A&P 1 Muscle Lab #1 - Muscle Tissue, Muscle Types, and Movement Terms Pre-lab Exercises

Transcription

1 1 A&P 1 Muscle Lab #1 - Muscle Tissue, Muscle Types, and Movement Terms Pre-lab Exercises Have someone in your group read the following out loud, while the others read along: In this "Lab Exercise Guide", we will be looking at the muscles. If you see an image in this guide, you should look for a similar one in your lecture or lab book without worrying ABOUT EXACT NAMES (as they differ between texts). During the muscle labs, we will break things down into 3 major sections. The sections can be done in any order. Section 1: Muscle Tissue, Muscle Types, and Movement Terms Pre-lab Section 2: Muscle ID Section 3: Studying the Origins, Insertions & Actions of Muscles Before trying to do these steps, we should have read the pertinent sections in the lab and/or lecture book, and watched any online videos my instructor has available. Recall what we saw in the articulation chapter: The articulations are places where the skeleton can move! In order to make them move, muscles CROSS THE JOINTS, attaching to the bones via tendons. Find this on the drawing to the left. Continued on next page

2 2 What will happen if we contract the muscle? Bone "C" will move towards bone "B" around joint "2":" Find this on the image to the right. Here, we will also be studying the MOVEMENT TERMS. Below is a photo of the 2 main bones of the shoulder joint: the scapula and the humerus. I drew in a fictitious muscle, with its tendons, on the left side of the image. On the right side, I drew the scapula and humerus and pointed to the 2 processes. In this series of "Lab Exercise Guides", we will take you through the Muscular System, focusing on muscle ID, as well as learning the origins, insertions & actions of some of the muscles We will NOT learn these separately, as that is harder...it is easiest to lean the names of the muscles at the same time as the origins & insertions, instead of going back later! Each instructor is different regarding which muscles you have to know, as well as which actions, origins & insertions. Identify what you have to know before you begin! The Steps found in this "Lab Exercise Guide" do NOT have to be done in the order they are found. However, please do all the questions within a step before moving on to another step!

3 3 THERE IS NO ASSESSMENT FOR THIS LAB EXERCISE GUIDE Here are the images we'll be using. Find similar images in your lab book or lecture book (the names may be different in your book): In your book, find images like these, as you'll be using them in the STEPS: Muscular System Chapter: Anatomy of a Gross Muscle/Muscle Muscular System Chapter: Connective Tissues and Fascicles Muscular System Chapter: Muscle Shapes

4 4 Step 1. Understanding terms of movement, muscle pairs, and gross anatomy of muscles Have someone in your group read the following out loud, while the others read along: Read Me Opening Paragraph (WE WILL BE REFERING TO THIS LATER), whoile answering the questions: #1 It is important for everyone in the group to understand what the terms "origin, insertions, and action" mean. Q 1. Define the following, in your own words: Origin: Insertion: Action: Belly: Discuss what these terms mean: Antagonist Fixator Primary mover Synergist

5 5 #2 It is also important to remember that you already know some muscle names. Look at the muscles in the image below. Find these muscles on your own arm. Image "A" Did you know the name of the muscles in this image before this lab? How many of your muscles can you name? Have you heard of your "pecs"? How about your "gluts"? "Quads"? "Hamstrings"? Below is an image with some common muscle names that you might hear in the gym, all of which are related to their real names: Continued on next page

6 6 Q 2. The image below is showing you 3 big muscles of the upper arm, which are labeled on the image. Please label the following: origin of biceps brachii insertion of biceps brachii origin of triceps brachii insertion of triceps brachii Q 3. Now... Fill in the blanks below, using terms from this list: Antagonist Fixator Primary mover Synergist "The triceps brachii extends the elbow, making it the for banging your fist on the table. Both the biceps brachii and the brachialis flex the elbow, making them both s to the triceps brachii. Since they work together, the biceps brachii and the brachialis are called s. In order to move the elbow joint, other muscles called the "Rotator Cuff Group" (not shown on above image) have to hold the scapula in place. They are s of the scapula."

