2 The Skeletal System

Transcription

1 4 Answer Key for PAL TM 3.0 Lab Guide 2 The Skeletal System Axial Skeleton Skull Self Review Exercise 2.1 A. Temporal B. Zygomatic C. Sphenoid D. Ethmoid E. Maxilla F. Mandible G. Vomer H. Inferior nasal concha I. Lacrimal J. Nasal Exercise 2.2 A. External acoustic meatus B. Lambdoid suture C. External occipital protuberance D. Mastoid process E. Styloid process F. Zygomatic process Exercise 2.3 A. Parietal B. Sutural C. Superior nuchal line D. External occipital protuberance Exercise 2.4 A. Lesser wing of sphenoid B. Greater wing of sphenoid C. Occipital D. Temporal E. Sella turcica F. Cribriform plate G. Crista galli H. Frontal Exercise 2.5 A. Olfactory foramina B. Optic canal C. Foramen spinosum D. Foramen lacerum Exercise 2.6 A. Palatine B. Sphenoid C. Temporal D. Mastoid process E. Occipital F. Occipital condyle G. Vomer H. Zygomatic Exercise 2.7 A. Frontal B. Ethmoid C. Lacrimal D. Palatine K. Frontal L. Glabella M. Inferior orbital fissure N. Infraorbital foramen O. Nasal spine P. Mental foramen Q. Alveolar margin R. Perpendicular plate S. Superior orbital fissure T. Supraorbital foramen/supraorbital notch G. Pterygoid process H. Nasal spine I. Temporal process J. Lacrimal fossa K. Squamous suture L. Coronal suture E. Occipital F. Temporal G. Lambdoid suture H. Sagittal suture I. Superior orbital fissure J. Internal acoustic meatus K. Hypoglossal canal L. Foramen magnum M. Jugular foramen N. Foramen rotundum O. Optic canal E. Foramen magnum F. Jugular foramen G. Carotid canal H. Foramen ovale I. Maxilla J. Mandibular fossa K. Foramen spinosum L. Foramen lacerum M. Foramen magnum N. Jugular foramen O. Carotid canal P. Foramen ovale E. Maxilla F. Zygomatic G. Sphenoid

2 Answer Key for PAL TM 3.0 Lab Guide 5 Exercise 2.8 A. Greater horn B. Lesser horn C. Body Vertebral Column Self Review Exercise 2.9 A. Spinous processes B. Intervertebral foramina C. Intervertebral discs D. Sacrum and (sacral) curvature Exercise 2.10 A. Transverse process B. Superior articular facet Exercise 2.11 A. Vertebral foramen B. Pedicle C. Transverse process D. Dens (odontoid process) E. Superior articular facet Exercise 2.12 A. Vertebral foramen B. Lamina C. Superior articular facet D. Pedicle Exercise 2.13 A. Transverse process B. Transverse costal facet C. Spinous process D. Inferior articular process Exercise 2.14 A. Sacral canal B. Median sacral crest C. Sacral hiatus D. Coccyx E. Cervical vertebrae and curvature F. Thoracic vertebrae and curvature G. Lumbar vertebrae and curvature C. Anterior arch D. Lateral mass F. Lamina G. Body H. Inferior articular facet I. Spinous process J. Transverse foramen E. Body F. Transverse process G. Transverse foramen H. Spinous process E. Costal demifacet F. Body G. Costal facet H. Superior articular process and facet E. Sacral foramina F. Ala G. Superior articular facet H. Body Thoracic Cage Self Review Exercise 2.15 A. Clavicular notch B. Manubrium C. Sternal angle Exercise 2.16 A. Costal groove B. Articular tubercle and facet C. Neck D. Body E. Xiphoid process F. Jugular notch D. Head E. Costal angle F. Body Bone Rotation Questions Axial Skeleton A. Anterior view B. Inferior view C. Posterosuperior view Axial Skeleton Quiz 1. Temporal 2. Parietal bones 3. Tympanic 4. Mandibular fossa; temporal bone

