Color Atlas of Oral Diseases

Transcription

1 Color Atlas of Oral Diseases Third edition, revised and expanded George Laskaris, M.D., D.D.S., Ph.D. Associate Professor of Oral Medicine Medical School, University of Athens Athens, Greece Head in Oral Medicine Department of Dermatology "A. Sygros" Hospital Athens, Greece 777 illustrations Thieme Stuttgart New York

2 VI Contents 1. Normal Anatomic Variants 2 Linea Alba 2 Normal Oral Pigmentation 2 Leukoedema 2 2. Developmental Anomalies 4 Fordyce's Granules 4 Oral Hair 4 Congenital Lip Pits 4 Commissural Lip Pits 6 Ankyloglossia 6 Cleft Lip 6 Cleft Palate 8 Oblique Facial Clefts 8 Bifid Tongue 8 Double Lip 10 Torus Palatinus 10 Torus Mandibularis 10 Multiple Exostoses 12 Fibrous Developmental Malformation 12 Major Salivary Gland Agenesis 12 Facial Hemiatrophy 14 Masseteric Hypertrophy Genetic Diseases 16 White Sponge Nevus 16 Hereditary Benign Intraepithelial Dyskeratosis.. 16 Gingival Fibromatosis 16 Hypophosphatasia 18 Pachyonychia Congenita 18 Dyskeratosis Congenita 20 Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia 20 Odonto-Onychodermal Dysplasia 22 Focal Palmoplantar and Oral Mucosa Hyperkeratosis Syndrome 24 Papillon-Lefevre Syndrome 26 Chronic Granulomatous Disease 26 Benign Acanthosis Nigricans 28 Dyskeratosis Follicularis 28 Familial Benign Pemphigus 30 Epidermolysis Bullosa 30 Neurofibromatosis 32 Chondroectodermal Dysplasia 34 Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia 34 Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome 36 Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome 36 Gardner's Syndrome 38 Maffucci's Syndrome 40 Tuberous Sclerosis 40 Sturge-Weber Syndrome 42 Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber Syndrome 42 Cowden's Disease 44 Cleidocranial Dysplasia 44 Orofacial Digital Syndrome 46 Focal Dermal Hypoplasia 46 Incontinentia Pigmenti 48 Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome 48 Marfan's Syndrome 50 Werner Syndrome 50 Down's Syndrome Mechanical Injuries : Traumatic Ulcer 54 Traumatic Bulla 56 Traumatic Hematoma 56 Chronic Biting 56 Toothbrush Trauma 58 Factitious Trauma :, 58 Fellatio \ 58 Lingual Frenum Ulcer after Cunnilingus 58 Cotton Roll Stomatitis 60 Denture Stomatitis 60 Epulis Fissurata 60 Papillary Hyperplasia of the Palate 62 Hyperplasia due to Negative Pressure 62 Atrophy of the Maxillary Alveolar Ridge 62 Palatal Necrosis due to Injection 62 Eosinophilic Ulcer 64 Angina Bullosa Hemorrhagica Oral Lesions due to Chemical Agents 66 Phenol Burn 66 Trichloroacetic Acid Burn 66 Eugenol Burn 66 Aspirin Burn 68 Iodine Burn 68 Alcohol Burn 68 Acrylic Resin Burn 68 Sodium Perborate Burn 70 Hydrogen Peroxide Burn '.. 70 Silver Nitrate Burn 70 Sodium Hypochlorite Burn,. 70 Paraformaldehyde Burn 72 Chlorine Compound Burn 72 Agricultural Chemical Agents Burn 72

