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1 John Fontana, PG Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
2 Watch for It! Two New ITRC Guidance Documents (Web Based?) Implementing Advanced Site Characterization Tools Optimizing In Situ Remediation Performance & Injection Strategies Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
3 Advanced Site Characterization Qualitative vs. Quantitative Current HRSC Direct Sensing Technologies Quality Control & Quality Assurance High Resolution Sampling Methods 2D & 3D Visualization for Developing Your CSM Case Study Examples Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
4 Qualitative vs. Quantitative Methods Direct Sensing Tools Semi Quantitative MIP, HPT, EC, LIF/UVOST, OIP-UV, etc. High Vertical Resolution (20 pts. per foot) High Resolution Sampling - Quantitative Continuous Coring - Direct-Push or HSA Discrete Point Ground Water Sampling Geoprobe HPT-GWP (Groundwater Profiler Tool) Mobile On-Site Labs or Fixed Lab Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
5 ATV Mounted OIP-UV/MiHPT/EC Imaging System & Track Mounted Geoprobe Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
6 Common Direct Sensing/Imaging & Borehole Logging Tools for HRSC Tools Driven by Direct-Push Technology (Geoprobe or CPT) MIP - Membrane Interface Probe Dissolved Phase VOCs (PPM Levels, or PPB with Low Level Option HPT - Hydraulic Profiling Tool Measures permeability and hydraulic conductivity HPT-GWS HPT + Discrete Groundwater Sampling Tool OIP-UV Optical Imaging Profiler Detects Free Phase Petroleum NAPLS using Fluorescence of PAHs (Similar to LIF/UVOST Laser Induce Fluorescence/ UV Optical Screening Tool) OIP-G Green Laser Source for Heavier Oils/PAHs (Similar to LIF/TarGost) EC - Electrical Conductivity Measures Conductivity (Resistivity) of Soil NOTE: Several of these tools are now combined into single probe units Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
7 Combined MIP + HPT + EC Probe (MIP + HPT = MiHpt) Trunk Line Connections & Inline Pressure Sensor EC Dipole HPT Injection Screen Heater Block 1.75 Diameter Probe Body Membrane Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
8 MIP/HPT/OIP/EC Instrumentation Digital Field Instrument MIP Flow/Heat Controller Low Level Controller Hydraulic Profile Controller Ruggedized Field Computer MIP Gas Detectors Gas Chromatograph Flame Ionization (FID) Photo Ionization (PID) Halogen Specific (XSD) Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
9 EC (Electrical Conductivity) Measures Soil Conductivity Inverse of Resistivity Conductivity Generally Relates to Grain Size Can also see Ionic Compounds (Salts) Will Detect Metal Built into All HRSC Tools In High K Zones (low soil conductivity), can calculate groundwater specific electrical conductance! Sand Silt Clay Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
10 Hydraulic Profile Tool (HPT) Injects Water into Formation through 3/8 Screen Port Measures Injection Pressure (up to 110 psi) Measures Injection Flow (up to 300 ml/min) High Pressure & Low Flow = Low Permeability Low Pressure & High Flow = High Permeability Measure Piezometric Head (by performing Dissipation Test) Combined with Electrical Conductivity (EC) Post-Log Calculations: Estimated Hydraulic Conductivity (K est ) Groundwater Specific Electrical Conductance Calculated in High K zones, with <5psi HPT Pressure). Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
11 Hydraulic Profile Tool (with EC) Log Corrected HPT Pressure Ratio: EC/corr. HPT Pressure Piezometric Head, Piezometric Head, Soil Electrical Conductivity HPT Pressure HPT Flow Estimated Hydraulic Conductivity Groundwater Specific Electrical Conductance 11
12 Standard MIP Operation Carrier Gas Flow Heater Block VOCs Swept by Carrier Gas Flow VOCs in Soil Semi-permeable Membrane Heater block (120 C) volatilizes VOCs in soil VOCs move across the membrane by diffusion Continuous carrier gas flow sweeps gases to detectors Typically pause at 1.0 intervals to increase heating of soil. Average Rate of Penetration, 1 ft/min. Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
13 High Resolution = Millions of Data Points 20 data points per foot MiHpt Log - Locating VOCs & Measuring Soil Properties PID & EC XSD & EC FID & EC PSI & Flow Est. K & Head PSI Soil (Lab) Data 13
14 Is This a Gas Station Site? What are in the details? Any issues with the logs? PID & EC FID & EC XSD & EC PSI & Flow PID & EC FID & EC XSD & EC PSI & Flow Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
15 Low Level MIP Operation Carrier Gas is Stopped Probe Body VOCs Collect Behind the Membrane VOCs in Soil Semi-permeable Membrane For increased sensitivity Carrier flow is pulsed VOCs move across the membrane via diffusion VOCs accumulate behind the membrane Carrier gas flow is resumed Then the contaminant mass (peak) is transported to the detectors Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
16 Standard MIP vs. Low-Level MIP Logs Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
