Introduction: The Scientific Study Of Personality. Three Research Traditions The Clinical Approach to Personality The Clinical Approach: An

Transcription

1 Introduction: The Scientific Study Of Personality. Three Research Traditions The Clinical Approach to Personality The Clinical Approach: An Illustration Strenghts and Limitations of the Clinical Approach The Correlational Approach to Personality Sir Francis Galton and His Followers The Five-Factor Model of Personality Two Illustrations of the Correlational Approach: The Development of Measures of Satisfaction with Life and of Optimism Strengths and Limitations of the Correlational Approach The Experimental Approach to Personality Cognitive Approaches The Experimental Approach: An Illustration Strengths and Limitations of the Experimental Approach Strengths and Limitations of the Three Approaches Shared Goals, Divergent Paths, and Agreement among Data Sources Units Of Personality Trait Units Of Personality. The Trait Psychology Of Gordon W. Allport The Trait Psychology Of Raymond B. Cattell The Trait Psychology Of Hans J. Eysenck The Five-Factor Model (Ffm) Validating Evidence Cross-Cultural Agreement on Factors Self-Ratings and Ratings by Others Connections to Biology: Genetics, Evolution, Neuroscience Diagnosis of Personality Disorders Predictive Utility Early Temperament And Personality Development Consistency Of Personality And The Person-Situation Controversy Implications for the Prediction of Behavior A Critical Overview Of Traits And Factor Analysis What Is a Trait? How Many Traits? Which Ones? Is That All There Is? The Method--Factor Analysis Description or Explanation? Conclusion

2 Cognitive Units Of Personality. The Concept Of Cognitive Style Two Precognitive Revolution Theorists: Kelly And Rotter Kelly's Personal Construct Theory Rotter's Social Learning Theory Two Postcognitive Revolution Theorists: Mischel And Bandura Mischel's Cognitive Social Learning Theory Research Illustrating Situational Specificity Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory Is a Trait-Social Cognitive Rapprochement Possible? Additional Cognitive Units: Schema, Attributions, And Beliefs Schema Attributions-Explanations Beliefs Cognitive Neuroscience Cognition And Culture Analysis Of Cognitive Units Motivational Units Of Personality. Pitchfork-Drive Theories Of Motivation Freud's Drive Theory Stimulus-Response Theory Murray's Need-Press Model Festinger's Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Carrot-Incentive Theories Of Motivation Historical Note Current Work in Goal Theory Cognitive Theories Of Motivation: Kelly's Jackass Kelly's Emphasis on Anticipating Events Attributional Models Weiner's Attributional Model Dweck's Model of Implicit Beliefs about the Self and the World Growth, Self-Actualization Theories Of Motivation Are There Universal Human Needs Or Motives? Comments On Motivational Units Relationships Among The Units Of Personality: Traits, Cognitions, And Motives Personality Development The Nature And Nurture Of Personality.

3 The Nature Of Personality: Evolution And Genetics Three Founders: Darwin, Mendel, and Galton Evolutionary, Ultimate Explanations Male-Female Mate Preferences Male-Female Differences in Causes of Jealousy Evolutionary Explanations Genetic, Proximate Explanations Behavioral Genetics The Nature of Nurture: The Effects of Genes on Environments The Nurture Of Personality Shared and Nonshared Environments Does Parenting Matter? The Case for Familial Influence The Nature And Nurture Of Personality: Update And Conclusion Charting People's Lives Over Time. Stage Theories Of Personality Freud's Psychosexual Stages of Development Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development Critique of Stage Theories of Development Longitudinal Studies Of Development Stability and Change in Personality Development Illustrative Longitudinal Studies Magnusson's Swedish Study of Individual Development and Adjustment (IDA) The Longitudinal Research of Jack and Jeanne Block The Minnesota Parent-Child Project Additional Longitudinal Evidence of Relative Stability and Relative Change Stability-Continuity Of Personality: Two Opposing Points Of View Some Thoughts On Stability And Change In Personality And The Question Of Process Topics In Personality Research The Unconscious Illustrative Phenomena Brief Historical Overview The Dynamic Unconscious Of Psychoanalysis Evidence for the Mechanisms of Defense Explaining the Dynamic Unconscious The Cognitive Unconscious Unconscious Influences on Memory and Perception Unconscious Influences on Feelings, Attitudes, and Behaviors toward Others

