Available online at ScienceDirect. Procedia Computer Science 95 (2016 ) 73 79

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1 Aville online t ScienceDirect Procedi Computer Science 95 (2016 ) Complex Adptive Systems, Puliction 6 Cihn H. Dgli, Editor in Chief Conference Orgnized y Missouri University of Science nd Technology Los Angeles, CA Complex Adptive Behvior: Prgmtic Idelism Mustf Cnn *, Andres Sous-Poz Old Dominion University, 2101 Engineering Systems Building, Norfolk, VA, Astrct The introduction of new concepts is driver of orgniztionl evolution nd trnsformtion. A newly introduced concept cn introduce new mening tht is disprte to existing understnding. A new concept my lso e interpreted in multiple wys, therey introducing severl disprte menings. The disprity is resolved through dpttion. The disprity introduces complex dptive ehvior to the orgniztion, requiring suitle chnges to its mngement nd design. The development of corresponding doctrine for new concepts, nd trining for the orgniztion s constituents ecome indispensle. In so doing, constituents cn e involved in the dpttion process through direct prticiption, nd therey include the cognitive dimension. In this pper we present mens y which the complex dptive ehvior exhiited y n orgniztion when new concepts nd ides re introduced cn e studied. We pply the Prgmtic Idelism frmework, which provides theoreticl construct where the domin of wreness is n strction of relity. This frmework supports the coexistence of multiple perspectives nd understnding. The frmework llows for perspectives tht re intrinsiclly correct, yet holisticlly incomplete. It includes the humn cognitive component into cyer physicl system providing ridge etween the physicl nd informtion dimensions The Authors. Pulished y y Elsevier Elsevier B.V. B.V. This is n open ccess rticle under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( Peer-review under responsiility of scientific committee of Missouri University of Science nd Technology. Peer-review under responsiility of scientific committee of Missouri University of Science nd Technology Keywords: Prgmtic Idelism; Sitution Theory; Cyer Physicl Systems Introduction From nturlistic perspective, orgniztionl evolution nd trnsformtion egin with the introduction of new concepts. New concepts introduce new mening, which must e reconciled with the existing mening nd purpose of the orgniztion. The orgniztion will dpt to del with the new concept. It my do so in vriety of mens, for exmple y soring the concept nd sutly chnging its purpose, or y rejecting or isolting the new concept nd mintining its existing purpose. The dpttion to the new concepts in orgniztion cn e constrined in the * Corresponding uthor. Tel.: ; fx: E-mil ddress: mcnn@odu.edu The Authors. Pulished y Elsevier B.V. This is n open ccess rticle under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( Peer-review under responsiility of scientific committee of Missouri University of Science nd Technology doi: /j.procs

2 74 Mustf Cnn nd Andres Sous-Poz / Procedi Computer Science 95 ( 2016 ) physicl nd informtion environment, for instnce, through sttement of opertions, written cultures, or ccepted intent. The incresing orgniztionl relince on cyer physicl systems ccentutes the reltionship etween the chnges in concepts nd orgniztionl dpttion. A newly introduced concept cn hve multiple menings for the constituents of the orgniztion. The ensuing disprity in mening cn preclude the evolution nd trnsformtion requirements. The impct of new concept on n orgniztion must e understood in view of how it is interpreted nd the mening tht it is perceived to convey. Utternces cn e understood prgmticlly, nd ecome meningful with the sitution. Words do not sustin their mening when tken out of the sitution in which they were uttered. How mening is sustined is relted to prgmtic. There re three importnt terms in this context: locution, illocution nd perlocution, which re components of speech ct theory. Locution is the semntics or the vertim mening of the utternce. Illocution is the intention of the sender. Perlocution is how the intention of the sender is decoded y the receiver. Existing communiction theories delinete the interctive spect of the ct of speech. These serve to provide trditionl sptiotemporl orgniztionl interprettion of the dpttion tht follows the introduction of new concept. The existing models re, however, limited