Relationships between Assessments in a Physical Ability Test for Law Enforcement: Is There Redundancy in Certain Assessments?

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1 Oiginal Reseach Relationshis between Assessments in a Physical Ability Test fo Law Enfocement: Is Thee Redundancy in Cetain Assessments? KARLY A. CESARIO 1, JOSEPH M. DULLA 2, MATTHEW R. MORENO 1, ASHLEY M. BLOODGOOD *1, J. JAY DAWES 3, and ROBERT G. LOCKIE 1 1 Deatment of Kinesiology, Califonia State Univesity, Fulleton, Fulleton, CA, USA; 2 Recuit Taining Unit, Taining Bueau, Los Angeles County Sheiff s Deatment, Los Angeles, CA, USA; 3 College of Nusing and Health Sciences, Univesity of Coloado-Coloado Sings, Coloado Sings, CO, USA *Denotes undegaduate student autho, Denotes gaduate student autho, Denotes ofessional autho ABSTRACT 11(4): , The uose of this study was to investigate the elationshis between tests incooated into a hysical assessment battey (PAT) fo a law enfocement (LEA) to detemine if thee wee edundancies (i.e. tests measuing the same qualities). A etosective analysis of 226 ecuits (196 males, 30 females) was conducted. The PAT consisted of: maximal ush-us and situs comleted in 60 s; a 75-yad usuit un (75PR); maximal evolutions comleted on an am egomete in 60 s; and a 2.4 km un. A one-way ANOVA (<0.05) detemined if thee wee significant diffeences in the PAT data between the sexes. Peason s coelations (<0.05) calculated elationshis between each of the tests within the PAT, and males and females wee analyzed seaately. Futhe, tests that could otentially measue simila qualities, including ue-body enduance (ush-us/am egomete), abdominal enduance (ush-us/sit-us), and aeobic fitness (am egomete/2.4 km un) wee investigated futhe with one-samle t-tests to detemine ageement. Males efomed bette than the females in all tests ( 0.017). Thee wee significant coelations between assessments fo both males and females (e.g. ush-us, sit-us and am egomete, 75PR and sit-us, am egomete and 2.4 km un), but the stength of these elationshis was small-to-modeate. The one-samle t-tests fo the selected comaisons (ush-us/am egomete; ush-us/sit-us; am egomete/2.4 km un), fo males and females wee all significant (<0.001), which meant the test ais did not agee. The esults indicate that if a LEA uses these tests in a PAT, they can do so knowing they ae measuing five elatively distinct hysical qualities. KEY WORDS: Police, tactical, ue-body stength, ue-body enduance, abdominal enduance INTRODUCTION The use of hysical ability and hysical fitness testing as an emloyment qualification is vey common among occuations that ae hysically demanding (18, 30). Most law enfocement agencies (LEAs) equie office candidates to meet a cetain hysical fitness level, o standad, as at of thei selection ocess (21, 25). Accoding to Hoove (16), these standads geneally

2 include job simulation execises, hysical agility o stamina tests, and nomative-efeenced fitness o wellness tests. If the candidate is unable to successfully ass this otion of the selection ocess they ae tyically no longe consideed as a viable office candidate (32). Geneally seaking, these hysical ability tests (PAT) consist of assessments designed to distinguish between those that have the hysical ability to safely and effectively efom citical job-elated tasks and those that do not (6). The divesity in these oulations (i.e. age, ethnicity, and sex) (11, 20) must also be consideed when selecting which assessment be used. These assessments can include but ae not limited to: maximal ush-us and sit-us that can be comleted in 60 seconds (s) (5, 8, 11, 12, 22); agility couses and simulated usuit uns such as the 75-yad usuit un (75PR) (22); maximal evolutions that could be comleted on an am egomete in 60 s (22); and a 2.4 kilomete (km), o 1.5 mile, un (5, 8, 11, 12, 22). Cuently, thee ae no national standads elated to hysical equiements fo law enfocement offices in the USA. As such, individual agencies ae lagely esonsible fo the develoment, imlementation, and validation of the fitness testing battey they utilize. Many agencies use simulated job tasks and hysical