample Preparatin: Three samples frm each plt were taken randmly after seeds matured. The seeds were dried by direct sun drying. The seeds were cleaned manually t remve husks, damage seeds and ther extraneus materials. T determine the chemical cmpsitin, tannin and in vitr prtein digestibility the cleaned seeds were grund t pass a 0.4 mm screen. Physicals Characteristics f the Seeds: Sakabillity: Frm each plt 100 seeds were selected randmly, weighed and saked in tap water at a rati f 1: 4 fr 16 hurs. The percentage f nn-sakers in each sample was calculated as fllws: Nn-saker % = Weight f nn-sakers X 100 Initial weight Sakabillity% = 100-Nn-saker% Hydratin Cefficient: The hydratin cefficient percentage was calculated fr each sample as fllws using the data btained abve as fllws: Weight f saked seeds Hydratin cefficient % = X 100 Initial weight Ckability: Twenty grams f hyacinth bean seeds were prcessed in 200 ml f tap water in a cnical flask at 110 C fr 30 min. The sample was reweighed after prcessing. Ckability was calculated as fllws: Weight after prcessing initial weight (20g) Ckability % = X 100 Initial weight (20g) 607

4 Chemical Cmpsitin Determinatin: Chemical cmpsitin f the seeds was determined accrding t the methds f AOAC (1995). Tannin Cntent Determinatin: Quantitative estimatin f tannins was carried ut using the mdified vanillin HCl methd (Price et al., 1978). A 200 mg sample was extracted using 10 ml 1% (v/v) cncentrated HCl in methanl fr 20 min in capped rtating test tubes. Vanillin reagent (0.5%, 5 ml) was added t the extract (1 ml) and the absrbance f the clur develped after 20 min at 30 C was read at 500 nm. A standard curve was prepared expressing the results as catechin equivalents, i.e. amunt f catechin (mg/ml) which gives a clur intensity equivalent t that given by tannins after crrecting fr blank. Then tannin cntent (%) was calculated accrding t the equatin: C x 10 x 100 x 100 Catechin equivalent (CE)% Where: C = cncentratin btained frm the standard curve (mg/ ml). 10 = Vlume f extract (ml) 20 = Sample weight (mg) In vitr Prtein Digestibility (IVPD) Determinatin: IVPD was determined by the methd f Saunder et al. (1973). A sample (0.2 g) was placed in a 50 ml centrifuge tube, 15 ml f 0.1M HCl cntaining 1.5 mg pepsin were added, and the tube was incubated at 37 C fr 3 h. The suspensin was then neutralized with 0.5M NaOH and treated with pancreatin (4.0 mg) in 7.5 ml f 0.2M phsphate buffer, ph 8.0, cntaining 0.05% sdium azide; the mixture was then gently shaken and incubated at 37 C fr 24 h. After incubatin, the sample was treated with 10% trichlracetic acid (10 ml) and centrifuged at 5000x g fr 20 min at rm temperature. Nitrgen in the supernatant was determined by Kjeldahl methd (AOAC, 1995). Digestibility was calculated using the frmula: IVPD % = N in supernatant - enzyme N X 100 N in sample Statistical Analysis: Experimental data were analyzed by using the general linear mdels prcedure, the ANOVA prcedure, and Duncan s multiple range test (1999 versin; SAS Sftware Inst. Inc., Cary, N.C., U.S.A.). Least significant differences were cmputed at P Data were als analyzed using the crrelatin prcedure (Pearsn s crrelatin cefficients) in SAS. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Effect f Treatments n Seed Physical Prperties: As shwn in Table 1, Bradyrhizbium inculatin shwed a significant (P 0.05) effect n the hydratin cefficient f hyacinth bean seeds in all seasns. Chicken manure and sulphur fertilizatin were significantly (P 0.05) imprved the hydratin cefficient f uninculated seeds with increasing level f each. Hwever, after inculatin the rate f imprvement greatly increased in all seasns with maximum values btained when 10t/fed f chicken manure was used (255.60, and % fr the first, secnd and residual seasn, respectively) r 100kg/fed f sulphur was applied (243.64, and % fr the first, secnd and residual seasn, respectively). The results btained fr bth fertilizers indicated that fertilizatin f hyacinth bean by chicken manure r sulphur greatly imprved the hydratin cefficient f the crp seeds. Mrever, fertilizatin f inculated seeds caused further imprvement in hydratin cefficient f the seeds. Generally, hydratin cefficient is a valuable factr fr bth cnsumers and prcessrs. Lw hydratin cefficient 608

5 indicates that the seeds are nt capable f absrbing water efficiently. Legumes, in general have mre than Table 1: Effect f Bradyrhizbium inculatin and chicken manure r sulphur fertilizatin n hydratin cefficient f hyacinth bean grwn fr three cnsecutive seasns. Hydratin cefficient (%) Treatment Cntrl t/fed t/fed t/fed t/fed Means Overall Cntrl kg/fed kg/fed kg/fed kg/fed Means Overall LSD(5 %) Treatment (s) Amendments Inculated Amendments X Inculated Amendment X level Amendment X Inculated X level Table 2: Effect f Bradyrhizbium inculatin and chicken manure r sulphur fertilizatin n ckability f hyacinth bean grwn fr three cnsecutive seasns. Ckability (%) Treatment Cntrl t/fed t/fed t/fed t/fed Means Overall Cntrl kg/fed kg/fed kg/fed kg/fed Means Overall LSD (5 %) Treatment (s) Amendments

6 Inculated Amendments X Inculated Amendment X level Amendment X Inculated X level duble f the initial weight after saking in water (Elsheikh and Alzidany, 1997b). It has been reprted that a psitive effect fr hydratin cefficient have been bserved after applicatin f chicken manure r sulphur t faba bean (Elsheikh and Alzidany, 1997b). Cntradictry results were reprted by Abdelgani et al., (1999) wh stated that hydratin cefficient f fenugreek seeds were nt affected by inculatin. Hwever, ther studies indicated that, inculatin significantly increased the hydratin cefficient f grundnut (Elsheikh and Mhamedzein, 1998) and faba bean (Elsheikh and Ahmed, 2000) seeds. The difference in respnse t such treatments culd be attributed t the difference in cultivars as well as the grwing envirnment. Chicken manure r sulphur applicatin significantly (P 0.05) imprved ckability f uninculated seeds with increasing level f each (Table 2). Hwever, after inculatin f the seeds the rate f imprvement greatly increased in all seasns with maximum values btained when 10t/fed f chicken manure was used (110.72, and % fr the first, secnd and residual seasn, respectively) r 100kg/fed f sulphur was applied (111.56, and % fr the first, secnd and residual seasn, respectively). The results btained fr bth fertilizers indicated that fertilizatin f hyacinth bean by chicken manure r sulphur greatly imprved ckability f the crp seeds. Mrever, fertilizatin f inculated seeds caused further imprvement in ckability f the seeds. It was als bserved that the hydratin cefficient greatly affected ckability f the seeds. Ckability is knwn t be affected by saking time, type f water, envirnmental factrs, lcatin and time f harvesting (El Mubarak et al., 1988). It has been fund that chicken manure significantly increased the ckability f faba bean seeds in the presence r absence f Bradyrhizbium inculatin (Elsheikh and Alzidany, 1997b). Effect f Treatments n Prximate Cmpsitin: The misture (Table 3) and ash (Table 4) cntents f hyacinth bean seeds were nt significantly affected neither by chicken manure nr by