in their ility to reflect on chnge in mening nd ssocited ctions with the inclusion of cyer physicl systems. The uiquitous nture of the cyer spce requires n encompssing theoreticl frmework to study the complex dptive ehvior in socio-technicl systems tht rely on cyer physicl systems. Cyer-physicl systems nd distriuted components re prt of the cyerspce. Cyerspce is within the informtion environment which hs three dimensions; informtion, physicl nd cognitive. Any discussion of dpttion tht is confined in the informtion nd physicl dimension results in incomplete discussion. This pper discusses improvements to the informtion environment using Sitution Theory perspective. The improvement provides n encompssing frmework for complex dptive ehvior of the cyer physicl systems. 1. Sitution Theory Perspective Sitution Theory is n strct conceptul frmework used to study the ehvior of individuls, the interction mong individuls, the interction of individuls with their environment, nd orgniztionl ehvior. This frmework focuses on understnding the ounding fctors tht distort the prcticlity of situtions. Bsed on the ounding, situtions cn e simple or complex. Sitution theory dels with rel ojects, rel gents, nd rel dt, identifying nd grdully refining the vrious strct structures tht rise from, nd govern, the ehvior nd ctions of memers of society. Sitution theory is intended to provide useful lterntive view of issues such s linguistic communiction nd humn interction 1. The study of humn interction is clssified into normtive methodologies nd ethno-methodologies 1, 2. Normtive methodologies explore the humn ction vi identifiction of socil norms tht forms the common sense view. Wheres, ethno-methodology perceives humn ction s fundmentl, giving rise to the collection of socil norms nd common sense world view. Sitution theory cn e used to strct humn interction t the confluence of these two methodologies using the prgmtic idelism perspective Ontologicl Improvements to the Sitution Theory The strction of humn wreness, ehvior nd interction is importnt to overcome the hurdles tht re presently encountered ecuse of lck of comprehensile ontologicl constructs. The physicl nd mentl dimensions re two distinct widely recognized dimensions used to study humns in their environment. This construct is enhnced y the introduction of n ontologicl informtion dimension 1 to study humn ction, communiction (interction) nd cognition, Fig.1. The nïve ontologicl construct, shown in Fig.1, includes individuls, reltions, sptil loctions, temporl loctions, situtions, immedite environment, prmeters. All of these re constituents of the situtionl construct tht llow studying complex situtions in humn oriented wy. Susequent developments, long with the discussion on cyerspce, resulted in the informtion environment construct 3, shown in Fig.1. The informtion environment ecomes the environment in which complex dptive ehvior for cyer physicl systems with the inclusion of humn spect cn e studied.

3 Mustf Cnn nd Andres Sous-Poz / Procedi Computer Science 95 ( 2016 ) Fig.1 () the distinct dimensions tht llow comprehensive scrutiny of cognition, humn interction nd humn ction. () The informtion environment construct tht is discussed in JP 3-13 informtion opertions puliction Complex Sitution The definition of complexity used in this study is founded on the principles of Prgmtic Idelism (PI). Sous- Poz 5 introduced fcet of PI with n ctionle philosophy. In this construct, understnding is trnsferred from experience to ction. The distinctive chrcteristic of PI introduced y Sopus-Poz 5 is the strong emphsis on flliilism, nd the nture of flliility. PI focuses on the mnner tht relity is perceived nd understood in complex situtions to help improve design nd mngement. PI mintins nturl ties to relity. PI introduces principle tht, irrespective of the phenomenon, relity trnscends humn understnding. This limittion to understnding constitutes flliility, which is used to define complexity 5 in PI s proportionl to the proility of hving/mking n erroneous knowledge clim Situtionl Construct The Complex Situtions construct in Sitution Theory includes two distinct components, noumenon nd phenomenon. The noumenon represents the unounded (or qusi-unounded) prticiption of n individul in rel sitution, wheres the phenomenon is represented y the ounded interction of n oserver with some spect of relity. This construct ensues in the mnifesttion