ability assessments as a method of detemining the hysical eaedness of law enfocement academy cadets (5). Howeve, most LEAs have significant time and esouce constaints which often makes the imlementation of hysical testing batteies challenging. As a esult of the size of the candidate classes (7, 24), and the time limitations laced on instuctos, PATs selected should assess secific qualities (e.g. stength enduance, aeobic caacity, change of diection ability) and avoid edundancy. If multile assessments ae measuing the same quality, o if assessments ae highly associated with each othe, it may be moe efficient fo an agency to emove o elace that assessment with one that measues a diffeent hysical quality. Thee is cuently no eseach that has investigated the elationshis between assessments in a PAT fo a law enfocement agency, with a view to detemining the efficiency of hysical fitness testing. Theefoe, this study investigated the elationshis between assessments that wee incooated into a PAT battey fo a LEA in the USA. The assessments included: maximal ush-us that could be comleted in 60 s; 75PR; maximal evolutions that could be comleted on an am egomete in 60 s; maximal sit-us that could be comleted in 60 s; and a 2.4 km un. In addition to this, tests that could otentially measue simila qualities, including ue-body enduance (ush-us and am egomete), abdominal enduance (ush-us and sit-us), and aeobic fitness (am egomete and 2.4 km un) wee investigated futhe. Males and females wee analyzed seaately (11). It was hyothesized that fo both sexes, efomance in the assessments within the PAT battey would coelate as fitte ecuits will efom bette acoss all tests. Howeve, thee would not be good ageement between the ais of tests, which would indicate that they measued diffeent hysical abilities. 1064

3 METHODS Paticiants Data was collected by the taining staff of the LEA being investigated duing the initial ecuitment ocess and was eleased with consent fom that oganization (9, 10, 20). A samle of convenience comised of 226 ecuits (age: 27.29±6.12 yeas; height: 1.76±0.09 metes [m]; body mass: 80.36±12.07 kilogams [kg]) acoss thee taining classes. The samle included 196 males (age: 27.59±6.29 yeas; height: 1.78±0.07 m; body mass: 82.61±10.95 kg) and 30 females (age: 25.37±4.50 yeas; height: 1.62±0.09 m; body mass: 65.90±8.54 kg). Based on the achival natue of this analysis (8-10, 12, 20), the institutional ethics committee aoved the use of eexisting data. Nonetheless, the study still confomed to the ecommendations of the Declaation of Helsinki. Potocol As stated, the data in this study was collected by the staff of one LEA using ocedues that will be detailed. The staff wee all tained by the LEA and wee oficient in conducting the equied assessments. Height and body mass wee ecoded in a classoom at the taining facility fo the agency. The tests wee efomed in the ode detailed in this section. The ush-u and sit-u tests, 75PR, and am egomete test wee conducted outdoos on a concete suface at the LEA s taining facility. The 2.4 km un was efomed with aticiants unning aound a edetemined unning tack as fast as ossible. Ue-body stength enduance was assessed via a maximal ush-u test (7, 8, 20), whee aticiants comleted as many ush-us as they could in 60 s. The otocol fo this assessment followed that of established eseach (1, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12, 20). Paticiants stated in the standad u osition, with the body taut and staight, the hands ositioned shoulde-width aat, and the finges ointed fowads. The law enfocement agency utilized a standad wate bottle to detemine the bottom osition of the ush-u, which was ositioned undeneath the aticiant s chest (22). On the stat command, the teste began the stowatch, and aticiants flexed thei elbows, loweed themselves until thei chests contacted the wate bottle, and extended thei elbows until etuning to the stat osition. The aticiants efomed as many ush-us as ossible using this technique in the allotted 60 s time eiod. Paticiants could est in the u osition with elbows locked, but only full eetitions wee ecoded (7, 20). Abdominal muscle