REVIEW 15.1 : The Psychoana(ytic Perspective. He wantsto kñ~óv~whv he thinks, feels, and;~t~ti,è~a~.hè ~ ~ ~ ~ ~, and social (estraint

Transcription

1 Klaus is 18 years old and, like all adolescents, he is trying to figure out who he is. He wantsto kñ~óv~whv he thinks, feels, and;~t~ti,è~a~.hè CHAPTER 15 REVIEW 15.1 : The Psychoana(ytic Perspective does, that is, h~ wants to define his ~ ~ Klaus decides to read about the various personality theorists, beginning with a I ~ ~ Sigmund Z~. -~ -f..... ~ t,whq~lieveckthat~. most of the mind is hidden~frornwiew~and therefore. 3 C and that. ~ ~ -~ ~ ~personaiity is a product of the.. between our ~ directed by the 5 ~ ~ ~ ~ derived from the 6 ~.. ~, and social (estraint ~ ~ After reading about this psychoanalytic theory, Klaus decided that his Long.standing aggressive behavior toward his younger brother could have been the result of a~r~fitstfor-b~ein g so strict. This... the part of his personality called the~ ~~ ~ ~l~i~ would protect him from the Perhaps ~. redirects~his anger, and so 8 he might feel. th ittingofhis brothèr~is a 1O.~ :. if he were to express that anger. -,..I mechanism called.. -..~ ~-tt., Klaus also thought that he may have 12 his~behavior by saying that his brother needed the di~iziplin~.~ ~..~: ~ Answers may be found in the Appendix at the end of this booklet. 81

2 REVIEW 15.2 : Neo-Freudians and Psychodynamic Theorists Klaus isn t sure he agrees with Freud s theory. Klaus thinks that Klaus thinks he is more likely to be guided Freud placed too much emphasis on the Instead, by his 3 mind, though he 1 mind and on sex and ~ still believes that 2 as all-consuming motives. ~ interactions had a great effect on his behavior. Klaus Learns that his beliefs match the neo.freudian movement. The neo-freudians emphasized different aspects of personality. Unlike the others, Carl Alfred 5 Karen 7 b~. emphasized peoples efforts to believed that childhood. 9 agreed overcome feelings of.~..? 9r1 ft ~ ~.. z~withi~reud s notion of a(n) ~ - triggers our,. 6 d &sire for Lo~ and security. ió but thought it was more of a.1 :., ~:urri,~n., 1 ~ :. i. it unconscious that included images derived from our species history. Klaus wonders, though, if I ~ fi. ~.. ~ ~._i~ the modern psychoanalysts those who profess a they 13 + ~ ~(agree/d~sagree) with that Freud s overall personality1structure and his 12 approach aren t closer to : ~ having a true understanding of personalty. He knows classifying people as oral, ~14 ~ ~yij~.~ir~ ~ or but they respect the reality that many of our day-to-day thought processes are indeed Answers may be found in the Appendix at the end of this booklet.

3 REVIEW 15.3: The Trait Perspective Denise and Winifred are friends with very different personalities. Unlike Klaus, who wanted I the underlying d~namics of his personality, theylsimplywant their personalities ~ j~ ) fl - - ~~ ~Str~it thëbristsdo~ First, Denise and Winifred consider the theory of Hans and Sybil 3 who used the statistical procedure of to reduce our individual variations to two or three dimensions, including 5 and 6 Denise tends to be quiet, reserved, thoughtful, and calm, so she is more likely to be classified as and 8 Winifred, on the other hand, is outgoing, lively, restless, and impulsive, so she is more likely to be classified as 9 and 10 Winifred and Denise decide to volunteer for neuroscience research on personality in order to learn more. They find evidence that their personalities have a biological basis. For example, they learn that the areas of Winifred s involved in behavior inhibition are less active than the same areas in Denise s brain. They also learn that their 12 played a significant role in creating their 13 define their personalities. (Continued on the next page.) Answers may be found in the Appendix at the end of this booklet. 83

4 REVIEW 15.3: The Trait Perspective (continued) Denise and Winifred decide that these two dimensions are too Limiting, so they turn to a more contemporary e~ded~s~t~öf factors, called the 114 ç 8 ~ ~ ~3.!3l~l II?~i~l which include. ~c ~is~ s.disc!plined b~ha ior versus Winifred s inipulsive behavior,.or the tendency.of both to be soft-lieafteclandtrusting, or ~ Denise s calmñes s versus Winifred s anxiety, or i~bi~ ~ t~.~..~ 17N ~,:..44 ~ Dehise s conforniit y vér~u~ - Winifred s imaginative1iature~,.,._ ~s ~ ~(74~ - or 18ö ~ - and Denise s-s óbriéty versus.,winifred s sociability, or 19E.- Checking the research, Denise and Winifred find evidence that these trait factors -20..~. II- ~- - i.~.u. j--tr~. -~.(are!are. not).stable in:adulthood, -...~. theytençl to have a 50 perce~nt: 214 ~. äte,.~ tji Trait score correlations over seven years I - :;- ~ ~ -~ -.~ ~ ~- Children CoLLegians 30-year- 50- to olds 7o-year-oLds they 22 - (do/do not) descri~e personality in various cultu,les, and they 23 (do/do itt) predict -~,.. l ~ther, personality ttrbutes~ foj example, that~denise is a Lark, or niorning type ~&l*~,?. fis(/~ki,t~trt(~ - -~,- -.,., -.: 84 Answers may be found in the Appendix at the end of this booklet.

5 REVIEW 15A: The Socia(-Cognitive Perspective Denise and Winifred can t stop thinking about how their personalities are formed. Knowing that psychological science views people as bio organisms, they:set their sights on Albert 2 s- theory. This theorist ~. V. emphasizes the interaction of internal 3 for,,and the environment, a process he called. 5 The interaction varies between Denise and Winifred for several possible reasons, including the following: They choose different Denise might choose to go to the library,.~hile Wiñif~d~ho~sesa. coffee shop with friends. Their internal thoughts, or._how..they..interpret:~nd ~eact:to... events: Denise takes challenges.in.stride,while~winifré&..~.. becomes anxious; create the situations to which they react: Denise shies away from people, while Winifred greets them warmly. According to this theory, how Denise and Winifred react to their environment depends on certain factors, including their sense of 9 and their attributiona( style ( ~i~_ (hint: internal or external) or 11 Finally, both Denise and Winifred learn the importance of maintaining a positive attitude and building on their strengths, c f~cc We just haven t been flapping them hard enough. based on the research of Martin 12, which indicates that optimal human functioning benefits health. 85