Unit 1: Science of Life 1. Define the following terms: Hypothesis: Testable explanation for a phenomenon
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1 UCS BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE FOR 1 ST SEMESTER MIDTERM EXAM Unit 1: Science of Life 1. Define the following terms: Hypothesis: Testable explanation for a phenomenon Experiment: an orderly procedure carried out with the goal of verifying, refuting, or establishing the validity of a hypothesis. Controlled experiments provide insight into cause-and-effect by demonstrating what outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated. Theory : an explanation of a scientific phenomenon that has been tested by many scientists over many years Homeostasis: Maintaining an internal balance regardless of external conditions Observation: Examining something carefully to gain information Peer review: the evaluation of work by one or more people of similar competence to the producers of the work Characteristics of Life: Metabolism, composed of cells, growth and development, change over time, homeostasis, response to stimuli, reproduction
2 2. What is the order of structures in living organisms from the simplest to the most complex (order of organization)? Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms Unit 2: Metabolism 3. What is the one element that is found in all living things? Carbon (organic compounds) 4. What are the 4 most common elements in all living things? Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen 5. Where is energy stored in a molecule? Carbon-hydrogen bonds 6. How is energy in a molecule released? Break the bonds hydrolysis (adding water to break bonds)
3 7. How is the energy in a molecule of ATP released? 8. What are enzymes? What is their function? How do enzymes maintain the homeostasis of living things? Proteins that are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy
4 9. What are the structural differences between macromolecules? Nucleic acids Carbs Lipids
5 10. What are the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates? Monosaccharide Polysaccharide 11. What are the monomers and polymers of lipids? Fatty Acids Saturated and unsaturated fats 12. What are the monomers and polymers of proteins? Amino Acids Proteins 13. What is the purpose of lipids in the animal body? Fats, oils, waxes, hormones Unit 3: Cells 14. Define organelle. a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function 15. Describe the functions of the nucleus, ER, Golgi apparatus, cell membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, chloroplasts, central vacuole and ribosomes. Nucleus: Contain genetic material
6 ER: process proteins Golgi apparatus: package materials Cell membrane: control what goes in and out of the cell Cell wall: Protects the cell, keeps its shape Mitochondria: cellular respiration (provide energy for the cell) Chloroplasts: photosynthesis Central vacuole: Water and nutrient storage Ribosomes: protein factory 16. Describe the cell membrane and its functions. The cell membrane separates the contents of the cell from its environment. Composed of mostly of lipids. Controls what goes in and out of the cell (security guard) 17. Differentiate between animal and plant cell structures. Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central (permanent) vacuole. Both have a cell membrane, nucleus, and membrane bound organelles.
7 18. Compare and contrast chloroplasts and mitochondria (include processes and DNA). Mitochondria: cellular respiration- provides energy for the cell Chloroplasts: photosynthesis- makes food for the cell (glucose) Both contain DNA because they originated as prokaryotes that became a part of a larger cell.
8 19. What is a prokaryote? Single-celled organism with free floating DNA because they do not have a nucleus. Bacteria are prokaryotes 20. Compare the structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 21. What is a virus? Non-living infectious agent. Requires a host cell to replicate. Does not carry out metabolism.
9 22. What are the 2 main structures each virus contains? Protein coat and genetic material (DNA or RNA) 23. Compare the main structures and nucleic acids in bacteria and viruses. Virus: protein coat & genetic material Bacteria: Unit 4: Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis 24. What is the source of all energy on Earth? The Sun!
10 25. What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? 26. What are the 2 reactants needed for photosynthesis to take place? Reactants (before the arrow) = carbon dioxide and water 27. How do plants obtain these needed 2 reactants into their systems? Carbon dioxide from the air and H2O from the ground through the roots 28. Explain the function of the guard cells, stomata, and roots.
11 Stomata: gas exchange Guard cells: open and close the stomata Roots: anchor the plant and get water from the soil 29. What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration? 30. What is the purpose of cellular respiration? To create ATP and store the energy found in the bond of glucose and transfers it to the bonds of ATP. The energy currency of the cell. 31. What is the purpose of ATP? ATP is the high-energy molecule of the cell. The bonds of ATP are broken to convert the chemical energy stored in mechanical energy for movement. 32. What do cells breakdown during cellular respiration in order to produce ATP? Glucose!
12 33. Compare the chemical equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration. (products/reactant relationships) 34. Explain how photosynthesis and cellular respiration are interrelated. 35. Why do plants have chloroplasts and mitochondria? Plants must make their food (glucose) in chloroplasts that can then be used in cellular respiration to make ATP to power the cells in the mitochondria.
13 Unit 5: Body Systems and Homeostasis 36. Explain how different organisms accomplish the same result using different specializations (gills vs. lungs vs. membranes, skeletal (endoskeleton vs. exoskeleton), respiratory (Oxygen absorption). 37. What is the main function of the human cardiovascular system? To transport oxygen and nutrients to your cells and transport CO2 and materials to be excreted
14 38. What is the main function of the muscular system? To contract and relax for movement. 39. What is the main function of the digestive system? To break down food into nutrients that can be absorbed by the blood stream and used for cellular respiration and growth. 40. How does the nervous system send and receive messages to the muscular system (reflexes)? Through connections between nerve cells that send an impulse around the body. The brain sends an impulse through nerves to your muscle to make them move (contract) 41. How does gas exchange occur in the lungs? In the alveoli. Gas diffuses across the membrane to and from the capillaries
15 42. How does each human body system help our bodies maintain homeostasis? Go over body systems graphic organizer 43. How do the human body systems work together to maintain homeostasis? Go over body systems graphic organizer
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