Nutrition. SZTE ÁOK Biokémiai Intézet
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1 Nutrition
2 Purpose Optimal, enbalanced nutrition - intake of every required nutritient - prevent the intake of harmful materials Purpose: maintain or restore health and good life quality
3 Demands and supply What do we need? - nutritients: macro: proteins, carbonhydrates, fats micro: vitamins, minerals What do we eat? - nutritients - fibres - additives (e.g. spices) - bioactive compounds (e.g. alkaloids, hormons) Storeage, processing: loss of nutritions
4 Fat, oil, sweets Cheese, dairy products Vegetables Fish, egg, meat Fruits Bread, pasta, wheat products
5 Makronutrients Each can be devoted to energy production! Transfer to each other (except: essential amino acids) Ideal rate of energy intake: carbohydrates 55-60%, fats 25-30%, proteins 10-15%
6 Proteins - quantity 0,8 g/kg/day, 10-15% of energy intake Elevated requirements: e.g. childhood, recovery, strengh sports Protein-spare: sufficient carbohydrate energy source is carbohydrate
7 Proteins - quality Limiting amino acids: restrict utilization (generally Lys, Met, Trp) Biological value: similarity to the amino acid - rate of human proteins complete: animal incomplete: plant lack of esszential amino acids Complettation
8 Proteins - abnormalities Absence - marasmus (low energy and protein intake) elderly population - kwashiorkor (decreased protein intake + infection) children
9 Excessive intake - obesity - decomposition products tendency to metabolic acidosis, hyperammonaemia - increase of Vitamine B6 requirement Proposed: intake low fat-containing, completted proteins
10 Carbohydrates Dose: - min g/person/day % of energy intake Deficite glukagone-effect - protein-decomposition glukoneogenesis - fatty acid decomposition ketogen tendency
11 Excessive intake insuline-effect - elevated glycogen, triglyceride and protein synthesis - B1-vitamine requirement increases - effect of monosaccharides (caries, fluctuation of blood sugar level)
12 Lipids Dose: 25-30% of energy intake Quality - saturated (pl. valeric acid, palmitoic acid, sztearic acid, arachidic acid, etc. - unsaturated (pl. palmitoleic acid, oilic acid; doxosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenic acid, alpha-linolenic acid) - essential
13 Abnormalities Deficite: absorption disturbances - amount of lipase/biliaric acid decreases - symptomes: deficiency symptomes of lipophilic vitamines poly-unsaturated skin-inflammation EPA thrombotic tendency newborn lack of DHA CNS developmentdisturbances
14 Excessive intake - change of lipidprofile - atherosclerosis - ischemic heart disease - etc.
15 Fibres Dose: 30 g/day Not water-soluble: cellulose - structure: glcuose polymer - effect: cleaning of the colon, etc.
16 Water-soluble fibres Hemicellulose - structure: cellulose+xilane+other units - effect: gel formation, etc. Pectine - structure: polygalacturone acid-derived - effect: absoprtion of fat, biliary acids, etc. Lignine - structure: polifenol-derived - effect: antioxydant, etc. Others
17 Abnormalities Deficite - developed countries - elevated risk: obstipation, colon cancer, etc. Abuse - underdeveloped countries - consequences: Fe, Ca depletion, reduced absorption of lipid-soluble vitamines, etc.
18 Micronutrients: vitamins Coenzyme function - vitamins: B1 B2 Nikotinic-acid B12 Folic acid B6 Vitamin K Pantothenic acid
19 - vitamin-like: biotin, carnitin, ubiquinone (Q10) Ubiquinone carnitin biotin
20 Antioxidants - hidrophil: Vitamin C Vitamin C: Hidroxylation reactions, oxidation of Fe 3+, neutralization of free radicals Sources, recommended dosage, deficiency symptoms flavonoids (e.g. resveratrol)
21 - lipophil: Vitamin E (tocopherol) Redox chain with Vitamin C, glutathione, NADPH+H protection against tumors and ageing Sources, recommended dosage, deficiency symptoms Vitamin A Carotinoids
22 Others - Vitamin A Sight, growth, cell differentiation, antioxidant Source, recommended dosage, deficiency abuse symptoms
23 D2 - Vitamin D (lipophil) Role in Ca2+ homeostasis source, production, recommended dosage, deficiency and abuse symptoms choline inositol
24 Micronutrients: minerals Macrominerals (daily claim>100 mg) - Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, P, S Microminerals (daily claim<100 mg) - Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, F, I, Cr, Co, Se, Mo, stb.
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