of vriety of menings with respect to situtions nd individuls. The sitution ecomes complex or less complex with the cognitive imposition nd ility of n individul to understnd relity. The incompleteness of wreness nd difficulty in mintining high level of certitude, llows dptive ehvior for the individul nd the orgniztion. The situtionl construct model relies on 6 ssessments prmeters, shown in Fig.2; nture of the prolem domin, worldview or pproch predisposition, type of pproch selected or required, pproch lignment, prolem frming nd technicl expertise 6. The second distinct feture of PI tht enhnces studying complex situtions is the Relity Domin Perspective (RDP). Fig.2 () Situtionl Construct Model nd six ssessment prmeters. () RDP model representtion of relity with the strction distnce to relity. A(d) is the pproximtion distnce etween relity nd wht is understood. A (d) is the pproximtion distnce

4 76 Mustf Cnn nd Andres Sous-Poz / Procedi Computer Science 95 ( 2016 ) Relity Domin Perspective (RDP) The RDP, s seen in Fig.2, elortes how PI mintins the nturl ties to relity in understnding dynmic nd context specific situtions. The RDP forces ifurction in strcting relity tht leds to two coexisting sttes of the individul, nmely the individul s oserver nd the individul s prticipnt 5-7. Those two sttes form syncretic pir. The domin in the RDP construct is composed of three elements, shown in Fig.2: the oserver, the entity, nd the solution form. The complexity in this construct emntes from the disprities, or the dissonnces etween the individuls domin of wreness. The domin of wreness mintins the individul s ility of understnding prolem. The degree of strction in Fig.2 ffects the comprehensiility. Consequently, the degree of induced complexity is represented y n strction distnce, A(d), shown in Fig.2. Minimizing strction distnce A(d) is the primry ojective in RDP to reduce the complexity. A(d) is relted to A (d) nd A (d). Consequently, oth A (d) nd A (d) ecome components in estlishing the understnding. For instnce, to minimize the A (d) through very tight ounding requires to hve lrger A (d). As result, understnding of the prolem my e minimized. Fig.3 Prdoxes in the RDP Approch. () Prdox origintes from the sme domin of wreness. () The prdox emnte from two distinct domin of wreness. The domin of wreness, D, supports multiple perspective. This llows prdoxicl coexistences. The first type of prdox is the incongruence etween the two susequent situtions. The first sitution is composed of understnding of the prolem nd the expected ehvior. The susequent sitution is composed of the ltered Rel nd oserved ehvior 6. Both situtions re the result of the sme genertive process. Since the domin of wreness supports multiple perspectives, the expected ehvior is oth incorrect nd correct, shown in Fig.3. The second prdox emerges when two irreconcille domins of wreness descrie the sme entity. The expected ehviors re oth correct in their own domin of wreness, however, cn e perceived s incorrect in the other domin of wreness. This might hppen in the orgniztionl environment where sme notion is understood differently yet requires ction. 2. Complex Adptive System (CAS) A Complex Adptive System (CAS) is composed of intercting gents, nd it will trnsform or dpt to respond to the environment 8. In the CAS context, complexity is humn oriented. Complexity does not lie in the physicl compliction of the interction. Rther it is nlogous to the complexity in PI tht is proility of mking n erroneous knowledge clim. The confluence of the Sitution Theory perspective nd PI, to the complexity nd trditionl CAS perspective, permits studying lnguge s CAS while including cyer physicl systems Lnguge s Complex Adptive System Lnguge is n enler for the humn-to-humn interction, which is descried s the exchnge of utternces. It llows n gent to proe the others understndings, nd wreness. As CAS, lnguge is composed of intercting gents. The gents ehviour is sed on pst, nd current interctions, which together form the future possile