sulphur applicatin in the presence r absence f Bradyrhizbium inculatin in all seasns. Elsheikh and Alzidany (1997a) reprted that inculatin f faba bean seeds with Bradyrhizbium was fund t affect the misture cntent f the seeds. Generally misture cntent f the seeds was fund t be affected by factrs ther than treatments such as the relative humidity f the surrunding atmsphere at the time f harvest, during inculatin and strage (Elsheikh, 2001). Inculatin was reprted t increase the ash cntent f guar (Elsheikh and Ibrahim, 1999), faba bean (Elsheikh and Mhamedzein, 1998) and fenugreek (Abdelgani et al., 1999) seeds. Chicken manure r sulphur fertilizatin significantly increased the fat cntent f hyacinth bean in the presence r absence f Bradyrhizbium inculatin in all seasns (Table 5). The maximum values btained fr fat after applicatin f 10t/fed chicken manure t inculated seeds were 2.71, 2.68 and 3.03% fr the first, secnd and residual seasn, respectively. Applicatin f 100kg/fed sulphur t inculated seeds gave maximum values f 3.70, 3.13 and 3.93% fat during the first, secnd and residual seasn, respectively. The imprvement trend btained in this study is similar t that reprted by Abdelgani et al. (1999) fr fenugreek and Elsheikh and Alzidany (1997a) fr faba bean. Fats are imprtant dietary cnstituents because f their high energy value, vitamins and essential fatty acids which are assciated with fat f natural fd (Egan et al., 1989). Chicken manure r sulphur fertilizatin befre and after inculatin slightly increased the fiber cntent f hyacinth bean in all seasns (Table 6). The maximum values btained fr fiber after applicatin f 10t/fed chicken manure t inculated seeds were 6.97, 6.06 and 8.43% fr the first, secnd and residual seasn, respectively. Applicatin f 100kg/fed sulphur t inculated seeds gave maximum values f 8.20, 7.53 and 8.25% fiber during the first, secnd and residual seasn, respectively. Fiber cntent f legume seeds was reprted t be affected by chemical and rganic fertilizers (Elsheikh and Alzidany, 1997a), envirnmental cnditin (Elsheikh and Mhamedzein, 1998) and plant variety (Abdelgani et al., 1999). Treatments applied t the seeds prvide fiber t be likely cnsisting f high level f cellulse tgether with prprtin f lignin and hemicellulse. The fiber cntent is an imprtant cnstituent f human and animal fd and it is needed in a reasnable prprtin as it gives the bulk t the diet and helps in mvement f fd thrugh the digestive tract. Chicken manure r sulphur fertilizatin with r withut Bradyrhizbium inculatin significantly (P 0.05) increased the prtein cntent f hyacinth bean seeds during all seasns (Table 7). The maximum values btained fr prtein after applicatin f 10t/fed chicken manure t inculated seeds were 28.45, and 27.89% fr the first, secnd 610

7 and residual seasn, respectively. Applicatin f 100kg/fed sulphur t inculated seeds gave maximum values f 28.45, and 27.99% prtein during the first, secnd and residual seasns, respectively. The results btained are in a gd agreement with thse reprted by Mendza et al. (1994) and Mhamed and Mustafa, (1994). Table 3: Effect f Bradyrhizbium inculatin and chicken manure r sulphur fertilizatin n misture cntent f hyacinth bean grwn fr three cnsecutive seasns. Misture cntent (%) Treatment Cntrl t/fed t/fed t/fed t/fed Means Overall Cntrl kg/fed kg/fed kg/fed kg/fed Means Overall LSD (5 %) Treatment (s) Amendments Inculated Amendments X Inculated Amendment X level Amendment X Inculated X level Table 4: Effect f Bradyrhizbium inculatin and chicken manure r sulphur fertilizatin n ash cntent f hyacinth grwn fr three cnsecutive seasns. Ash cntent (%) Treatment Cntrl t/fed t/fed t/fed t/fed Means Overall Cntrl kg/fed kg/fed kg/fed kg/fed Means Overall Treatment (s) Amendments Inculated