17 Optical Image Profiler (OIP-UV) MFG: Geoprobe (Direct Image ) Tool Function: Detect Fluorescence of Petroleum NAPLs (PAHs) Excitation Light Source: Ultra-Violet (UV) LED Light Source (275nm) Also - Visible (White) LED Light Source Sensor: CMOS Camera (Captures UV or Visible Images) Measured Response % Area Fluorescence (%AF) Visible Light LED Allows for Capturing Images of Soil Texture and Color Software Geoprobe DI Viewer (Free Download at Geoprobe.com) Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
18 Analysis of Fluorescence Excitation (LED) Light 275nm (UV) Emission Light Filter nm (purple, blue, green) Records Data Like your digital camera! HSV - Hue, Saturation, & Value (Brightness) EMMISSION FILTER BLOCKED 275 nm Excitation Light 400nm 500nm 600nm 700nm 18
19 OIP Images Captured Fluorescence Image under 275nm UV LED Light Software Analysis of % Area Fluorescence (%AF) Captured Soil Image under Visible (White) LED Light Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
20 EC % AF IMAGES Typical OIP-UV Log Display Electrical Conductivity % Area Fluorescence Viewing Software Allows Scrolling Through All Images Green Line Marks Depth of Current Image Displayed Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
21 Comparison of OIP-UV and LIF/UVOST OIP Essentially Equivalent to LIF/UVOST Response Cross Section of EC & OIP Logs EC OIP LIF/UVOST Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
22 OIP + HPT = OiHpt Probe EC % AF IMAGES HPT PSI Corr. PSI & FLow Piez Head & K est EC/Corr- PSI & SEC Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
23 OIP-G Green Laser Source 520nm Excitation Laser Fluorescence (in red region) Petroleum DNAPLS Heavy Crude Oil, Coal Tars, Creosote, Etc. Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
24 Configuration Options 2 or 3 Person Crew 3rd Person Required for Utility Clearing for Efficiency 24
25 Data Acquisition Typical X-Y Spacing: Maximum Rate of Penetration: MiHpt 1.0 ft/min, ft/day EC/HPT/OIP 4.0 ft/min ROP max., ft/day GPS or Site Survey for Location Coordinates (X, Y, Z) GPS or Google Map for X-Y = +/-2 feet Z for Contaminants = +/- 0.1 feet. Z for Groundwater modeling = +/ feet Can use Relative Elevation with Auto Level > > > 25
26 HRSC Tools Quality Control.nfo File Log Records ALL THIS DATA for Data Review: Software Alarm Settings: Flows, Pressures, Temps Sensor Response Tests MIP Chemical Std. Tests HPT Pressure Sensor Electrical Conductivity OIP Fluorescence Tests ASK FOR THE RAW DATA FILES FOR YOUR RECORDS!! 26
27 A Few Things to Watch For: Most Important for Planning: If LNAPL is present, start with OIP-UV and find the LNAPL edge, then surround with MIP to map dissolved. Swamping of MIP Trunkline in Hot Zones High concentrations will cause carry over, false pos., and field delays Off Scale Readings (5 volts) Mineral Fluorescence on OIP-UV or LIF/UVOST First 5 Was it potholed? Hand augered? or backfilled? Fill Material will give false or altered readings Don t Use Low-Level MIP on Fuel Plumes Use similar compounds for response tests (ex. Benzene for fuels, TCE for chlorinated plumes) EXPERIENCED & TRAINED OPERATORS! Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
28 Soil & Groundwater Sampling Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
29 High Resolution Soil Sampling Collect Continuous Soil Cores! Think TRIAD PLEASE, NO MORE 18 or 24 Split Spoons every 5 = HUGE DATA GAPS! Macro-Cores (smeared holes, slough) Use Geoprobe Dual-Tube Cased Hole Coring Systems (2.25 or 3.25 ) or HSA Continuous Coring Systems (5 ft.) Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
30 DPT Discrete Groundwater Sampling Screen Point Samplers Nested Wells/Peizometers Pneumatic Slug Tests The Use of Direct-push Well Technology for Long-term Environmental Monitoring in Groundwater Investigations (SCM-2) Mar-2006 Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
31 HPT-GWP Groundwater Profiler New! Simplified/Robust Discrete Groundwater Sampler 20-3/8 screen ports over 6 interval. Only two water lines Measures injection pump pressure and flow. (No K) Can be driven without drive cushion. Peristaltic Pump or Mechanical Bladder Pump Measure GW parameters while sampling! minutes per sample Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
32 Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
33 HRSC Report Options Basic Reporting Boring Location Map Final Edits of Logs (PDFs) Detectors Individually Scaled Detectors Common Scaled Field Notes Summary Basic Log Run Comments Log Run Issues Maximum Detector Values Raw Digital Data, Log Files Advanced Reporting Options Real Time Field Upload to Server PDF Logs, Map Interpretive Report QA/QC Review, inf file prints 2D Symbol or Contour Maps Cross Section Displays From DI Viewer Other Software 3D Visualization Models Groundwater Model Hydrogeology LNAPL Distribution Dissolved Phase Distribution Monitor Wells Confirmation Boring/Samples Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
34 2D & 3D Visualization Techniques Accurate Models Require Understanding of: Baseline Noise vs Actual Contaminant Signal Potential Interferences, False Anomalies Carry Over, Pressure Fluctuations Mineral Fluorescence Salty Water Which Data are Logarithmically Distributed and How to use that Knowledge in Choosing the Right Surface Contouring Algorithms. Anisotropic Nature of High Vertical Resolution Data (20 data points per vertical foot) and How to Model that into Accurate Images. 34