enduance was assessed via the sit-u test, whee aticiants had to comlete as many eetitions as ossible in 60 s (1, 5, 7, 11, 12, 20). Paticiants laid on thei backs on added mats with thei knees flexed to 90, heels flat on the gound, and ams cossed acoss the chest and hands ositioned on the shouldes. The feet wee held to the gound by a test administato o anothe candidate. On the stat command, aticiants aised thei shouldes fom the gound while keeing thei ams cossed, and touched the elbows to the knees (22). The aticiant then descended back down until the shoulde blades contacted the gound and comleted as many eetitions as ossible in the allocated 60 s time eiod. Paticiants could est in the down osition, and only full eetitions wee counted (7, 20). 1065

4 The 75PR was designed to simulate a foot usuit fo a law enfocement office (22), and is shown in Figue 1. The aticiant in this test comleted five linea sints about a squae gid (each side was 13 yads, o metes [m]), while comleting fou, 45 diection changes zigzagging acoss the gid. Paticiants wee also equied to ste ove thee baies that wee 8 feet (2.44 m) long and 6 inches (0.15 m) high that simulated cubs duing thee of the five linea sints. Time was ecoded via a stowatch, fom the initiation of movement at the stat of the sint, until they cossed the finish line. Timing via stowatches is standad acoss law enfocement office unning tests (1, 5, 12, 20, 26). Futhemoe, test administatos tained in the use of stowatch timing ocedues fo unning tests (which the testes wee in this study) can ecod eliable and consistent data (15). Figue 1. (A) The dimensions fo the 75-yad usuit un in metes (m) and (B) the unning diection (numbeed in ode) fo the 75-yad usuit un. The baies wee 2.44 m long and 0.15 m high. 1066

5 The am egomete test was used as an assessment of ue-body enduance. This test was efomed on a standad am egomete (Monak 881E, Vansbo, Sweden) ositioned on a table, and standad ocedues wee followed fo all aticiants (22). The aticiant knelt on a added mat as such that the cankshaft handle was level with the aticiant s shoulde. The test began fom a osition whee the left am of the aticiant was fully extended and aallel to the gound. The aticiant comlete 10 evolutions of the am egomete io to the test to set the esistance at 50 watts. The counte was set to zeo befoe the test commenced. Afte the administato initiated the test, aticiants attemted to comlete as many evolutions as ossible in 60 s. The 2.4 km, o 1.5-mile, un was used to assess aeobic caacity, and efomed using on a 440 yad (402-m) unning tack at the agencies taining academy. Paticiants comleted six las aound this tack, and wee instucted to efom this un as quickly as ossible (22). Simila to the instuctions of othe LEAs, aticiants in this study wee also instucted to slow thei ace if they exeienced any ain, sevee shotness of beath, o othe abnomal signs (3). The 2.4 km mile un time was ecoded fo each aticiant on a handheld stowatch to the neaest 0.10 s (5, 11). Statistical Analysis Statistical analyses wee ocessed using the Statistics Package fo Social Sciences (Vesion 24; IBM Cooation, New Yok, USA), and Micosoft Excel (Micosoft Cooation TM, Redmond, Washington, USA). Descitive statistics (mean± standad deviation [SD]; 95% confidence intevals [CI]) wee calculated fo each measued aamete fo the males and females. A oneway analysis of vaiance (ANOVA) was used to detemine if thee wee significant diffeences in the PAT data between the sexes, as this would also confim the aoiateness of analyzing the sexes seaately. The one-way ANOVA was used due to the obustness of this ocedue (14, 20), with significance set as <0.05. With egads to the coelation data, males and females wee analyzed seaately (11). Peason s coelations calculated elationshis between each of the assessments within the PAT. Significance fo the coelations was set as <0.05. The coelation () stength was designated as: an between 0 to 0.3, o 0 to -0.3, was consideed small; 0.31 to 0.49, o to -0.49, modeate; 0.5 to 0.69, o -0.5 to -0.69, lage; 0.7 to 0.89, o -0.7 to -0.89, vey lage; and 0.9 to 1, o -0.9 to -1, nea efect fo