STATION 1 SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION VOCABULARY 2015 FALL BENCHMARK BIOLOGY

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1 STATION 1 SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION VOCABULARY 2015 FALL BENCHMARK BIOLOGY VOCABULARY TERM Observation Inference Quantitative Qualitative Hypothesis Independent variable Dependent variable Experimental group Control group Constants Scientific theory Scientific Law DEFINITION Information gathered with the five senses; can be quantitative or qualitative, and is indisputable (no one can argue with it) An assumption you make based on your observations, past experience, and prior knowledge Data or observations that are measurable; based on numbers Example: Leaf length = 14.2 centimeters Data or observations that describe the characteristics of something Example: The leaves were brown A possible explanation for a set of observations that can be tested in a controlled setting; the starting point for experimentation The experimental factor being tested; the factor that is changed/manipulated by the researcher The experimental factor that is being measured by the researcher In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the independent variable In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the independent variable and serves as a basis for comparison Conditions that stay the same in both the experimental group and the control An explanation of some aspect of the natural world that has been repeatedly tested and supported by many data A statement about a natural process that describes what happens under a certain set of conditions

2 STATION 2 PROPERTIES OF WATER AND ph VOCABULARY 2015 FALL BENCHMARK BIOLOGY Polar molecule A molecule with an unequal distribution of charges, resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end Non-polar molecule A molecule that has an equal distribution of charges (does NOT have a positive and negative end); do not form hydrogen bonds and do not dissolve in water Hydrogen bonding Attractions that form between a positively-charged hydrogen of one polar molecule, and the negatively-charged atom of another molecule Cohesion Attraction between molecules of the same substance (water molecules sticking to each other) Adhesion Attraction between molecules of different substances (water sticking to other things) Capillary action The combination of adhesion and cohesion that allows water to travel up small spaces against the force of gravity Specific Heat Surface tension Amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance; for water, this is very high, meaning it takes a lot of energy (in the form of heat) to raise its temperature The packing of water molecules into the upper layers of a body or droplet of water due to cohesive and adhesive forces; allows some organisms to walk on water Hydrophobic Water fearing substances that do not mix with water because they are non-polar Hydrophilic Water loving substances that mix with water because they are polar ph A measure of how acidic or basic a substance is; scale goes from 0 14 Acid A substance with a ph below 7 Base A substance with a ph above 7 Neutral A substance with a ph of 7

3 Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Monomer Polymer STATION 3 MACROMOLECULES VOCABULARY 2015 FALL BENCHMARK BIOLOGY An organic compound that is made of a chain of amino acids; used in rebuilding and repairing tissue, the breaking down of substances, transport across the cell membrane, and many other processes An organic compound made from a chain of monosaccharides (single sugars); used to give the cell or organism quick energy (short-term energy storage) An organic compound made of a chain of fatty acids; used for long term energy storage, insulation, and is a major component of cell membranes An organic compound made of a chain of nucleotides; stores genetic information A single repeating subunit that can be chained together to form a polymer A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical molecules linked together Starch A complex carbohydrate found in potatoes, rice, corn, grains and other foods Monosaccharide A simple, single sugar; the monomer of carbohydrates Polysaccharide Amino acid Fatty acid Nucleotide A chain of 3 or more simple sugars The monomer of proteins; the order of these monomers in a protein chain determine the protein s properties and role within the cell/organism Monomers of lipids Monomers of nucleic acids; composed of a phosphate, a sugar, and a nitrogen base

4 STATION 4 ENZYMES VOCABULARY 2015 FALL BENCHMARK BIOLOGY Enzyme -ase Lock and key model Catalyst Substrate Active site Enzyme-substrate complex Reactants Products Activation energy Temperature/pH Denatured Optimum A type of protein that acts as a catalyst in biochemical reactions; lowers the activation energy to make reactions happen faster The last three letters of the name of most enzymes States that the shape of an enzyme s active site is designed specifically to fit only one kind of substrate molecule A substance that speeds up a biochemical reaction without itself being affected or changed A substance (reactant) which binds to an enzyme The location on an enzyme where the substrate binds; shape is specific to a particular substrate A large temporary molecule formed when an enzyme and a substrate bind together Starting materials in a biochemical reaction; decrease in concentration as the reaction proceeds Ending materials in a chemical reaction; increases in concentration as the reaction proceeds The amount of energy needed to start a reaction; enzymes lower this make the reaction happen faster Environmental conditions that can affect the activity of an enzyme A change in the shape of an enzyme (or other protein) as a result of exposure to extreme environmental conditions (temperature or ph); makes the enzyme useless because its active site no longer fits with the substrate Best; most favorable; ideal; highest

5 STATION 5: LABELING THE WATER MOLECULE + H H O - SUBSTRATE STATION 6: UNDERSTANDING ENZYMES PRODUCTS ACTIVE SITE ENZYME ENZYME- SUBSTRATE COMPLEX

6 STATION 7: MACROMOLECULE MONOMER MATCHING CARBOHYDRATE MONOSACCHARIDE LIPID FATTY ACID PROTEIN AMINO ACID NUCLEIC ACID NUCLEOTIDE STATION 8: MACROMOLECULE FUNCTION MATCHING CARBOHYDRATE QUICK ENERGY, SHORT-TERM ENERGY STORAGE LIPID LONG-TERM ENERGY STORAGE, INSULATION, MAJOR COMPONENT OF CELL MEMBRANES PROTEIN NUCLEIC ACID TRANSPORT, SPEED UP REACTIONS, REPAIR AND REBUILD TISSUE STORE GENETIC INFORMATION STATION 9: MACROMOLECULE EXAMPLES MATCHING CARBOHYDRATE GLUCOSE STARCH LIPID WAX OIL PROTEIN ENZYMES CHANNEL, CARRIER NUCLEIC ACID DNA RNA

7 STATION 10: MACROMOLECULES PICTURE MATCHING NUCLEOTIDE NUCLEIC ACID AMINO ACID PROTEIN MONOSACCHARIDE CARBOHYDRATE

8 STATION 11: IDENTIFYING VARIABLES IN AN EXPERIMENT STATION 12: HYPOTHESIS/THEORY/LAW MATCHING HYPOTHESIS THEORY LAW A tentative explanation for an observation that can be tested in an experiment A widely-accepted explanation of a large body of information that is supported by lots of evidence A statement that describes what happens in nature under a certain set of conditions STATION 13: LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION ATOMS MOLECULES CELLS TISSUES ORGANS ORGAN SYSTEMS ORGANISM STATION 14: READING/INTERPRETING DATA TABLES STATION 15: HOMEOSTASIS