Homeostasis. Salt sucks! Review: What is distilled water? What would a salty solution be considered?

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1 You will get your practice tests back to correct. Take a few minutes to look over your answers and you can use resources like notes and book to help you correct the test.

2 Salt sucks! Review: What is distilled water? What would a salty solution be considered? Identify the solutions shown above and explain what is happening. I strongly encourage you to re-draw the diagrams and take notes to help you study for tomorrow. Watch red blood cells in solution

3 Answers to practice question 1 A) Pure water implies distilled water therefore it is hypotonic B) Solute sucks! All cells have stuff/solute inside of them. Therefore the cell will suck water towards the solute inside the cell. C) In a hypotonic medium/solution, cells will expand/explode. D) This is an example of osmosis movement of water. All molecules will move from higher concentration to lower concentration easily and without energy. Therefore osmosis is passive transport. E) Membranes that only allow some substances to cross are semi-permeable (examples of other permeable things include paper, clothing, etc.).

4 What are the 4 major organic compounds that are found in all living things? Watch again: Macromolecules and watch again Crash course Biology Fill in the table to describe them: Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates Nucleic acids

5 What are the 4 major organic compounds that are found in all living things? Watch again: Macromolecules ( ) and watch again Crash course Biology ( ) Fill in the table to describe them: Proteins Cell membrane transport, metabolism (enzymes) Cell membrane, and cytoplasm Lipids Cell membrane structure, hormones, organ insulation Cell membrane, and cytoplasm Carbohydrates Nucleic acids Source of energy, fiber, and cell support DNA contains your genes and RNA expresses those genes! Cell membrane, plant & bacteria cell walls, mitochondria, chloroplast, and cytoplasm DNA only in nucleus. RNA in both nucleus and cytoplasm

6 Protein is found in: Meat, cheese, and legume plants beans, soy, peanuts Lipids/fats are found in fatty foods that are shiny and slick like butter, cheese, animal grease/lard, olive oil, and other plant oils. Carbohydrates are made of sugars and are found in any plant-based product breads, wheat, vegetables, fruits etc. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are found in all food that was once alive all plant based food and animal product.

7 Cell Energy Review (straight from notes) 1. Photosynthesisk: using energy to make. The equation for photosynthesis is: 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Carbon dioxide water Glucose Oxygen Cellular respiration: All organisms break down glucose and other carbohydrates to release energy ( ) needed for many life functions. The process of breaking down glucose to release energy is called. This process takes place in the powerhouse cell organelle, called the. place. a. There are types of respiration: 1) Aerobic respiration: means with because it requires oxygen to take 2) Anaerobic respiration: means without because it does need.

8 ANSWERS TO #3 of WRITTEN FINAL PRACTICE The equation for photosynthesis is: 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Cellular respiration: Carbon dioxide water Glucose Oxygen A) Plant cells perform photosynthesis to produce stored energy in the form of glucose. Animal cells AND plant cells perform cellular respiration to break down glucose and release energy A LOT of energy 38 ATP total!: B) Photosynthesis occurs/happens in the thylakoid membranes and the stroma of the chloroplast of the plant cell and cellular respiration occurs/happens in the matrix and the membranes of powerhouse mitochondria in both plants and animal cells. C) Plants and some bacteria/algae can perform photosynthesis. The majority of organisms perform cellular respiration. D)The starting materials/raw materials of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and water and the raw materials for cellular respiration are oxygen and glucose. E) Photosynthesis releases the products oxygen and glucose and respiration releases CO2 and water F) The two processes are related because the products of photosynthesis are raw materials for cellular respiration and vise versa.

9 Review from notes and book cell membrane structure (ch. 3) : Identify the phospholipid bi-layer and Label the heads hydrophilic and tails hydrophobic of the cell membrane: Label membrane proteins (at least one peripheral and one integral) Add carbohydrates Add steroid cholesterol molecules Also explain WHY the cell membrane is called the fluid mosaic model

10 Answers to practice question 4 A) Proteins act as transport molecules for substances to move into or out of the cell. Enzymes are also made of proteins and help with metabolism and other cell functions. B) Carbohydrates make up the cellulose cell wall of plant cells and bacteria. Carbohydrates are also on the surface of the cell membrane and help with identification of cells. C) Cholesterol is a steroid hormone that helps regulate and protect the cell. D) Phospholipids make up the bi-layer of the cell membrane they keep substances out and protect the cell. E) Selectively-permeable and semi-permeable mean that only some substances can move through the membrane.

11 Answers to practice question 5 A) Rough endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes-this is the protein factory of the cell and a transportation system for proteins and other molecules. B) Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell where carbohydrates (glucose sugars) are broken down to create energy in the form of ATP. This process is called cellular respiration. C) Nucleus and nuclear envelope-the nuclear envelope/membrane surrounds the nucleus and protects the DNA/chromatin. D) Cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings.

12 Nucleic Acids Answers to practice question 6 A) The components or parts of a nucleotide are a phosphate, sugar, and base (ATCG or AUCG in RNA). Nucleotides are monomers that build DNA or RNA molecules. B) The four bases/nucleotides found in DNA are Thymine, Adenine, Guanine, and Cytosine. C) DNA is double-stranded, contains deoxyribose sugar, remains in the nucleus and contains the bases ATCG. RNA is single-stranded, contains ribose sugar, is found in nucleus and cytoplasm, and contains the bases AUCG.

13 Nucleic Acids Answers to practice question 6 part II A) To make an exact copy of DNA before cell division B) Helicase unzips the double helix and polymerase builds a new DNA polymer and proofreads the strands. C) Replication occurs before cell division D) Semi-conservative means that one strand of copied DNA contains/saves the original copy and one strand is made of new nucleotides.

14 Scientific Method Answers to practice question A) Ants are rarely in the garden at night B) The independent variable is the variable that is being tested/investigated by the scientist the amount of light provided or blocked. C) The dependent variable is measureable. The variable that is affected by and changed by the independent variable. The addition of a dark place makes the ants change behavior. The number of ants that preferred light or dark is the dependent variable. D) Ants are more productive during the day and prefer light. E) Control groups are needed to compare results. A control group would be ants exposed to the natural and normal light cycles of day without any additional darkness or artificial light. F) Possible constants include same number of ants, amount of food, size of testing set-up, and temperature. G) The graph would show a positive slope or increasing line for # s of ants with the addition of light on the x-axis.