3 6 Answer Key for PAL TM 3.0 Lab Guide 5. frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxilla, zygomatic, lacrimal, palatine 6. temporal, zygomatic 7. Posterior to the ear 8. Ethmoid (perpendicular plate) and vomer 9. a. external acoustic meatus yes b. jugular foramen yes c. internal acoustic meatus yes d. carotid canal yes e. foramen spinosum no f. foramen ovale no g. foramen rotundum no h. optic canal no 10. cervical: 7; thoracic: 12; lumbar: 5; sacrum: 5; coccyx: Transverse foramina 12. Transverse costal facets 13. Anterior manubrium, body, xiphoid process True ribs have direct connections to the sternum via individual costal cartilages. The first three pairs of false ribs attach indirectly to the sternum via fused costal cartilages. The final two pairs of false ribs, the floating ribs, have no attachment to the sternum. 17. Hyoid; axial skeleton 18. Cribriform plate: olfactory nerves; Optic canals: optic nerves 19. Bones: maxillae, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid Functions: warm and humidify air, lighten skull; sound resonance 20. Vertebral arteries: transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae; foramen magnum Internal carotid arteries: carotid canals Internal jugular veins: jugular foramina 1. Normal: An intervertebral disc has an inner pocket of gelatinous material called the nucleus pulposus. Surrounding the nucleus pulposus is the anulus fibrosus, a tough connective tissue layer consisting of fibrocartilage and collagen fibers. Herniated: If the anulus fibrosis is ruptured by age-related degeneration or physical trauma, protrusion of the nucleus pulposus into the vertebral foramen occurs. The herniation presses on spinal nerves and/or the spinal cord and causes numbness and/or severe pain. 2. Primary curvature: Develops when an infant is able to hold up its head Secondary curvature: develops when a child is able to sit and stand Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral Girdle Self Review Exercise 2.17 A. Acromial end B. Conoid tubercle C. Sternal end Exercise 2.18 A. Acromion B. Lateral angle and neck C. Subscapular fossa D. Lateral (axillary) border E. Inferior angle F. Medial (vertebral) border G. Superior angle H. Superior border I. Coracoid process J. Supraspinous fossa K. Spine L. Infraspinous fossa M. Infraglenoid tubercle N. Glenoid fossa (cavity) O. Acromion Upper Limb Self Review Exercise 2.19 A. Greater tubercle B. Intertubercular sulcus (groove) C. Deltoid tuberosity D. Radial fossa E. Capitulum F. Trochlea G. Coronoid fossa H. Lesser tubercle I. Head J. Anatomical neck K. Surgical neck L. Radial groove M. Medial supracondylar ridge N. Medial epicondyle O. Olecranon fossa P. Lateral epicondyle Q. Lateral supracondylar ridge R. Shaft

4 Answer Key for PAL TM 3.0 Lab Guide 7 Exercise 2.20 A. Olecranon process B. Styloid process C. Head D. Interosseous border Exercise 2.21 A. Head B. Neck C. Shaft Exercise 2.22 A. Metacarpal 1 B. Phalanges of digit 1 C. Distal phalanx of digit 3 D. Middle phalanx of digit 3 E. Proximal phalanx of digit 3 F. Phalanges of digit 5 G. Metacarpal 5 H. Pisiform E. Shaft F. Radial notch G. Coronoid process H. Trochlear notch D. Styloid process E. Interosseous border (crest) F. Radial tuberosity I. Hamate J. Capitate K. Triquetral L. Lunate M. Scaphoid N. Trapezium O. Trapezoid Pelvic Girdle Self Review Exercise 2.23 A. Iliac fossa B. Iliac crest C. Obturator foramen Exercise 2.24 A. Posterior superior iliac spine B. Sacrum C. Coccyx D. Ischial tuberosity Exercise 2.25 A. Coccyx B. Body (of sacrum) C. Iliac crest D. Iliac fossa D. Ischial tuberosity E. Pubic symphysis F. Acetabulum G. Pubic tubercle E. Ischial spine F. Posterior inferior iliac spine G. Greater sciatic notch H. Iliac crest E. Superior articular process F. Pubic crest G. Ischial spine Lower Limb Self Review Exercise 2.26 A. Greater trochanter B. Shaft C. Lateral epicondyle D. Patellar surface E. Medial epicondyle F. Lesser trochanter G. Neck H. Head I. Medial supracondylar line Exercise 2.27 A. Lateral condyle B. Tibial tuberosity C. Anterior crest D. Medial malleolus J. Adductor tubercle K. Medial condyle L. Intercondylar fossa M. Lateral condyle N. Lateral supracondylar line O. Linea aspera P. Gluteal tuberosity Q. Intertrochanteric crest E. Medial condyle F. Interosseous crest (border) G. Fibular notch H. Articular facet for head of fibula Exercise 2.28 A. Head B. Interosseus border (crest) C. Lateral malleolus