5 Mustf Cnn nd Andres Sous-Poz / Procedi Computer Science 95 ( 2016 ) ehviour 9. The CAS frmework renders lnguge dynmic, genertive system rther thn sttic system of grmmticl principles. According to Elis this system hs four chrcteristics 9 : i) the system consists of multiple gents, ii) the system is dptive, pst, present ehviour involves forming the future ctions, iii) Competing fctors ffect the gents ehvior, nd iv) the structure of lnguge merges from interrelted ptterns of experience. 3. Orgniztionl Evolution nd Trnsformtion Lnguge in humn interction trnspires in vrious socil contexts. For exmple, orgniztionl ctivities require intent dissemintion, expressing the orgniztionl culture, meetings, nd promulgting the orgniztionl gols All these rely on the interctions of individuls through lnguge, e.g. utternces. Besides these re processes which include individul impositions to the situtions. Consequently, the ssocited menings of the concepts re constrined y the pst nd present interctions. When n orgniztion is in trnsformtion process, new concepts re introduced. These new concepts, for instnce, re used in the sttement of opertions. The dpttion t the level of locution cn tke plce. However, illocution nd perlocution my not tke plce. The recognition of this prolem through CAS nd the RDP elorte three fcts: (1) A newly introduced concept cn hve disprte menings, thus prdoxes cn e seen, (2) The dpttion is process nd will eventully cese to tke plce, nd (3) The disprity my continue to exist. PI permits studying lnguge in wy tht the ggregted effect of mny intercting constrints, including the structure of thought process, perceptul motor ises, cognitive limittions, nd socil-prgmtic fctors 13 re tken into considertion 14. The mnifesttion of these fctors s constrints ecomes noticele when humns im to convey the mening in the most efficient wy, for instnce, in disseminting intent. Extrcting the mening is the essentil spect of the communiction. Once the locution is imprted, even if there is tcit greement etween the intercting gents, they will use vriety of opertive ssumptions in the presupposition frmework of the context to decode the mening from the locution. The significnce of these presuppositions is tht they don t emerge from the context of the messge, rther from contextully formed presuppositions which re in the gents responsiility 15. The existing prmeteriztions to the cyerspce delinete the humn involvement in the cyer physicl system s cyer person. However, the cyer person cnnot sufficiently reflects the humn cognitive dimension. To include the humn nd ssocited impositions to the cyer physicl system, the informtion environment is improved with the PI frmework. 4. CAS Perspective in Cyer Physicl Systems 4.1. Informtion Environment nd RDP The syncretic nture of PI nd the informtion environment genertes comprehensive frmework. It is systemic nd holistic including ll the spects of n orgniztion; cognitive, physicl nd informtion. The dvncements in cyer physicl system renders humn interction esier nd quicker thn ever efore. Yet, there re constrints s the efficcy of the conveyed messge. The trnsformtion nd evolution of n orgniztion ecomes ccessile to nyone immeditely. For instnce, the newly introduced concepts re disseminted right wy. However, the dissemintion of these terms vi cyer physicl systems preclude the full conveynce of the mening with the correct cognitive involvement. It cn e concluded tht the dpttion t the locution of concept cn e ttined. Further processes re, however, required for illocution nd perlocution to effectively convey mening. The introduced syncretic frmework, shown in Fig.4 nd, mintin the nturl ties to relity for cyer physicl systems. The frmework elortes cuses for the prdoxes, cognitive dissonnces nd disprities for the locutions y recognizing the ssocited cognition to the locution shown in Fig.4.

6 78 Mustf Cnn nd Andres Sous-Poz / Procedi Computer Science 95 ( 2016 ) Prgmtic Idelism nd CAS Since cyer spce is in the informtion environment, it requires detiled conceptuliztion to study CAS for cyer physicl systems. The introduced syncretic construct provides comprehensive CAS frmework for cyer physicl systems. The PI frmework enles the proilistic nture of understnding. Regrdless of the origin of the cuse, either endogenous or exogenous, the existence of multiple perspectives in one domin of wreness, s seen in Fig.2, renders the disprity source for prole chnge nd susequent dpttion. The syncretic construct includes not only phenomenologicl ut lso noumenologicl effects. The Noumenon, in this cse, is defined s the mind-imposed contrivnce, llowing the individul to operte with the conceptul scheme 16. Noumen induces unity in recognizing the three mjor fculties of humn mind; sensiility, understnding nd reson. In the CAS pproch, these