3 Contents VII Sanguinaria-Associated Oral Leukoplakia 72 Epithelial Peeling Oral Lesions due to Smoking, Heat, and Electricity 76 Nicotinic Stomatitis 76 Palatal Erosions due to Smoking 76 Cigarette Smoker's Lip Lesion 78 Smoker's Melanosis 78 Thermal Burn 78 Electrical Burns Oral Lesions due to Drugs 82 Gold-induced Stomatitis 82 Antibiotic-induced Stomatitis 82 Stomatitis Medicamentosa 82 Ulcerations due to Methotrexate 84 Ulceration due to Azathioprine 84 Ulcerations due to Indomethacin 84 Ulceration due to Nicorandil 86 Ulcerations due to Alendronate 86 Ulcerations due to Hydroxyurea 86 Penicillamine-induced Oral Lesions 88 Phenytoin-induced Gingival Enlargement 88 Cydosporine-induced Gingival Enlargement 88 Nifedipine-induced Gingival Enlargement 90 Angioedema 90 Palatal Perforation due to Cocaine 92 Oral Lesions due to Anticoagulants 92 Pigmentation due to Antimalarials 94 Pigmentation due to Azidothymidine 94 Cheilitis due to Retinoids Metal and Other Deposits 96 Amalgam Tattoo 96 Bismuth Deposition 96 Lead Deposits 96 Silver and Graphite Deposits 98 Phleboliths 98 Materia Alba of the Attached Gingiva Allergy to Chemical Agents Applied Locally 108 Allergic Stomatitis due to Acrylic Resin..., 108 Allergic Stomatitis due to Eugenol 108 Cinnamon Contact Stomatitis 110 Dental Amalgam Contact Stomatitis Periodontal Diseases 112 Plaque-Induced Gingivitis 112 Chronic Periodontitis 112 Aggressive Periodontitis 114 Periodontal Abscess 114 Periodontal Fistula 116 Gingivitis and Mouth Breathing 116 Plasma Cell Gingivitis 116 Desquamative Gingivitis Diseases of the Tongue 120 Median Rhomboid Glossitis 120 Geographic Tongue 120 Fissured Tongue 122. Hairy Tongue 122 Furred Tongue 124 Plasma Cell Glossitis 124 Glossodynia 126 Crenated Tongue 126 Hypertrophy of Foliate Papillae 126 Hypertrophy of Circumvallate Papillae 126 Hypertrophy of the Fungiform Papillae 128 Sublingual Varices Diseases of the Lips 130 Median Lip Fissure 130 Angular Cheilitis 130 Actinic Cheilitis 130 Exfoliative Cheilitis 132 Contact Cheilitis 132 Cheilitis Glandularis 132 Cheilitis Granulomatosa 134 Plasma Cell Cheilitis Foreign Material 100 Foreign Bodies 100 Skin and Mucosal Grafts Radiation-induced Injuries Soft-Tissue Cysts 136 Mucocele 136 Ranula 136 Lymphoepithelial Cyst 138 Dermoid Cyst '. 138 Eruption Cyst 140 Gingival Cyst of the Newborn 140 Gingival Cyst of the Adult 140 Palatine Papilla Cyst 142" Nasolabial Cyst 142 Thyroglossal Duct Cyst 142