5 8 Answer Key for PAL TM 3.0 Lab Guide Exercise 2.29 A. Calcaneus B. Cuboid C. Lateral cuneiform D. Metatarsals E. Middle phalanges F. Distal phalanges G. Proximal phalanges H. Medial cuneiform I. Intermediate cuneiform J. Navicular K. Talus Bone Rotation Questions Appendicular Skeleton Question 1 A. Anterior view B. Posterior view Question 2 A. Lateral view B. Medial view C. Posterior view Question 3 A. Posterior view B. Medial view C. Lateral view Appendicular Skeleton Quiz 1. Acromion 2. Humerus, head 3. Ulna, scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum/triquetral 4. trapezium, triquetral/triquetrum, trapezoid, pisiform, scaphoid, capitate, lunate, hamate 5. Olecranon process 6. Radius 7. a. 5th middle phalanx 8. a. humerus b. clavicle c. humerus d. scapula e. humerus f. ulna g. radius and ulna h. scapula 9. pubis, ischium, ilium 10. Femur, head 11. Tibia 12. Calcaneus 13. Ischial tuberosity 14. The patella articulates with the patellar surface of the femur. 15. c. lateral cuneiform 16. a. femur b. tibia c. fibula d. tibia e. patella f. femur g. tibia 17. Pubic angle is larger in the female (80 90 ); ilium is flared; ischial tuberosities are farther apart than in male; tilted more forward than male; true pelvis is broad and shallow

6 Answer Key for PAL TM 3.0 Lab Guide 9 1. The anterior border of the carpal tunnel consists of the transverse ligament which connects the hamate and pisiform to the trapezium. The posterior border consists of the carpal bones which come together to form a concavity anteriorly. Thus, a tunnel is formed through which the median nerve and the tendons of flexor muscles pass. Overuse of the flexor muscles can cause the tendons to inflame and compress the median nerve. 2. Bone growth is stimulated by weight-bearing activities. The deltoid muscle of the body builder applies more force to the humerus at its attachment site, which results in a large deltoid tuberosity. Joints Human Cadaver Self Review Exercise 2.30 A. Acetabular labrum B. Head of femur C. Greater trochanter Exercise 2.31 A. Medial condyle of femur B. Medial condyle of tibia C. Patellar ligament D. Head of fibula E. Lateral condyle of tibia F. Lateral condyle of femur G. Patella H. Quadriceps tendon/tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle D. Lesser trochanter E. Neck of femur F. Acetabulum I. Posterior cruciate ligament J. Medial meniscus K. Anterior cruciate ligament L. Medial collateral ligament/tibial collateral ligament M. Lateral meniscus N. Lateral collateral ligament/fibular collateral ligament Human Cadaver Quiz 1. Femur, tibia, patella 2. a. knee b. knee c. hip d. hip e. knee 3. Cartilaginous 4. a. synovial b. cartilaginous c. synovial d. cartilaginous e. synovial f. fibrous g. synovial h. synovial i. cartilaginous j. fibrous 1. The distal femur and proximal tibia are removed. They are replaced by metal and/or plastic implants shaped like the femoral and tibial condyles. 2. A sesamoid bone is a short bone that develops within a tendon. The patella is located within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris, a group of four muscles that extends the knee. Distal to the patella the tendon becomes the patellar ligament, which inserts onto the tibial tuberosity. Thus, the entire extensor mechanism of the knee includes the quadriceps, the quadriceps tendon, the patella, the patellar ligament, and the tibial tuberosity. The patella acts as a fulcrum to increase the force exerted by the quadriceps during knee extension. Anatomical Models Self Review Exercise 2.32 A. Acromioclavicular ligament B. Coracoacromial ligament C. Coracohumeral ligament D. Biceps brachii tendon E. Humerus F. Teres major muscle G. Capsular ligaments H. Clavicle I. Acromioclavicular ligament J. Supraspinatus muscle & tendon K. Scapula L. Infraspinatus muscle & tendon M. Teres major muscle N. Teres minor muscle & tendon O. Biceps brachii tendon P. Coracohumeral ligament

