24. People are especially good at quickly detecting facial expressions of: A) love. B) anger. C) surprise. D) happiness. E) boredom.

Transcription

1 Name: Date: 1. Psychologists have used four perspectives in their efforts to explain motivation. These include an emphasis on instincts, optimum arousal, a hierarchy of motives, and: A) drive reduction. B) 360-degree feedback. C) refractory periods. D) basal metabolic rate. E) a fixed behavior pattern. 2. Dr. Ligorano has devoted his professional life to researching the desires and needs that energize and direct behavior. His area of research has obviously been: A) adaptation. B) emotion. C) cognition. D) motivation. E) behavior genetics. 3. An unlearned and fixed pattern of behavior common to all members of a species is called a(n): A) set point. B) drive. C) instinct. D) need. E) incentive. 4. For a thirsty person, drinking water serves to reduce: A) homeostasis. B) a drive. C) an instinct. D) the set point. E) basal metabolic rate. 5. Homeostasis, which is the goal of drive reduction, is defined as: A) a desire to perform behavior in return for rewards. B) a rigidly patterned behavior characteristic of an entire species. C) an aroused or activated state that is often triggered by a physiological need. D) the body's tendency to maintain a constant internal state. E) a physical need that usually triggers motivational arousal. Page 1

2 6. Lack of body fluids is to cold water as is to. A) need; incentive B) drive; incentive C) need; drive D) instinct; set point E) homeostasis; refractory period 7. Which theory would be most likely to predict that rats are motivated to explore precisely those areas of an experimental maze where they receive mild electrical shocks? A) arousal theory B) hierarchy of needs theory C) instinct theory D) drive-reduction theory E) two factor theory 8. Professor Sanford explains that the need for physical safety must be met before city dwellers will be motivated to form close friendships with fellow citizens. Professor Sanford is providing an example of: A) set points. B) a hierarchy of motives. C) homeostasis. D) erotic plasticity. E) instincts. 9. Which of the following events would most likely cause an animal to overeat and become obese? A) destruction of its ventromedial hypothalamus B) lowering its set point C) stimulation of its ventromedial hypothalamus D) destruction of its lateral hypothalamus E) daily injections of glucose 10. Chiara, a 14-year-old, is of average height but weighs only 80 pounds. She has lost 30 pounds over the last six months by eating very little and running five miles a day. She is determined not to become overweight and ignores her parents' suggestion that she should eat well-balanced meals. Chiara suffers from: A) bulimia nervosa. B) obesity. C) an abnormally low set point. D) anorexia nervosa. E) hypermetabolism. Page 2

3 11. The consumption of carbohydrates is most likely to: A) lower the body's set point. B) decrease blood glucose levels. C) reduce tension and anxiety. D) prevent bulimia nervosa. E) activate the lateral hypothalamus 12. Researchers use biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis to understand eating disorders. The social-cultural level of analysis is especially likely to emphasize that eating disorders are influenced by: A) a natural wariness of unfamiliar foods. B) mass media standards of appearance. C) bouts of depression and anxiety. D) the universal idealization of thinness. E) instincts and internal drives. 13. Sheila is more fearful of loneliness than of remaining in a physically abusive relationship with her boyfriend. This best illustrates the potentially harmful impact of needs. A) self-actualization B) achievement C) belongingness D) sexual E) safety 14. Matt is a college sophomore who often becomes so fully absorbed in his course studies that he completely loses his awareness of how long he has been working. Matt's experience best illustrates: A) 360-degree feedback. B) homeostasis. C) a refractory period. D) flow. E) extrinsic motivation. 15. When researchers monitored the professional accomplishments of more than 1500 highly intelligent individuals, they found that the most successful were more ambitious, energetic, and persistent. This best illustrates the importance of: A) social leadership. B) achievement motivation. C) 360-degree feedback D) homeostasis. E) leniency errors. Page 3

4 16. Managers with a social leadership style would be most likely to: A) ensure that individual employees contribute their fair share to group projects. B) discourage employees from critically discussing controversial company policies. C) inform employees of the exact deadlines for the completion of work projects. D) mediate a personal dispute between two argumentative employees. E) provide employees with relatively easy work assignments. 17. Who suggested that we feel sorry because we cry... afraid because we tremble? A) Stanley Schachter B) William James C) Walter Cannon D) Richard Lazarus E) Charles Darwin 18. The idea that an emotion-arousing stimulus is simultaneously routed to the cortex and to the sympathetic nervous system is central to the: A) James-Lange theory. B) relative deprivation principle. C) two-factor theory. D) Cannon-Bard theory. E) catharsis hypothesis. 19. The two-factor theory of emotion places more emphasis on the importance of than do other theories of emotion. A) cognitive activity B) subjective well-being C) physiological arousal D) catharsis E) overt behavior 20. Noticing that his heart was pounding and that his palms were sweaty while he was taking a difficult test, Harley concluded that he was anxious. Noticing that his heart was pounding and that his palms were sweaty when an attractive lady asked him to dance, Harley concluded that he was falling in love. The differing emotions experienced by Harley can best be explained by the: A) relative deprivation principle. B) James-Lange theory. C) two-factor theory. D) catharsis hypothesis. E) adaptation-level principle. Page 4