4 VIII Contents 16. Viral Infections 144 Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis 144 Secondary Herpetic Stomatitis 144 Herpes Labialis 146 Herpes Zoster 146 Varicella 148 Herpangina 148 Acute Lymphonodular Pharyngitis 150 Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease 150 Measles 152 Infectious Mononucleosis 152 Mumps 152 Verruca Vulgaris 154 Condyloma Acuminatum 154 Molluscum Contagiosum 154 Focal Epithelial Hyperplasia HIV Infection and AIDS 157 Infections 158 Neoplasms 164 Neurologic Disturbances 168 Drug-Induced Lesions 168 Lesions of Unknown Cause Bacterial Infections 174 Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis 174 Necrotizing Ulcerative Stomatitis 174 Cancrum Oris 176 Pericoronitis 176 Dry Socket 176 Staphylococcal Infection 178 Streptococcal Gingivostomatitis 178 Erysipelas 180 Scarlet Fever 180 Oral Soft-Tissue Abscess 180 Peritonsillar Abscess 182 Acute Suppurative Parotitis 182 Acute Submandibular Sialadenitis 182 Buccal Cellulitis 184 Klebsiella Infections 184 Pseudomonas Infections 184 Syphilis 186 Primary Syphilis 186 Secondary Syphilis 186 Late Syphilis 190 Congenital Syphilis 192 Chancroid 192 Gonococcal Stomatitis 194 Tuberculosis 194 Lupus Vulgaris 196 Leprosy 196 Actinomycosis Fungal Infections 200 Candidiasis 200 Primary Oral Candidiasis 200 Secondary Oral Candidiasis 204 Histoplasmosis 206 North American Blastomycosis 206 Paracoccidioidomycosis 208 Mucormycosis 208 Aspergillosis 210 Cryptococcosis Protozoal Infections 212 Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Granulomatous Diseases 214 Sarcoidosis 214 Heerfordt's Syndrome 214 Crohn's Disease 216 Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome 216 Orofacial Granulomatosis Diseases with Possible Immunopathogenesis 220 Recurrent Aphthous Ulcers 220 Minor Aphthous Ulcers 220 Major Aphthous'Ulcers 220 Herpetiform Ulcers 222 FAPA Syndrome 222 Behc,et's Disease 222 Reiter's Syndrome 226 Wegener's Granulomatosis Autoimmune Diseases 230 Discoid Lupus Erythematosus 230 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 230 Scleroderma 232 Dermatomyositis 234 Mixed Connective Tissue Disease 236 Sjogren's Syndrome 236 Benign Lymphoepithelial Lesion 238 Cryoglobulinemia 238 Graft Versus Host Disease 240 Primary Biliary Cirrhosis 242 Lupoid Hepatitis Skin Diseases 244 Erythema Multiforme 244 Stevens-Johnson Syndrome 246 Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis 246 Pemphigus 248 Pemphigus Vulgaris 248

5 Contents IX Pemphigus Vegetans 250 Pemphigus Foliaceus 252 Pemphigus Erythematosus 252 Juvenile Pemphigus Vulgaris 252 Paraneoplastic Pemphigus 254 Cicatricial Pemphigoid 254 Childhood Cicatricial Pemphigoid 256 Linear IgA Disease 258 Bullous Pemphigoid 258 Pemphigoid Gestationis 260 Dermatitis Herpetiformis 262 Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita 262 Chronic Ulcerative Stomatitis 264 Lichen Planus 264 Pyostomatitis Vegetans 268 Psoriasis 270 Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome 272 Malignant Acanthosis Nigricans 274 Acrodermatitis Enteropathica 274 Lip-Licking Dermatitis 274 Perioral Dermatitis 274 Warty Dyskeratoma 276 Vitiligo Hematologic Disorders 278 Iron Deficiency Anemia 278 Plummer-Vinson Syndrome 278 Pernicious Anemia 278 Thalassemias 280 Congenital Neutropenia 280 Cyclic Neutropenia 280 Agranulocytosis 282 Aplastic Anemia 284 Thrombocytopenic Purpura 284 Myelodysplastic Syndrome 284 Plasminogen Deficiency Renal Diseases 288 Uremic Stomatitis Metabolic Diseases 290 Amyloidosis 290 Lipoid Proteinosis 292 Glycogen Storage Disease Type lb 292 Hurler's Syndrome 294 Xanthomas 294 Porphyrias 296 Hemochromatosis 296 Cystic Fibrosis 298 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis : Vitamin Deficiency and Nutritional Disorders 302 Pellagra 302 Ariboflavinosis 302 Scurvy 304 Protein Deficiency 304 Carotenemia Endocrine Diseases 306 Diabetes Mellitus 306 Adrenocortical Insufficiency 306 Hypercortisolemia 306 Hypothyroidism 308 Primary Hyperparathyroidism 308 Sex Hormone Disorders 308 Acromegaly Diseases of the Peripheral Nervous System 312 Hypoglossal Nerve Paralysis 312 Peripheral Facial Nerve Paralysis 312 Ipsilateral Masseter Spasm Precancerous Lesions 316 Leukoplakia 316 Erythroplasia ( 322 Candidal Leukoplakia Precancerous Conditions 324 Plummer-Vinson Syndrome 324 Atrophic Glossitis in Tertiary Syphilis 324 Submucous Fibrosis 324 Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophica 326 Xeroderma Pigmentosum 326 Lichen Planus Malignant Neoplasms 328 Squamous Cell Carcinoma 328 Verrucous Carcinoma 332 Adenoid Squamous Cell Carcinoma 334 Spindle Cell Carcinoma 334 Lymphoepithelial Carcinoma 334 Basal Cell Carcinoma 336 Acinic Cell Carcinoma 336 Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma 336 Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma 338 Malignant Pleomorphic Adenoma 338 Adenocarcinoma 340 Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma : 340 Polymorphous Low-Grade Adenocarcinoma 340 Leiomyosarcoma 342