7 10 Answer Key for PAL TM 3.0 Lab Guide Exercise 2.33 A. Ulna B. Radius C. Anular ligament D. Radial collateral ligament Exercise 2.34 A. Iliofemoral ligament B. Femur C. Pubofemoral ligament Exercise 2.35 A. Articular surface of lateral condyle of femur B. Anterior cruciate ligament C. Articular surface of lateral condyle of tibia D. Tibial tuberosity E. Patellar ligament F. Tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle/ quadriceps tendon G. Patella E. Humerus F. Anular ligament G. Ulnar collateral ligament D. Coxal/hip bone E. Iliofemoral ligament F. Ischiofemoral ligament H. Articular surface of medial condyle of tibia I. Articular surface of medial condyle of femur J. Medial meniscus K. Tibial collateral ligament/medial collateral ligament L. Posterior cruciate ligament M. Lateral meniscus N. Fibular collateral ligament/lateral collateral ligament Exercise 2.36 A. Sacroiliac joints B. Pubic symphysis C. Intervertebral disc Anatomical Models Quiz 1. three 2. a. pelvic b. elbow c. knee d. hip e. knee f. elbow g. knee h. knee i. elbow j. hip k. knee 3. Ball-and-socket 4. Tibial (medial) collateral ligament, medial meniscus, anterior cruciate ligament 5. a. ball-and-socket b. plane c. hinge d. condyloid e. ball-and-socket f. condyloid g. pivot h. plane i. hinge j. pivot k. saddle 1. The joint capsule 2. Synovial membrane or synovium 3. The presence of crystals initiates a localized immune-mediated inflammation of the joint. An increase in fluid within the joint causes it to swell and can result in damage to the soft tissues of the joint. Tissues of the Skeletal System Histology Self Review Exercise 2.37 A. Chondrocytes in lacunae B. Matrix C. Hyaline cartilage D. Perichondrium Exercise 2.38 A. Matrix B. Chondrocytes in lacunae

8 Answer Key for PAL TM 3.0 Lab Guide 11 Exercise 2.39 A. Elastic cartilage B. Perichondrium Exercise 2.40 A. Lamellae B. Perforating canal C. Osteons (Haversian systems)/central canals Exercise 2.41 A. Bone marrow B. Trabeculae of spongy bone C. Osteoclast D. Trabeculae of woven bone Exercise 2.42 A. Cartilaginous epiphysis B. Diaphysis C. Periosteal bone collar D. Periosteum E. Skin C. Matrix D. Chondrocytes in lacunae D. Central canal E. Canaliculi F. Lacunae G. Lamella E. Endosteum F. Osteogenic cells G. Osteoblasts H. Periosteum F. Resting zone G. Proliferation zone H. Hypertrophic zone I. Calcification zone J. Ossification zone Histology Quiz 1. Lacuna/lacunae 2. Elastic cartilage 3. b. resting zone 4. c. hypertrophic zone 5. Trabeculae 6. a. both b. compact bone only c. both d. both e. compact bone only f. compact bone only g. both 7. Hyaline cartilage 8. Fibrocartilage 9. Osteoblasts: make and secrete bone matrix; Osteoclasts: resorb bone matrix 1. Estrogen inhibits osteoclast activity in premenopausal women. With menopause, however, estrogen levels sharply decline. As a result, bone resorption outpaces bone deposition in older women, leading to fragile bones. Note that certain bone fractures cause excessive bleeding that can be fatal. This is particularly a problem for those who are infirm, elderly, and living alone. 2. The nutrient-rich blood supply to cartilage is limited to the surrounding perichondrium and does not extend into the cartilage itself. Consequently, it takes longer for chondroblasts to create new, healthy cartilage. Skeletal System Lab Practical 1. Maxilla 2. Mandible 3. Vomer 4. External acoustic meatus 5. Mastoid process 6. Zygomatic process 7. Temporal process/temporal process of zygomatic bone 8. Greater wing of sphenoid 9. Crista galli 10. Sella turcica 11. Occipital bone 12. Atlas/C1 13. Transverse foramen 14. Thoracic 15. Spinous process 16. Greater tubercle 17. Head 18. Lesser tubercle 19. Patellar surface 20. Medial condyle 21. Adductor tubercle 22. Fibula 23. Lateral malleolus 24. Medial malleolus 25. Cuboid 26. Calcaneus 27. Talus 28. Acromion 29. Spine 30. Medial/vertebral border 31. Medial meniscus 32. Quadriceps tendon/tendon of quadriceps femoris group 33. Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament 34. Acromioclavicular ligament 35. Coracoacromial ligament 36. Scapula 37. Central canal 38. Lacunae 39. Perichondrium 40. Chondrocytes (in lacunae)