BIOLOGY 2120 LAB - OBJECTIVE SET 1 Dr. Hamilton

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1 BIOLOGY 2120 LAB - OBJECTIVE SET 1 Dr. Hamilton EXERCISE 1: INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1 Assume and describe the anatomical position. 2. Locate all of the anterior and posterior body landmarks on yourself, your lab partner, and/or on a model. 3. Know the directional terms: superior/inferior, anterior/posterior, medial/lateral, cranial/caudal, dorsal/ventral, proximal/distal, superficial/deep 4. Describe the following body planes commonly referred to by anatomists: sagittal, frontal, transverse 5. Distinguish between the dorsal body cavity and the ventral body cavity and list the subdivisions of each. 6. Identify and briefly describe the following smaller body cavities: oral, nasal, orbital, middle ear, synovial. 7. Complete Activities and Post-Lab Assignments EXERCISE 2: ORGAN SYSTEMS 1. Identify each of the following organs on a torso model, name the organ system to which it belongs, and state its general function: brain, spinal cord, nerve, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, heart, aorta (ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta), superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, diaphragm, lymphatic vessel, lymph node, spleen, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lung, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra, testis, ovary, oviduct (fallopian tube), uterus, vagina EXERCISE 4: THE MICROSCOPE 1. Identify the following parts of the microscope and describe the function of each part: ocular lenses ocular rotating nosepiece objective lenses Stage mechanical stage iris diaphragm lever condenser substage light head arm power switch light control mechanical stage controls coarse adjustment and fine adjustment knobs 2. Explain how total magnification is determined. Define resolution (ability to see 2 points as separate from each other) and working distance (distance from specimen to bottom of objective lens). 3. Complete Activities and Post-Lab Assignments EXERCISE 5: THE CELL ANATOMY AND DIVISION 1. Identify the following structures of a generalized cell and state the function of each structure: nucleus (nuclear envelope, nuclear pore) plasma membrane, exocytosis of secretory vesicle cytoplasm (cytosol, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, Golgi apparatus, microvilli, mitochondrion, lysosome) 2. Identify cell structures on the cell model and review function of each. 3. Complete Activities and Post-Lab Assignments EXERCISE 6: CLASSIFICATION OF TISSUES Epithelial Tissue 1. Observe the following slides under the microscope and study the illustrations: simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) epithelial cell, plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm locations: walls of air sacs, capillary walls, endothelial lining of blood vessels simple cuboidal epithelium epithelial cell, nucleus, basement membrane, connective tissue locations: wall of kidney tubules simple columnar epithelium epithelial cell, nucleus, basement membrane, connective tissue locations: lining of stomach and intestine ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium epithelial cell, nucleus, cilia, goblet cell locations: lining of trachea and large bronchi in lungs nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium epithelial cell, nucleus, basement membrane locations: lining of the vagina, mouth, pharynx and esophagus keratinized stratified squamous epithelium location: epidermis of the skin

2 Connective Tissue 2. Observe the following slides under the microscope and study the illustrations: Loose (areolar) nuclei of fibroblast, collagen fibers, elastic fibers Location: hypodermis Adipose nuclei of adipocytes, vacuole/fat droplet, blood vessel Location: hypodermis dense regular nuclei of fibroblasts, collagen fibers Location: tendons and ligaments dense irregular nuclei of fibroblasts, collagen fibers Location: dermis of the skin (reticular layer) hyaline cartilage chondrocyte in lacuna, matrix Location: wall of larynx, articular cartilage, costal (rib) cartilage elastic cartilage chondrocyte in lacuna, elastic fibers in matrix location: epiglottis, external ear (auricle or pinna) fibrocartilage chondrocyte in lacuna, collagen fibers in matrix Location: intervertebral disks bone osteocyte in lacuna, canaliculi, central canal, lamella human blood smear erthyrocyte, leukocyte, platelet Muscle Tissue 2. Observe the following slides under the microscope and study the illustrations: cardiac muscle muscle fiber, intercalated disc, nucleus, striations location: wall of the heart smooth muscle muscle fiber, nucleus location: walls of hollow internal organs skeletal muscle part of muscle fiber, nucleus, striations location: muscle that attaches to bone Nervous Tissue 1. Observe the following slides under the microscope and study the illustration: neuron cell body of neuron, cellular processes of neuron, nuclei of neuroglial cells 2

3 EXERCISE 7: THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 1. Study the illustrations 2. Study the skin model and identify the following structures: Epidermis dermis (papillary layer and reticular layer) hypodermis hair root hair follicle adipose tissue artery hair shaft eccrine sweat gland apocrine sweat gland root hair plexus vein Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscle Tactile (Meissner s) corpuscle Piloerector (arrector pili) muscle sebaceous gland 3. State the function of each structure identified. Distinguish among the epidermis, the dermis, and the hypodermis with respect to structure and function. Also identify the five layers of the epidermis and state the function of each layer. Distinguish among keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells with respect to location and function. Distinguish among first degree, second degree, and third degree burns. EXERCISE 8: OVERVIEW OF THE SKELETON 1. Distinguish between axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. 2. Learn the following bone markings and their descriptions:] Tuberosity Crest Trochanter Line Tubercle Epicondyle Spine Process Head Facet Condyle Ramus Sinus Meatus Fossa Groove Fissure Foramen 3. Classify bones: long, short, flat, irregular 4. Identify the following structures of the long bone and state the function of each: proximal epiphysis, diaphysis, distal epiphysis, spongy bone, articular cartilage, epiphyseal line, periosteum, compact bone, medullary cavity, endosteum, yellow bone marrow, perforating fibers 5. Review bone slide: bone - osteon, central canal, lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi 6. Identify the following structures on the illustration and the model of bone histology: osteon, central or haversian canal, osteocyte (nucleus, cell body, cytoplasmic extensions), lacunae, canaliculi, perforating (Volkmann s) canal 7. Where do you find hyaline cartilage? elastic cartilage? fibrocartilage? Locate these areas on a skeleton. 8. Review slides: hyaline cartilage elastic cartilage fibrocartilage 3