6 X Contents Fibrosarcoma 342 Kaposi's Sarcoma 342 Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma 344 Hemangioendothelioma 344 Hemangiopericytoma 346 Malignant Melanoma 346 Chondrosarcoma 348 Osteosarcoma 348 Metastatic Neoplasms Malignancies of the Hematopoietic and Lymphatic Tissues 352 Leukemias 352 Acute Leukemias 352 Chronic Leukemias 354 Erythroleukemia 356 Polycythemia Vera 356 Hodgkin's Lymphoma 356 Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas 358 Burkitt's Lymphoma 360 Malignant Granuloma 360 Mycosis Fungoides 362 Macroglobulinemia 362 Plasmacytoma of the Oral Mucosa 364 Multiple Myeloma Benign Tumors 366 Papilloma 366 Verrucous Hyperplasia 366 Keratoacanthoma 366 Fibroma 368 Giant Cell Fibroma 368 Peripheral Ossifying Fibroma 368 Soft Tissue Chondroma 370 Soft-Tissue Osteoma 370 Lipoma 370 Myxoma 372 Neurofibroma 372 Schwannoma 372 Traumatic Neuroma 374 Leiomyoma 374 Verruciform Xanthoma 374 Granular Cell Tumor 376 Granular Cell Tumor of the Newborn 376 Benign Fibrous Histiocytoma 376 Hemangioma 378 Epithelioid Hemangioma 378 Lymphangioma 380 Cystic Hygroma 380 Papillary Syringadenoma of the Lower Lip 382 Sebaceous Adenoma 382 Cutaneous Horn 382 Freckles 384 Lentigo Simplex 384 Intramucosal Nevus 384 Junctional Nevus 386 Compound Nevus 386 Blue Nevus 386 Nevus of Ota 388 Lentigo Maligna 388 Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumor of Infancy Pleomorphic Adenoma 390 Papillary Cystadenoma Lymphomatosum 392 Myoepithelioma 392 Basal Cell Adenoma Other Salivary Gland Disorders 396 Necrotizing Sialadenometaplasia 396 Sialolithiasis 396 Mikulicz's Syndrome 396 Sialadenosis 398 Xerostomia Tumor-like Lesions 400 Pyogenic Granuloma 400 Pregnancy Granuloma 402 Postextraction Granuloma 402 Fistula Granuloma 402 Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma Non-Neoplastic Diseases of the Jaws 406 Fibrous Dysplasia 406 Cherubism 406 Paget's Disease Odontogenic Tumors 410 Ameloblastoma 410 Ameloblastic Carcinoma 410 Odontogenic Myxoma 412 Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Tumor 412 Calcifying Odontogenic Cyst 412 Odontomas 414 Selected Bibliography 415 Index 446