elationshi ediction (17). In addition to the coelation analysis, one-samle t-tests (<0.05) wee conducted on the calculated diffeence between cetain tests that may measue simila qualities eithe due to the coelation data o face validity (i.e. the tests aeaed to measue simila qualities), with comaisons made to zeo. If thee wee no significant diffeences between any of the test ais fo the male o female ecuits (i.e. the tests wee comaable), then Bland-Altman lots would be constucted fo these comaisons to detail the limits of ageement. RESULTS The mean PAT data fo males and females can be viewed in Table 1. The males efomed significantly moe ush-u and sit-u eetitions, moe evolutions in the am egomete test, and wee faste in the 75PR and 2.4 km un. Thus, it was deemed aoiate to analyze the 1067

6 sexes seaately. The coelation data fo the males is shown in Table 2, while the coelations fo the females is dislayed in Table 3. In males, thee wee small-to-modeate elationshis with the sit-u test, 75PR, am egomete, and 2.4 km un. The sit-u test coelated with the 75PR, am egomete (both small), and 2.4 km un (modeate). The 2.4 km un also had small elationshis with the 75PR and am egomete. In females, thee wee significant elationshis between the ush-u and sit-u test, sit-u test and 75PR, and am egomete and 2.4 km un (all modeate). Table 1. Descitive data (mean±sd; 95% CI) fo age, and efomance of thee diffeent classes of candidates in the e-sceening PAT (numbe of ush-us and sit-us comleted in 60 s, time to comlete the 75PR, numbe of evolutions comleted in a 60-s am egomete test, and 2.4 km un time). Males (n=196) Females (n=30) No. of Push-us 42.24±11.56 ( ) 25.20±8.90* ( ) <0.001 No. of Sit-us 40.10±8.67 ( ) 36.00±9.07* ( ) PR Time (sec) 17.24±1.11 ( ) 18.64±1.30* ( ) <0.001 Am Egomete No. of Revolutions ±14.51 ( ) ±12.10* ( ) < km Run Time (min:sec) 12:47-1:09 (12:31-13:03) 14:02±0:59* (13:40-14:24) <0.001 * Significantly (<0.05) diffeent fom the male ecuits. Table 2. Coelations between age, numbe of ush-us and sit-us comleted in 60 s, time to comlete the 75PR, numbe of evolutions comleted in a 60-s am egomete test, and 2.4 km un time in male ecuits (n=196). Sit-us 75PR Am Egomete 2.4 km un Push-us Sit-us 75PR Am Egomete * Significant (<0.05) elationshi between the two vaiables * * Table 3. Coelations between age, numbe of ush-us and sit-us comleted in 60 s, time to comlete the 75PR, numbe of evolutions comleted in a 60-s am egomete test, and 2.4 km un time in female ecuits (n=30). Sit-us 75PR Am Egomete 2.4 km un Push-us 0.004* Sit-us 0.045* 75PR Am Egomete * Significant (<0.05) elationshi between the two vaiables * One samle t-tests wee conducted on the ush-u and am egomete tests, ush-u and situ tests, and am egomete and 2.4 km un. Desite the significant coelation between the ush-u and am egomete test in males, the one-samle t-test conducted on the diffeence 1068

7 between these tests was significant (<0.001), suggesting thee was not ageement between these tests. This calculation was also un fo the females between the ush-u and am egomete tests, and these wee significantly diffeent fom each othe (<0.001). Futhe, even though thee wee significant elationshis between the ush-u and sit-u tests, and am egomete and 2.4 km un fo both male and female ecuits, the one-samle t-test data demonstated that each test ai was significantly diffeent (i.e. they did not agee). Given that no test ais ageed with each othe, no Bland-Altman lots wee constucted. DISCUSSION Many LEAs tyically use a vaiety of test to assess hysical eaedness duing the hiing ocess. This is because law enfocement offices need a numbe of diffeent hysiological qualities to efom thei job safely and effectively (19). Pevious eseach has not investigated the efficiency of PAT batteies fo any LEAs by detemining the elationshis between tests (i.e. to ascetain whethe multile assessments ae measuing the same hysical qualities). The uose of this study was to investigate the elationshis between assessments that wee incooated into a PAT battey (ush-us and sit-us, 75PR, am egomete test, and 2.4 km un) fo a LEA in the USA. The esults of