4 EXERCISE 9: THE AXIAL SKELETON 1. Identify each of the following cranial bones and their associated markings frontal bone (glabella, supraorbital sphenoid bone ( greater wings, lesser foramen) wings, sella turcica, hypophyseal fossa, parietal bone superior orbital fissure, optic canal) temporal bones (zygomatic process, ethmoid bone (crista galli, cribriform plate, mandibular fossa, external auditory olfactory foramina, perpendicular plate, meatus, styloid process, mastoid process, superior nasal chonchae, middle nasal jugular foramen, carotid canal, internal conchae) acoustic meatus) occipital bone (foramen magnum, occipital condyles, external occipital crest, external occipital protuberance) 2. Identify each of the following facial bones and their associated markings: mandible (body, ramus, mandibular palatine bones condyle, coronoid process, mandibular zygomatic bones angle, mental foramen, alveolar margin, lacrimal bones (lacrimal fossa) mandibular foramen) nasal bones maxillae (alveolar margin, palatine process, vomer bone infraorbital foramen, incisive fossa), inferior nasal conchae 3. Identify the following sutures and name the bones they connect: coronal, lambdoid, squamosal, sagittal 4. Identify the hyoid bone on a skeleton. How is this bone unique? 5. Identify the four curvatures of the vertebral column and describe three abnormal curvatures (lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis). 6. Intervertebral disks and vertebrae: Identify the intervertebral discs, the intervertebral foramina, the cervical vertebrae, vertebra prominens, the thoracic vertebrae, the lumbar vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx. 7. Identify the following structural features of a typical vertebra: body, vertebral arch, lamina, transverse process, inferior articular surface, superior articular surface, spinous process, vertebral foramen, pedicle 8. Be able to distinguish between the atlas and the axis and identify typical vertebral structures on each bone in addition to these structures: atlas - anterior tubercle, posterior tubercle, facet for dens; axis - dens (odontoid process) 9. Distinguish between three types of vertebrae with respect to: body, spinous process, vertebral foramen, and transverse processes 10. Identify the sacrum and note the following specific bone markings found on this bone: body of first sacral vertebra, sacral promontory, sacral canal, sacral foramina, sacral hiatus, median sacral crest 11. Identify the coccyx. Why are the sacrum and the coccyx considered to be composite bones? 12. Identify the following bones of the bony thorax and their associated markings: jugular notch, ribs (head, neck, shaft, costal cartilage), sternum (manubrium, body, xiphoid process) 13. Examine the fetal skull model and study the illustration. Be able to define fontanel and locate the structural features of the fetal skull on the model as well as on diagrams. 4

5 EXERCISE 10: THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON 1. Identify the bones of the pectoral girdle and upper extremity and note important bone markings on each: Pectoral Girdle clavicle (acromial end, sternal end); scapula (coracoid process, suprascapular notch, supraspinous fossa, spine, infraspinous fossa, medial border, lateral border, acromion, subscapular fossa, glenoid (fossa) cavity, superior border Arm humerus (greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, intertubercular sulcus, radial fossa, capitulum, trochlea, medial epicondyle, olecranon fossa, coronoid fossa, deltoid tuberosity, anatomical neck, head, surgical neck, lateral epicondyle) Forearm radius (head, neck, radial tuberosity, styloid process of radius, ulnar notch); ulna (olecranon process, trochlear notch, coronoid process, radial notch) Hand Carpals: scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate metacarpals proximal, middle, and distal phalanges (sing. phalanx) 2. Identify the bones of the pelvic girdle and the lower extremity and note important bone markings on each. Pelvic Girdle (2 coxal bones) coxal bones (ilium, ischium, pubis, greater sciatic notch, ischial body, ischial spine, lesser sciatic notch, ischial tuberosity, acetabulum, iliac crest, pubic crest, obturator foramen, iliac fossa) bony pelvis: sacrum, coccyx, 2 coxal bones (pubic arch, pubic symphysis, sacroiliac joint) Thigh femur (head, neck, fovea capitis, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, medial condyle, lateral condyle, medial epicondyle, lateral epicondyle, patellar surface) Leg tibia (lateral condyle, medial condyle, intercondylar eminence, tibial tuberosity, medial malleolus, anterior crest) fibula (head, lateral malleolus) Foot Tarsals: calcaneous, talus, navicular, cuboid, lateral cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, medial cuneiform Metatarsals proximal, middle, and distal phalanges 3. Compare the following characteristics in the male and female pelves: general structure and functional modifications, bone thickness, acetabula, pubic arch, sacrum, coccyx, pelvic inlet, pelvic outlet. 5