4 Chronically Accessible Constructs Comparison Of The Dynamic And Cognitive Views Of The Unconscious Implications For The Use Of Self-Report Measures Conclusions The Concept Of The Self. Why Study The Concept Of The Self? The Waxing And Waning Of Interest In The Self: A Historical Perspective Development Of The Self The Self as Separate from Other People and Objects: Self-Perception The Development of Self-Consciousness of the Developmental Perspective Three Views Of The Structure Of The Self The Phenomenological Theory of Carl Rogers The Psychoanalytic Concept of the Self Sullivan's Interpersonal School of Psychiatry Object Relations Theory Social Cognitive View of the Self Motivational Processes Relevant to the Self: Self-Verification and Self-Enhancement Comparison of the Social Cognitive and Psychoanalytic Views of the Self Individual Differences In The Self And Self-Processes Bandura's Self-Efficacy Concept Carver and Scheier's Control Theory and Private versus Public Self-Consciousness Higgin's Theory of Self-Guides Self-Esteem Neuroscience And The Self Culture And The Self Final Reflections On The Self The Path From Thinking To Action. Rational Choice Behavior: Expectancy X Value Theory Tolman's Model of Purposive Behavior Lewin's Level of Aspiration Research Rotter's Expectancy-Value Model The Stasis And Flow Of Behavior: Toward A Theory Of Goals Goals, Self-Regulation, And Action: Programs Of Research Bandura's Model of Goals-Standards and Self-Regulation Personal Projects, Personal Strivings, and Life Tasks

5 Little's Research on Personal Projects Emmons's Research on Personal Strivings Cantor's Research on Life Tasks Approach-Avoidance Goals and Promotion-Prevention Focus Common Elements, Differences, and Unanswered Questions Breakdowns In Self-Regulation And The Problem Of Volition Emotion, Adaptation, And Health. Affect Within The Context Of Traditional Personality Theory Psychoanalytic Theory Phenomenological Theory: Carl Rogers Trait Theory Social Cognitive, Information-Processing Theory A Central Role for Affect in Personality Basic Emotions Theory Two Emotion-Motivation Systems The Biology Of Emotion Culture And Emotion Emotion Regulation, Coping With Stress, And Adaptation Emotion Regulation Stress and Coping Coping and the Mechanisms of Defense Emotion, Adaptation, And Health Optimism and Health: The Power of Positive Thinking Neuroticism and Negative Affectivity Suppression versus Expression of thoughts and Emotions Wegner's Research on the Effects of Thought Suppression Pennebaker's Research on the Effects of the Inhibition and Disclosure of Emotion Conclusion Maladaptive Personality Functioning And Processes Of Change. Descroption, Explanation, And Prescroption Trait Theory Eysenck's Trait Theory The Five-Factor Model (FFM) and Personality Disorders Two Illustrative Applications Applications to Problematic Interpersonal Behavior Description, Explanation, and Prescription and the Five-Factor Model

6 The Trait Model of Personality Disorders: Psychoanalytic Theory Psychopathology Object Relations Theory Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Comparison with Trait Theory Object Relations, Attachment, and Depression Therapeutic Change Description, Explanation, and Prescription and the Psychoanalytic Model Social Cognitive/Information-Processing Approaches Kelly's Personal Construct Theory Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory Beck's Cognitive Theory and Therapy Outcome Research Cognitive Therapy: Past, Present, and Future Social Cognitive Mechanisms in Psychopathology Description, Explanation, and Prescription and the Cognitive Model Issues Relevant To The Analysis Of Maladaptive Functioning And Therapeutic Change Situation, Domain Specificity System Functioning Emphasis on Unconscious Influences Cognition, Affect, and Behavior Changes Produced and Processes of Change Comparison Of The Alternative Models Biological And Cultural Aspects Of Maladaptive Personality Functioning And Personality Change Personality Assessment. The Assessment Of Men By The Staff Of The Office Of Strategic Services Types Of Personality Data A Return To Consideration Of Reliability And Validity Some Questions Relevant To Personality Assessment Relations between Self and Observer Ratings The Potential for Deception The Relation of Fantasy to Behavior, of Explicit Measures to Implicit Measures Utility for Prediction Diversity and Personality Assessment The Relationship Between Personality Theory And Personality Assessment Conclusion

7 Conclusion: Current Issues And The Prospects For The Science Of Personality. A Definition Of Personality Research Strategies Specificity Versus Generality Nature And Nurture, Genes And Culture Malleability-Fixity, Stability-Change Range Of Convenience And Focus Of Convenience Bandwidth And Fidelity Social And Political Aspects Of Personality Theory And Research Current Areas Of Interest Prospects For The Future Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.