5 21. A hormone that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels in times of emergency is: A) acetylcholine. B) epinephrine. C) testosterone. D) insulin. E) glycogen. 22. Relatively high levels of physiological arousal would most likely interfere with effectively: A) solving a crossword puzzle. B) repeating the alphabet. C) riding a bicycle. D) washing dishes. E) enjoying a televised football game. 23. Observers watching fearful faces show more brain activity in the than do those watching angry faces. A) cerebellum B) thalamus C) amygdala D) hippocampus E) medulla 24. People are especially good at quickly detecting facial expressions of: A) love. B) anger. C) surprise. D) happiness. E) boredom. 25. The most universally understood way of expressing emotion is through: A) hand gestures. B) body postures. C) facial expressions. D) tone of voice. E) music and dance. Page 5

6 26. After receiving an unexpected A on his psychology test, Jordan was easily persuaded to baby-sit his little sister while his parents went out for dinner. This best illustrates the: A) catharsis hypothesis. B) adaptation-level phenomenon. C) feel-good, do-good phenomenon. D) relative deprivation principle. E) facial feedback effect. 27. The process by which we perceive and respond to events that threaten or challenge us is called: A) stress. B) psychophysiological illness. C) spontaneous remission. D) biofeedback. E) burnout 28. In response to stress, the pituitary gland signals the adrenal glands to release: A) cortisol. B) lymphocytes. C) serotonin. D) telomeres. E) acetylcholine. 29. Hans Selye referred to the body's response to stress as: A) the fight-or-flight response. B) the general adaptation syndrome. C) Type B behavior. D) psychophysiological illness. E) resistance 30. The first phase of the general adaptation syndrome is: A) stress appraisal. B) resistance. C) alarm. D) exhaustion. E) adjustment. Page 6

7 31. After overcoming the initial shock of having her car stolen, Marlys calls the police for help and begins to question possible witnesses. At this point, Marlys is most likely in the stage of the general adaptation syndrome. A) resistance B) exhaustion C) fight-or-flight D) adjustment E) stress appraisal 32. Friedman and Rosenman referred to competitive, hard-driving, impatient, and easily angered individuals as personalities. A) hyperactive B) problem-focused C) emotion-focused D) Type A E) Type B 33. In researching taste aversion in rats, Ader and Cohen discovered that saccharinsweetened water was a conditioned stimulus for: A) the suppression of the immune system. B) the release of pain-killing endorphins. C) an overproduction of acetylcholine. D) a proliferation of lymphocytes. E) overeating. 34. People who laugh a lot have exhibited a lower incidence of: A) cancer. B) lymphocytes. C) heart disease. D) problem-focused coping. E) self-efficacy. 35. The growth of new brain cells in mice has been found to be promoted by: A) acupuncture. B) biofeedback. C) aerobic exercise. D) the placebo effect. E) the fight-or-flight response. Page 7

8 36. When would you expect that your immune responses would be weakest? A) during summer vacation B) during exam weeks C) just after receiving good news D) Immune activity would probably remain constant during these times. 37. The leading cause of death in North America is: A) lung cancer. B) AIDS. C) coronary heart disease. D) alcohol-related accidents. 38. Which of the following would be the best piece of advice to offer a person who is trying to minimize the adverse effects of stress on his or her health? A) Avoid challenging situations that may prove stressful. B) Learn to play as hard as you work. C) Maintain a sense of control and a positive approach to life. D) Keep your emotional responses in check by keeping your feelings to yourself. 39. Ricardo has been unable to resolve a stressful relationship with a family member. To cope, he turns to a close friend for social support. Ricardo's coping strategy is an example of: A) maladaptive coping. B) adaptive coping. C) managing rather than coping with stress. D) hypochondriasis. 40. Which of the following is most clearly not an example of an incentive? A) social disapproval B) a pornographic movie C) a low blood glucose level D) the smell of rotten eggs E) a day of vacation Page 8