8 Amendments X Inculated Amendment X level Amendment X Inculated X level Table 5: Effect f Bradyrhizbium inculatin and chicken manure r sulphur fertilizatin n fat cntent f hyacinth bean grwn fr three cnsecutive seasns. Fat cntent (%) Treatment Cntrl t/fed t/fed t/fed t/fed Means Overall Cntrl 2, kg/fed kg/fed kg/fed kg/fed Means Overall Treatment (s) Amendments Inculated Amendments X Inculated Amendment X level Amendment X Inculated X level Table 6: Effect f Bradyrhizbium inculatin and chicken manure r sulphur fertilizatin n fiber cntent f hyacinth bean grwn fr three cnsecutive seasns. Fiber cntent (%) Treatment Cntrl t/fed t/fed t/fed t/fed Means Overall Cntrl kg/fed ` kg/fed kg/fed kg/fed Means Overall Treatment (s) Amendments Inculated

9 Amendments X Inculated Amendment X level Amendment X Inculated X level Table 7: Effect f Bradyrhizbium inculatin and chicken manure r sulphur fertilizatin n prtein cntent f hyacinth bean grwn fr three cnsecutive seasns. Prtein cntent (%) Treatment Cntrl t/fed t/fed t/fed t/fed Means Overall Cntrl kg/fed kg/fed kg/fed kg/fed Means Overall Treatment (s) Amendments Inculated Amendments X Inculated Amendment X level Amendment X Inculated X level Manure fertilizatin was fund t increase the prtein cntent significantly fr faba bean (Elsheikh and Alzidany, 1997a) and fenugreek (Abdelgani et al., 1999) seeds. The increase in the prtein cntent f hyacinth bean due t inculatin is an expected result as Bradyrhizbium inculatin increased N-fixing efficiency where mre nitrgen was fixed in the ndules and translcated t the seeds. Mrever, inculatin enhanced the symbitic prperties f hyacinth bean plant and better grwth and prductin were btained by bifertilizers applicatin. Inculatin with Bradyrhizbium strain significantly (P 0.05) decreased the carbhydrate cntent f hyacinth bean in all seasns (Table 8). Generally, the carbhydrate cntent f leguminus crps seeds was fund t decrease with Rhizbium inculatin (Elsheikh, 2001). Chicken manure r sulphur fertilizatin als significantly decreased the carbhydrate cntent, in all seasns. The results btained cnfirmed the findings f Elsheikh and Alzidany (1997a) fr faba bean and Abdelgani et al. (1999) fr fenugreek seeds. The reductin in carbhydrates cntent is likely t be due t increase f ther cnstituents f the seeds after chicken manure r sulphur fertilizatin in the presence r absence f Bradyrhizbium inculatin. Effect f Treatments n Tannin Cntent and in Vitr Prtein Digestibility: Tannin cntent f hyacinth bean seeds was fund t be ranged frm 0.03 t 0.04 mg/ml depend n the grwing cnditins (Table 9). Applicatin f chicken manure r sulphur with r withut Bradyrhizbium inculatin increased tannin cntent f the seeds. The maximum value btained fr tannin after applicatin f 10t/fed chicken manure t inculated seeds was 0.11 mg/ml fr all seasns. Applicatin f 100kg/fed sulphur t inculated seeds gave maximum values f 0.12, 0.12 and 0.09 mg/ml tannin during the first, secnd and residual seasn, respectively. Tannin cntent have been fund t lwer the nutritive value f fd and feeds by lwering palatability due t a stringency and bitter taste, cmplexing with prtein and carbhydrates and lwer the digestibility f bth (Babiker and El Tinay, 1993) likely by inhibitin f the 613