humn ssocited constrints of re of prmount importnce, especilly in conceptul works. Knt s sttement, contempltion of ny type of chnge with respect to the opertionl sensiility, requires chnge with respect to the opertion of understnding 16 lso pplies. Therefore, the nturl ties to relity mke the cognitive modlity of the chnge for the CAS pproch in the discussion of cyer physicl system criticl. Without including wht Knt refers to s the curing fctor for pretension of sensiility 16, or in other words, those things tht cn e experienced ut not sense, will result in n incomplete understnding of the prolem. To implement the proper interction strtegies to pertur the desired / required perspective in the domin of wreness, complete recognition is required. The pertured perspective entils the understnding. This understnding cn, however, e permnent or not. The sitution nd prgmtics of the individul or orgniztion determines the life spn of the pertured perspective. 5. Conclusion Fig.4 () Informtion Environment in Sitution Theory Perspective; () Informtion exchnge nd the correspondence in cognitive dimension in informtion environment. The Complex Adptive System frmework is importnt in system studies. The necessity of dpttion ccentutes itself with the orgniztionl relince on cyer spce. Only perceiving the cyer physicl system in the informtion nd the physicl dimension precludes the impliction of CAS chrcteristics to the cyer physicl systems. For exmple, cuslity in dpttion needs to e ddressed properly. The noumenologicl nd phenomenologicl components of cuslity cn e properly ddressed in prgmtic idelism nd the ensuing syncretic frmework. Cyer spce itself is difficult to comprehend, nd the inclusion of comprehensive humn cognitive component is missing in the current cyer-physicl system perception. The lck of comprehensive theoreticl studies mkes understnding endevours of cyerspce incomplete. During the evolution (or trnsformtion) of system (e.g. orgniztion) prdoxes re crucil in two wys. (1) Prdoxes re criticl in identifying the fctors tht impede dpttion, nd (2) recognition of prdoxes cn fcilitte identifiction of ltent fctors tht impede dpttion. For instnce, the disprity in mening of new concept cn e ltent, nd require extensive work in the cse of lte recognition. An dpttion in locution is not sufficient ecuse the disprity results from multiple specific cognitive processes. The inclusion of cognitive dimension (shown in Fig.1nd Fig.4) s well

7 Mustf Cnn nd Andres Sous-Poz / Procedi Computer Science 95 ( 2016 ) s lgedonic ties ck to relity re indispensle in this regrd. A sitution wreness frmework tht relies intensively on cyer physicl systems will e incomplete without humn cognition. In the model tht is presented in this pper, sitution wreness will e le to grsp the noumenologicl cuslity. This will help in the recognition of emergent, unknown constrints tht induce complexity nd chotic ehviour. This will in turn fcilitte nd improve the system s ility to dpt. References 1. Devlin, K., Sitution Theory nd Socil Structure, in Knowledge Representtion nd Resoning Under Uncertinty, M.M.L. Pólos, Editor p Grfinkel, H., Studies in Ethnomethodlogy 1967: Polity Informtion Opertions Joint Puliction 3-13, D.o. Defense, Editor Deprtment of Defense Dictionry of Militrry nd Associted Terms, D.o. Defense, Editor Sous-Poz, A., Corre Y. Prgmtic idelism s the sis for understnding complex domins: the trinity nd SOSE. in IEEE SMC Hwii. 6. Sous-Poz, A., A Nrrtive of [Complex] Situtions nd Situtions Theory : p Sous-Poz, A., Kovcic Smul, Keting Chuck, System of systems engineering: n emerging multidiscipline. Int J Syst Syst Eng, : p Br-ym, Y. New Englnd Complex System Institute: Concepts - Adptive. 2011; Aville from: 9. Elis, N.C. Lnguge is Complex Adptive System in Lnguge s Complex Adptive System Snt Fe Institute 10. Brtmn, M., Shred Coopertive Activity. The Philosophicl Review 101, : p Brtmn, M., Shred Intention. Ethics, : p H., C.H., Using Lnguge. 1996, Cmridge Cmridge University Press. 13. Chter, M.H.C.N., Lnguge s Shped y the Brin. Behviorl & Brin Scineces Cnn, M., A. Sous-Poz, nd S. Kovcic, Semntic Shift to Prgmtic Mening in Shred Decision Mking: Sitution Theory Perspective. Interntionl Journl of Design & Nture nd Ecodynmics, (3): p Rescher, N., Communictive Prgmtism. 1998: Rowmn & Littlefield Pulishers, Inc. 16. Rescher, N., Knt nd the Rech of Reson. 1999: Cmridge University Press.