this study showed that thee wee limited elationshis between these five assessments, which suggests these measues assess diffeent hysical qualities. This means that if a LEA uses these assessments they can do so knowing they ae measuing five elatively distinct hysical qualities. Physical qualities that offices may need to use on the job in a foot usuit situation ae changeof-diection ability, seed, and agility. In both men and women, stength, owe, and coodination ae imotant qualities fo effective change-of-diection ability and agility (23, 27, 28). In addition to this, efomance of the 75PR is in at deendent on the aticiant s ability to oduce foce aidly. The modeate coelations between age and 75PR time fo both males and females, which suggested that younge candidates an faste, could be in at attibuted to otential declines in stength and owe that occu with inceasing age. Fo examle, Dawes, et al. (11) found that owe oduction as measued by vetical jum height declined with age inceases in incumbent law enfocement offices. When assessing the elationshi between ush-u and am egomete, although a significant (albeit small) coelation was identified fo males, thee wee no significant elationshis found fo females, and the tests did not agee with each othe fo both male and female ecuits. These esults could in at be attibuted to the disesion of scoes within the samle oulation, as males efomed significantly moe ush-u and moe evolutions in the am egomete test, in addition to the inheent efomance diffeences between males and females in stength tests (20). These esults also suot the evious wok of Dawes et al. (11), who documented that male offices tended to efom significantly bette than female offices in stength and stength enduance-based tests including ush-us, isometic leg/back stength, and isometic gi stength. Many of the female ecuits may be elying moe on muscula stength than muscula enduance to comlete the ush-u test. Theefoe, this would be diffeent to the am egomete test, which may lace a geate emhasis on ue-body enduance in this instance. This also 1069

8 coesonds with the findings of Vaaa et al. (29), who discoveed that muscula enduance test scoes (ush-us, sit-us and eeated squats) elated bette to maximal aeobic caacity measued with indiect gaded cycle egomete and body fat content, athe than maximal stength test scoes in young men aged 25.5±5.0 yeas. Within this PAT battey, the am egomete test is otentially oviding a measue of ue-body enduance diffeent to that fom the ush-u test in both men and women. Howeve, the validity of this test fo the job equiements of law enfocement offices equies futhe investigation. Abdominal stength and enduance should be stessed in both the ush-u and sit-u tests, as the abdominal muscles (e.g. ectus abdominis, lumba eecto sinae, extenal oblique, and intenal oblique) ae active acoss both movements (4, 13). When assessing the elationshi between the ush-u and sit-u tests fo both males and females, thee wee significant elationshis which indicated some cossove in abdominal stength and enduance acoss both tests. Howeve, thee was limited ageement between the ush-u and sit-u tests, which indicated they did indeed measue diffeent qualities in the samle of LEA ecuits (ue-body ushing vs. abdominal enduance). These ae qualities that law enfocement offices may need to use on the job (i.e. ushing stength fo self-defense, abdominal stength fo stability duing defensive action and eventing low back injuies) (6). Any LEA that utilizes a sit-u and ushu should be confident that each is measuing a diffeent, and otentially useful, quality. Thee was a small coelation between am egomete and 2.4 km un, which could atially be attibuted to both tests oviding a measue of aeobic fitness (2, 31). Howeve, thee was no ageement between these two assessments, indicating that they likely measue disaate qualities. This is most likely due to maximal aeobic caacity being deendent on how it is measued (e.g. unning vs. cycling vs. owing). The 2.4 km un is a commonly used assessment in tactical oulations, and in the United Kingdom all banches of the amed foces use 2.4-km un time and/o the 