10 digestive and micrbial enzymes, txicity t rumen micrrganisms (Hahn et al., 1981). Chicken manure r sulphur, applicatin with r withut Bradyrhizbium inculatin significantly (P 0.05) increased the in vitr prtein digestibility f hyacinth bean in all seasns (Table 10). The maximum values btained fr the prtein digestibility after applicatin f 10t/fed chicken manure t inculated seeds were 88.95, and 97.33% fr the first, secnd and residual seasn, respectively. Applicatin f 100kg/fed sulphur t inculated seeds Table 8: Effect f Bradyrhizbium inculatin and chicken manure r sulphur fertilizatin n carbhydrate cntent f hyacinth bean grwn fr three cnsecutive seasns. Carbhydrate cntent (%) Treatment Cntrl t/fed t/fed t/fed t/fed Means Overall Cntrl kg/fed kg/fed kg/fed kg/fed Means Overall Treatment (s) Amendments Inculated Amendments X Inculated Amendment X level Amendment X Inculated X level Table 9: Effect f Bradyrhizbium inculatin and chicken manure r sulphur fertilizatin n tannin cntent (mg/ml) f hyacinth bean grwn fr three cnsecutive seasns. Tannin cntent (mg/ml) Treatment Cntrl t/fed t/fed t/fed t/fed Means Overall Cntrl kg/fed kg/fed kg/fed kg/fed Means Overall Treatment (s)

11 Amendments Inculated Amendments X Inculated Amendment X level Amendment X Inculated X level Table 10: Effect f Bradyrhizbium inculatin and chicken manure r sulphur fertilizatin n in vitr prtein digestibility (IVPD) f hyacinth bean grwn fr three cnsecutive seasns. IVPD (%) Treatment Cntrl t/fed t/fed t/fed t/fed Means Overall Cntrl kg/fed kg/fed kg/fed kg/fed Means Overall Treatment (s) Amendments Inculated Amendments X Inculated Amendment X level Amendment X Inculated X level gave maximum values f 98.33, and 90.80% prtein digestibility during the first, secnd and residual seasn, respectively. It has been reprted that inculatin increased the in vitr prtein digestibility f grundnuts (Elsheikh and Mhamedzein, 1998) and faba bean (Elsheikh and alzidany, 1997a). It has been reprted that tannins adversely affected the prtein digestibility (Babiker and El Tinay, 1993). Hwever, in this study inculatin f the seeds increased bth tannin cntent and prtein digestibility and this bservatin is a departure frm an therwise gd crrelatin between tannin cntent and prtein digestibility. The explanatin fr this difference is nt clear, but may lie in chemical (as well as quantitative) differences between tannins f different plants. Cnclusin: Chicken manure r sulfur fertilizatin significantly imprved the seed quality f hyacinth bean especially at a level f 10t/fed f chicken manure r 100kg/fed f sulphur. Further imprvement was bserved when the seeds were inculated with Bradyrhizbium. REFERENCES Abdelgani, M.E., E.A.E., Elsheikh and N.O., Mukhtar, The effect f Rhizbium inculatin and chemical fertilizatin n seed quality f fenugreek. Fd Chemistry 64: Abdelgani, M.E., E.A.E., Elsheikh and N.O., Mukhtar, Effect f Rhizbium inculatin and chicken manure fertilizatin n grwth, ndulatin and yield f fenugreek (Trignella fenumgraecum L.), University f Khartum Jurnal f Agricultural Sciences, 11: AOAC, Official methds f Analysis f the Assciatin f Official Analatical Chemists, W. Hrwitz (Ed.), 16th edn. Assciatin f Official Analytical Chemists, Washingtn, DC. Babiker, E.E. and A.H., El Tinay, Effect f saking in water r in sdium carbnate n tannin 615