7 7 #3 To make our lives easier, we are usually going to name a JOINT when we describe an action. We will not say "flex the arm", but rather "flex the shoulder" or "flex the elbow". Both of these could be interpreted as "flexing the arm". So, the muscles in the above image "flex the elbow" and "extend the elbow". Here are some movements we are going to see, focusing on joint movements (joints are underlined): Flex & extend the shoulder Rotate the shoulder Circumduct the shoulder Abduct & adduct the shoulder Flex & Extend the elbow Flex & extend the wrist Flex & extend the fingers joints Flex & extend the back (thoracic & lumbar vertebrae) Flex & extend the hip Rotate the hip Abduct & adduct the hip Flex & extend the knee Flex & extend the toe joints Flex & extend the neck (cervical vertebrae) Elevated/depress the jaw (temporal-mandibular joint) Sometimes, it does not help to focus on the joint, especially when talking about movements of the head, face and throat. These are not "official" action terms, but they are descriptive, and most instructors accept them! Therefore, in these cases, we use terms like: "Rotate the head" "Nod the head" "Smiling" "Chewing" "Blinking" "Swallowing" "Breathing" Of course, there are some specialty terms for unusually movements. Here are four examples: "pronate & supinate" ("turn forward & turn backward") - wrist only "dorsiflex & plantar flex" ("point toes up or point toes down") - ankle only "laterally flex & medial flex" ("move to the side") - usually only used for the vertebral column or wrists

8 8 Q 4. Contract the biceps brachii and triceps brachii muscles on your own arm, bringing the forearm up towards your humerus, then moving it away. Fill in the blanks below, using these terms as many times as you want: Flexed Extended Elbow "The anterior muscle the, while the (action term) (joint) posterior muscle the." (action term) (joint) #3 Have someone in your group read the following out loud, while the others read along: NOTICE that with the exception of a single joint, the muscles on the anterior side of the body flexed, while the muscles on the posterior side of the body extended. Have a partner flex the elbow, then the wrist, then the fingers. Then, extend them back out, going back to correct anatomical position. Have that same partner flex the neck, then the lumbar vertebrae. Now, extend the back by going straight. See how they are all flexing anteriorly (forward)? And extend posteriorly (towards the back)?

9 9 Q 5. This question assumes that there are 3 people, but it can be done with fewer or more participants. Do them all! Take turns standing in Correct Anatomical Position (CAP). Have Partner #1 indicate the first action on his/her list, then have Partner 2 indicate the first on his/her list, etc. Go down the list in order, going between the 3 partners. Circle any you can't figure out, and go ask your instructor for help. HINT: anytime you extend, go BACK into CAP, as "all joints are fully extended" in CAP!! Partner #1 Partner #2 Partner #3 Flex the elbow, then extend it. Flex the knee, and then (at the same time) flex the hip. Extend them both. First abduct, then adduct, the hip. First rotate the shoulder, then circumduct it. Hyperextend the shoulder. Go back to CAP. While standing, dorsiflex the ankle. Go back to CAP. Flex, and then extend, the wrist. Hyperextend the right index finger. Go back to CAP. Flex the knee, then extend it. Flex the hip without flexing the knee. Go back to CAP. Flex the cervical vertebrae, then extend them. First rotate the head, then circumduct it. Hyperextend the hip. Go back to CAP. Laterally flex the wrist, Then medially flex the wrist Hyperextend the wrist. Go back to CAP. Adduct your scapula. Then abduct it, going back to CAP. First pronate, then supinate, the forearm and wrist. First rotate the hip, then circumduct it. Laterally flex the cervical vertebrae. Go back to CAP. First flex, then extend, the shoulder. While standing, plantar flex the ankle. Go back to CAP. Flex, and then extend, the fingers. Hyperextend the shoulder. Go back to CAP. Depress your jaw while elevating your shoulders. Q 5. Choose which joint is the EXCEPTION to the rule (that is, it flexes POSTERIORLY): Hip Elbow Shoulder Knee

10 Q 6. The question is best done in a lab, with some muscle models present. However, you may use the images in your textbook. There are several models in the room showing you full muscles of the body, and an image in your book showing you muscles of the body. Using one of them, label the muscles indicated below using the shape terms provided. For example, put "sphincter" next to the arrow pointing to the mouth. There are 7 muscles and only 4 terms, so ou'll be using some more than once! 10

11 11 Q 7. Label On the images below: skeletal muscle tendon deep fascia epimysium fasciculi(us) perimysium muscle fiber endomysium