35 Unidentified Historic Gasoline Source OIP-UV / EC Logs Identified Confining Conditions that Presented False Thickness of LNAPL in Some Monitor Wells Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
36 Downtown Grand Junction, CO LNAPL discovered down gradient with leaded gasoline dating to 1930 s. Benzene Plume Former Gas Station OIP Investigation Area 1-3 feet of LNAPL Unrelated plume from other source? Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26, 2018 N 36
37 LNAPL Investigation Area - OIP-UV Cross Section Monitor Well w/ LNAPL Clean Monitor Well Monitor Well w/ GRO N Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
38 ITRC LNAPL Short Course Example LNAPL Thickness Variation in Monitor Wells Confined Example on Next Slide Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
39 OIP-A07 Shows LNAPL Not as Bad as it Looks in Well! Well 20 from OIP Boring Thick Low Perm Clay LNAPL in Thin Sand Stringer, below water table. LNAPL displays false thickness in well. Du Thick Clay Layer Top of Free Product Top of Water Thin Sand Fluorescent LNAPL Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
40 ITRC LNAPL Short Course Example Unconfined Example on Next Slide Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
41 OIP-B03 Shows LNAPL is as Bad as it Looks in Well! Well 10 from OIP Boring Thick Low Perm Clay LNAPL in main sand body, not confined below water table. LNAPL displays actual thickness in well. Note: Actual bottom of well at 68 ft. Elev. Thick Clay Layer Top of Water Sand Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26, 2018 Top of Free Product Fluorescent LNAPL 41
42 West to East Cross-Section (%AF & EC) A wells demonstrate confined LNAPL conditions. B wells base of clay is higher, LNAPL is unconfined. Could the LNAPL migrate up dip under the confined clay? A Wells B Wells LNAPL Confined Under Clay LNAPL Unconfined Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
43 Expanded Survey 3D Model of LNAPL and Groundwater West East Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
44 OIP-UV and MiHpt Identified Migration of LNAPL Plume moving opposite of ground water gradient Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
45 2D MiHPT & OIP Survey Map Classic 2D Bubble Map used to display maximum values at each log boring. Max. MIP-PID (uv) Max. OIP %Area Fluorescence Source Area: AST & dispenser releases in the site on the north side of the highway. Data Collected 51 OIP Borings 18 MiHPT Borings 10 Confirmation Soil Core Borings N Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
46 Ground Water Elevation Models Elevation modeled at two time periods, August, and April (April shown) Gradient on both shows north trend, towards a major river system about 2-3 miles north. Irrigation activity in the area may have intermittent affects on direction. N 46
47 OIP-UV & MIP (PID) Boring Renderings Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26, 2018 N 47
48 OIP-UV Fluorescence >0.1% Isosurface Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26, 2018 N 48
49 MIP-PID Volume Rendering Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26, 2018 N 49
50 All Previous Components Visualized Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
51 Old Abandoned Gas Station, Baytown, TX Tanks long removed, LNAPL in scattered wells Map of OIP-UV Maximum %AF Original Investigation, OIP-UV Borings 3 Confirmation Soil Cores Groundwater Table Modeled from MWs All elevations relative ft. N Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
52 Ground water Elevation Model Monitor wells with water and LNAPL column - View looking West N Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
53 LNAPL Plume > 1% Area Fluorescence (%AF) Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26, 2018 N 53
54 Orthographic View of Site Looking West Shows LNAPL in perched zone above water table, and confined 15 below water piezometric head. Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26, 2018 N 54
55 HPT Pressure >45 psi Isosurface N 55
56 Summary HRSC tools have advanced and include new combined tools, such as MiHpt and OiHpt, and can be deployed in any soil friendly to direct-push methods. OIP-UV and LIF/UVOST produce the same relative fluorescence response in fuel spills. DI Viewer software allows end users print, compare, manipulate, QC logs, and display simple cross sections. The HRSC equipment is complex, requires significant field troubleshooting skills, and only experienced operators should be hired that have thorough training, operating experience, and understanding of the instrumentation. 56
57 Summary 2D and 3D modeling of HRSC data is the most efficient can quickly display where contaminant mass is present, moving, and why it is trapped in confining layers. Integrating HPT data into a HRSC model is key to understanding contaminant migration. LNAPL in confining conditions can result in erratic and false thickness in monitor wells, which does not represent the location of LNAPL in the soil. By pinpointing where the bulk of contaminant resides, HRSC can aid in more efficient remediation, or site closure solutions. 57
58 John Fontana, PG Rocky Mountain EHS Peer Group July 26,
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