12 cntent and in vitr prtein digestibility f srghum cultivars. Internatinal Jurnal f Fd Science and Technlgy, 28: Babiker, E.E., E.A.E., Elsheikh, A.J., Osman and A.H., El Tinay, Effect f nitrgen fixatin, nitrgen fertilizatin and viral infectin in yield, tannin and prtein cntent and in vitr prtein digestibility f faba bean. Plant Fds fr Human Nutiritin, 47: Cleyet-Marel, J.C., Preparatin f a cultural medium fr Rhizbium. In: Technical Handbk n Symbitic Nitrgen Fixatin. Legume/Rhizbium. FAO, Rme, Italy. Dakra, F.D. and S.O. Keya, Cntributin f legume nitrgen fixatin t sustainable agriculture in sub-saharan Africa. Sil Micrbilgy and Bitechnlgy, 29: Egan, H., S.R., Kink and A., Saweyer, Persn s chemical analysis f fds, 8th ed.. Lngman Science and Technical, Lndn., pp: El Mubarak, A.A., F.A., Salih, A., Abdel Galiel and A.M., Ghrashi, Effect f time f harvest n physical and chemical cmpsitin, ckability and yield f faba bean. FABIS Newsletter 20: Elsheikh, E.A.E. and A.G., Osman, Rhizbium leguminsarum inculatin and the decrease in damage f faba bean (Vicia faba) infected with brad bean mttle brmvirus and bean yellw msaic ptyvirus. Wrld Jurnal f Micrbilgy and Bitechnlgy, 11: Elsheikh, E.A.E. and A.A., Alzidany, 1997a. Effect f Rhizbium inculatin, rganic and chemical fertilizers n prximate cmpsitin, in vitr prtein digestibility (IVPD), tannin and sulphur cntent f faba beans. Fd Chemistry, 59: Elsheikh, E.A.E. and A.A., Alzidany, 1997b. Effect f Rhizbium inculatin, rganic and chemical fertilizers n yield and physical prperties f faba bean seeds. Plant Fds fr Human Nutritin 51: Elsheikh, E.A.E. and E.I.A., Ahmed, A nte n the effect f intercrpping and Rhizbium inculatin n the seed quality f faba bean (vicia faba L.). University f Khartum Jurnal f Agricultural Sciences, 8: Elsheikh, E.A.E. and E.M.E., Mhamedzein, Effect f Brady-rhizbium, VA mycrrhiza and fertilizers n seed cmpsitin f grundnut. Annals f Applied Bilgy, 132: Elsheikh, E.A.E. and K.A., Ibrahim, The effects f Brady-rhizbium n yield and seed quality f guar (Cyampsis teteragnlba (L.)). Fd Chemistry, 65: Elsheikh, E.A.E., Effect f inculatin with Rhizbium n the seed chemical and physical prperties f legumes. Aspects f Applied Bilgy, 63: Farrag, A.A., A.A., Shehata and M.M., Kandil, The effect f phsphrus and sulphur fertilizers n seed prtein f brad bean plants. In Prceedings Middle East Sympsium, ed. M. A. Hilal. Jhn Wiley, Washingtn, DC. Ghani, A., J.H., Watkinsn and M.P., Upsdell, Mdeling the xidatin f elemental sulphur in New Zealand pastral sils. in Agriculture, 20: 3-9. Hahn, D.H., J.M. Faubin, S.H. Ring, C.A. Dherty and L.W. Rney, Semiautmated in vitr analysis f srghum prtein availability via prtease hydrlysis. Cereal Chemistry, 29: Lindemann, W.C., J.J., Aburt, W.M., Haffner and A.A., Bn, Effect f sulphur surce n sulphur xidatin. Sil Science Sciety f American Jurnal, 55: Lindet, M.V.M., C.P.V., Maria and G.R., Nrma, Grwth characteristics and symbitic efficiency f rhizbia islated frm cw pea ndules f the Nrtheast Regin f Brazil. Sil Bilgy and Bichemistry, 29: Mendza, E.M.T., F.M., Rdriguez and M.J.R., Revilleza, Prximate chemical cmpsitin f several Philippine indigenus fd legumes. Philippine Agriculturist, 73: Mhamed, A.A. and M.M., Mustafa, A cmparative study f six cmmercial sybean varieties inculated with Rhizbium japnicum under Shambat s cnditins. Albuhuth Scientific Jurnal, 4: Okereke, G.U. and C.C., Onchie, Screening f native and freign Bradyrhizbium japnicum strains fr N2-fixatin in sybean. Wrld Jurnal f Micrbilgy and Bitechnlgy 12: Price, M.L., S., Van Scyc and L.G., Butler, A critical evaluatin f the vanillin reactins as an assay fr tannin in srghum grain. Jurnal f Agricultural and Fd Chemistry, 26: SAS Institute, SAS user s guide: Statistics (Ver. 6.11). Cary, NC, SAS Institute, Inc. Saunder, R.M., M.A., Cnnr, A.N., Bth, E.M, Bichff and G.O., Khler, Measurement f digestibility f alfalfa prtein cncentrates by in vitr and in viv methds. Jurnal f Nutritin 103: