EQ What are the 4 biomolecules and their monomers?

Transcription

1 EQ What are the 4 biomolecules and their monomers?

2 Monomers: Fatty Acids Amino acids Nucleotides Monosaccharides Drawings

3 Chemistry of Life Chapter 3

4 Biomolecules Chapter 3 Section 3

5 Building Blocks of Cells Biomolecules large, complex molecules that make up the parts of a cell Four major classes of Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

6 Carbohydrates Carbohydrates molecules made of sugars Elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) Monomers monosaccharides (single sugars)

7 Functions of Carbs Major source of energy Plants store the sun s energy in glucose All organisms break down the sugar to release the stored energy Structural support Chitin shells of lobsters and crabs Cellulose plant cell walls Cell recognition Cells recognize one another using sugars attached to the cell membrane.

8 Carbohydrates Examples: Glucose Sucrose Starch Cellulose Chitin Glycogen

9 Lipids Lipids AKA fats Elements carbon (C), oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H) Monomers fatty acids

10 Functions of Lipids Main purpose is to store energy Some animals only eat a few months of the year and rely on stored energy for the rest of the year. (whales) Hibernation Plants store fat as oil (peanut and corn oil) Build membranes (cell and organelle)

11 Lipids Examples Fats Phospholipids (cell membrane) Steroids Waxes

12 Proteins Protein worker molecules of the cell Structure determines function Elements C, O, H, nitrogen (N), and sometimes others like sulfur (S) Monomers amino acids

13 Functions of Proteins Provide structure and support Enable movement Aid in communication and transportation Help carry out important chemical reactions (enzymes)

14 Proteins Enzymes Transporters Membrane Proteins Microtubules and Microfilaments

15 Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids genes Elements C, O, H, N, and Phosphorus (P) Monomers nucleotides

16 Functions of Nucleic Acids Contains the genetic information for an organism Energy source for cells ATP a single nucleotide Examples DNA and RNA

17 BR Copy and answer the question Which combination of macromolecule and function is correct? a) Carbohydrate: forms membranes b) Lipid: speed up chemical reactions c) Nucleic acid: stores genetic information d) Protein: store energy SWP hydro/aqua-? water Study for your Quiz!!! EQ How do hydrogen bonds give water its unique properties?

18 Quick Review What are the four biomolecules? Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids

19 Biomolecules contain Carbon 1. Carbohydrates Can be Function is to Are made of Store genetic information in the form of Amino Acids

20 Water Chapter 3 Section 2

21 Polarity Shared electrons are attracted more to one atom than the other (oxygen in water) Uneven sharing Tug-of-war Polar molecules have partial charges on opposite ends or poles

22 Solubility Like dissolves like Polar dissolves polar Nonpolar dissolves nonpolar What happens when you mix oil and water?

23 Hydrogen Bonds Hydrogen has a partial positive charge when bonded to Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N) Fluorine (F) This is a very strong attraction not a true bond. Hydrogen bonds are important in many molecules that make up our cells. The strands of DNA are held together by H- bonds

24 Properties of Water Density = Ice Floats Life can exist under ice in lakes Heat capacity = water absorbs and retains heat Helps organisms maintain a constant internal temperature (homeostasis)

25 Properties of Water Cohesion = water molecules stick to each other Surface tension Adhesion = water molecules stick to other substances Cohesion and adhesion cause capillary action which allows water molecules to move upward through the stem of a plant

26 Brazilian Pygmy Gecko

27 Properties of Water Lab Answer every question completely. Work smart!!! What you do not finish counts against you. Stay at your lab station!!! Do NOT distract other students during lab!

28 Properties of Water Lab Copy onto your lab data sheet! No playing during lab. Do not eat/drink any lab supplies. Wear goggles when using hot liquids. Follow all other lab safety procedures.

29 Which type of molecule provides building blocks for tissues, transports other molecules, and helps regulate certain reactions in cells? a) Lipid b) Fat c) Carbohydrate d) Protein EQ How do enzymes lower the activation energy of reactions?

30 Energy & Metabolism Chapter 3 Sections 4

31 Quick Review What are the four biomolecules? Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids

32 Macromolecules Macromolecules large biomolecules Proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids Monomer small units that make up large molecules Protein Carbohydrate Lipid Amino acid Fatty acid Monosaccharide Nucleic Acid Nucleotide

33 Energy What is energy? Energy the ability to move or change matter Energy exists in many forms. Light Heat Chemical energy Mechanical energy Electrical energy Energy can be converted from one form to another.

34 Chemical Reactions Reactants (What you start with) Products (What you end with) Reactant a substance that is changed in a chemical reaction Goes on the left of the arrow Product a substance that is formed Goes on the right of the arrow 2H H O 2

35 Reversible Reactions Double arrow means the reaction may go in either direction Depends on the conditions at the time.

36 Activation Energy Activation Energy the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction

37 Homeostasis Organisms carry out many chemical reactions that help maintain a stable internal environment. Most of these reactions require large amounts of energy to get started. Enzymes help organisms maintain homeostasis by lowering the amount of energy required.

38 Enzyme Enzyme a protein that increases the speed of biochemical reactions (catalyst) Hold molecules together and in correct orientation Enzymes fit with reactants like a lock fits a key.

39 Enzyme Video Clip pter2/animation how_enzymes_work.html

40 Enzyme Conditions What affects enzymes? Temperature ph Amount of substrates

41 Role of Enzymes Lower the activation energy by holding the substrates together and in the correct orientation. Without enzymes, most reactions would not occur fast enough to sustain life.

42 Metabolism THINK BACK: What is metabolism? Build up and break down We get the energy we need for metabolism from the food we eat. Two main processes Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration

43 Liver Lab Lab Safety Rules: 1. Wear goggles at all times. 2. No playing in the lab. 3. Follow all other lab procedures. Substance tested Amount of H 2 O 2 solid liver 20 drops ground liver 20 drops boiled liver 20 drops iced liver 20 drops HCl-soaked liver 20 drops NaOH-soaked liver 20 drops Reaction intensity based on scale Foam Scale 0=no foam 1=very little foam 2=some foam 3=half foam/half liquid 4=mostly foam 5=all foam

44 What does A represent? a) Energy of the products b) Reaction progress c) Activation energy without a catalyst d) Activation energy with catalyst EQ How are macromolecules used in our cells?

45 Energy A B R P Reaction Time

46 Copy and answer the questions. 1. The unequal sharing of electrons causes or partial charges at opposite ends of the molecule. 2. A monosaccharide is a sugar molecule. 3. All biomolecules contain. 4. The main purpose of lipids is to.