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1 Organelles in prokaryotes and eukaryotes! Plasma membrane! Cell wall (in prokaryotes, plants, fungi, some protists)! Ribosomes! Nucleoid/nucleus! Mitochondria! Plastids (Please activate your clickers)
2 Osmosis Because the plasma membrane is differentially permeable, allowing water to cross more easily than solutes, water moves from the side with the lowest solute concentration to the side with the highest concentration.
3 How do cells survive changes in osmotic concentration of their surroundings? Plants, fungi, most protists and bacteria have cell walls! Cell wall limits growth in hypotonic solution by exerting pressure on contents and thus protects membrane.! In hypertonic solution, get plasmolysis (bad), but cells produce or take up solutes to balance outside solution Animal cells and other cells without cell walls! Animal cells stay in salt water, or keep their surroundings at isotonic solute concentration! Also, animal cells have cytoskeleton inside, which connects to inside of plasma membrane and keeps it from expanding; some protists have pellicle (sort of inner cell wall)
4 Endoplasmic reticulum (E.R.) ( network between organelles ) Interconnected flattened or tubular sacs, cisterna(e) Closed membranes: lumen (inside space) separated from outside cytoplasm Functions: synthesis and packaging! Rough: proteins! Smooth, cell wall carbohydrates, glycogen (starch), glycoproteins, steroid hormones. Found in all eukaryotic cells
5 Golgi apparatus (dictyosome, in plants) Dense complex of cisternae; several per cell Functions:! synthesis of carbohydrates on proteins (glycoproteins),! transport of proteins to different compartments in cell Found in all eukarotic cells
6 Vesicles Small sacs Single membrane Functions:! storage, isolation (lysosome, peroxisome)! transport Vacuoles Larger sacs Single membrane In protists, these are storage organs, digestive organs; contractile vacuole related to water pumping In plants and fungi, these are large storage organs for salts, sugars, red and blue pigments in flowers, wastes, strange chemicals (poisons)
7 Cytoskeleton Microtubules Stiff helical rods of protein (tubulin); 25 nm diam Functions:! Structural support (e.g. mammalian nerve cell).! Support for movement (e.g., vesicles, cilia, flagella, spindles). Motor proteins:! Kinesin toward + end! Dynein toward - end
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9 Microfilaments Flexible rods of protein (actin); 7 nm thick) Functions:! Structural support! Amoebic peudopod extension! With motor protein (myosin), support for movement (e.g., muscles, streaming, cytokinesis). Intermediate filaments Stiff protein rods, 8-12 nm thick Function: hold organelles in place
10 Different filaments can be linked together to form a strong, resilient network. Figure 4. IF-associated proteins provide flexible intracytoplasmic resilience in response to external stresses by reversibly cross-linking IFs to other cytoskeletal and membrane sites. (A through C) BPAG1n/dystonin, a 280-kD linker protein with actin- and neurofilament-binding domains, aligns neurofilaments along actin stress fibers when a cultured mammalian cell is triply transfected to express BPAG1n, NF-L, and NF-H. (A) Neurofilament; (B) BPAG1n/dystonin; (C) actin. [Reproduced with permission from Yang et al. (50).] (D) Electron micrograph of the residual cytoskeleton of a rat embryo fibroblast after dissolution of actin filaments with gelsolin. Linked to 10-nm gold particles, antibodies against the 500-kD cross-linker protein plectin reveal bridges between microtubules and IFs. Pseudocolored elements are microtubules (orange), IFs assembled from vimentin (green), plectin (red), and gold particles marking plectin (yellow). (E) Model suggesting that plectin mediates linking between IFs, microtubules, actin, myosin, and membrane-bound adhesion sites (focal contacts or plasma membrane components) (51, 53). (Images kindly provided by T. Svitkina and G. Borisy.)
11 Dynamic relationships between membranous organelles! E.R. formed by outbudding of nuclear envelope! E.R. produces vesicles: substances produced in E.R. (e.g. proteins, tagged with carbohydrates; glycoproteins) appear in vesicles! Golgi accepts materials from E.R.! Golgi cisternae modify materials (e.g. altered glycogroups), which appear in Golgi vesicles! Golgi vesicles can (a) stay as storage vesicles (e.g. lysosomes), (b) fuse with plasma membrane to secrete their substance, (c) fuse with another membrane (e.g. vacuolar membrane) to transfer material into an organelle.! Secretion vesicles can be constitutive or regulated Golgi targets different materials into each.
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