20-m multistage shuttle un test to assess aeobic fitness (31). The am egomete test is a less commonly used indicato of aeobic fitness in both tactical and the geneal oulation. Indeed, Bulthuis et al. (2) demonstated that an am egomete test is best seved in evaluation of taining ogams in atients with imaiment of thei lowe extemities. Futhe to this, the am cank is not often used as a maximal aeobic caacity test as local fatigue in the ams is the main limiting facto, as oosed to oxygen intake (2). Although the am egomete ovides a diffeent fitness measuement, as eviously acknowledged, moe eseach is needed to detemine its elationshi to job-secific tasks fo law enfocement offices. Thee ae cetain study limitations that should be acknowledged. This study investigated only one PAT battey fo one LEA which had an indeendent set of otocols. All agencies may not use these assessments, so LEAs with diffeent tests should ensue they do not have edundancies. Thee is also a ossible issue of human eo duing data collection as stowatches wee used fo the agility tests, and ush-u and sit-u numbes ae subject to the test administato s discetion. Nonetheless, in accodance with evious law enfocement eseach, stict ocedues wee used fo these tests (6, 8, 10-12, 29). Finally, futhe eseach is needed to confim if these tests ae assessing qualities that ae equied fo law enfocement, esecially in egad to the novel assessments of the 75PR and am egomete test. Although 1070

9 these assessments ae measuing distinct hysical abilities, it must be confimed that these hysical abilities elate to whethe an office can safely and effectively efom job-elated tasks. In conclusion, the PAT battey fo the law enfocement agency that was analyzed, which included ush-us, sit-us, the 75PR, an am egomete test, and 2.4 km un, otentially identified five distinct hysical qualities. This was demonstated via a low numbe of coelations between the tests, in addition to no ageement between tests. Nevetheless, even though these tests aea to measue distinct hysical abilities, futhe eseach is needed to establish whethe these abilities ae citical fo law enfocement offices to safely and effectively efom job-elated tasks. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thank you to the deuties who conducted the testing. This eseach oject eceived no extenal financial assistance. None of the authos have any conflict of inteest. REFERENCES 1. Beck AQ, Clasey JL, Yates JW, Koebke NC, Palme TG, Abel MG. Relationshi of hysical fitness measues vs. occuational hysical ability in camus law enfocement offices. J Stength Cond Res 29(8): , Bulthuis Y, Dossaes-Bakke W, Oosteveld F, Palen Jvd, Laa Mvd. Am cank egomete is eliable and valid fo measuing aeobic caacity duing submaximal execise. J Stength Cond Res 24(10): , Butle RJ, Conteas M, Buton LC, Plisky PJ, Goode A, Kiesel K. Modifiable isk factos edict injuies in fiefightes duing taining academies. Wok 46(1): 11-17, Calatayud J, Boeani S, Colado JC, Matín FF, Roges ME, Behm DG, Andesen LL. Muscle activation duing ush-us with diffeent susension taining systems. J Sots Sci Med 13(3): , Cocke C, Dawes J, O RM. The use of 2 conditioning ogams and the fitness chaacteistics of olice academy cadets. J Athl Tain 51(11): , Cooe Institute. Fequently asked questions egading fitness standads in law enfocement. Available fom: htts:// Accessed May 27, Cawley AA, Sheman RA, Cawley WR, Cosio-Lima LM. Physical fitness of olice academy cadets: Baseline chaacteistics and changes duing a 16-week academy. J Stength Cond Res 30(5): , Dawes JJ, O RM, Bandt BL, Conoy RL, Poe R. The effect of age on ush-u efomance amongst male law enfocement offices. J Aust Stength Cond 24(4): 23-27, Dawes JJ, O RM, Elde CL, Kall K, Stieli M, Schilling B. Relationshi between selected measues of owe and stength and linea unning seed amongst Secial Weaons and Tactics olice offices. J Aust Stength Cond 23(3): 23-28, Dawes JJ, O RM, Elde CL, Rockwell C. Association between body fatness and measues of muscula enduance among at-time SWAT offices. J Aust Stength Cond 22(4): 33-37,

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