BMS101 INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY STUDY NOTES EXTRACTS FOR SAMPLE
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1 BMS101 INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY STUDY NOTES EXTRACTS FOR SAMPLE What is anatomy? Anatomy is the study of structure. Greek for to cut up or cut open What is physiology? Physiology studies the function of body structures. What is Microscopic Anatomy? Microscopic anatomy examines structures that cannot be observed by the unaided eye. What is Cytology? Cytology is a sub-discipline of Microscopic anatomy. It involves the study of individual cells. What is Histology? Histology is a sub-discipline of Microscopic anatomy. It involves the study of tissues. What is Gross Anatomy? Gross Anatomy (Macroscopic Anatomy) examines structures that can be observed with the unaided eye. What is Developmental Anatomy? Developmental Anatomy is a sub-discipline of Gross Anatomy. It involves the study of structure changes within an individual from conception through maturity. What is Embryology? Embryology is a sub-discipline of Gross Anatomy; the study of developmental changes occurring prior to birth. What is Regional Anatomy? Regional Anatomy is a sub-discipline of Gross Anatomy. It is the study of structures within a single region as one complete unit. Examples include head, neck, and abdomen. What is Surface Anatomy? Surface Anatomy is a sub-discipline of Gross Anatomy. It is the study of internal structures as their locations relate to regions of skin or other surface markings. What is Systemic Anatomy? Systemic Anatomy is a sub-discipline of Gross Anatomy. It is the study of structures involved with a specific activity. Examples include digestive system, integumentary system and reproductive system. What is Pathologic Anatomy? Pathologic anatomy examines anatomic changes resulting from disease. What is Radiographic Anatomy? Radiographic anatomy studies the relationships among internal structures that may be visualised by specific scanning procedures. Examples are ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or x-ray. What is a section? A section is an actual cut or slice through a structure or a piece removed by slicing a structure. What are the 7 characteristics of a Living Organism? - Organisation - Adaptation - Metabolism - Responsiveness - Growth and Development - Reproduction - Regulation: Homeostasis (ability to maintain a consistent internal environment)
2 What are the 11 Organ Systems? - Respiratory System - Lymphatic System - Urinary System - Integumentary System - Nervous System - Digestive System - Muscular System - Endocrine System - Reproductive System - Cardiovascular System - Skeletal System What is the Coronal plane? The Coronal plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. It is also known as the Frontal plane. What is the Sagittal plane? The Sagittal plane divides the body into left and right. You can have a Midsagittal plane which divides the body into equal left and right halves. The Sagittal plane is also called a Median plane. What is the meaning of the anatomic directional term dorsal? Dorsal is an anatomic directional term which means at the back side of the human body. What is the meaning of the anatomic directional term ventral? Ventral is an anatomic directional term which means at the belly side of the human body. What is the correct regional name for the lateral aspect of the leg? Fibular refers to the lateral aspect of the leg. What is the correct regional name for groin? Inguinal refers to the groin. What is the correct regional name for the part of the back and sides between the ribs and pelvis? Lumbar refers to the part of the back and sides between the ribs and pelvis. What is the correct regional name for breast? Mammary refers to the breast. What is the correct regional name for hand? Manus refers to the hand. What is the correct regional name for chin? Mental refers to the chin. What is the correct regional name for the posterior aspect of the elbow? Olecranon refers to the posterior aspect of the elbow. What is the correct regional name for the region between the thigh and the anus? Perineal refers to the region between the thigh and the anus. What is the correct regional name for foot? Pes refers to the foot. What are organelles and what are the two classifications? Each organelle, meaning little organ, perform a different function and can be classified as membrane- bound or non- membrane bound. List 5 examples of membrane- bound organelles. - Endoplasmic reticulum - golgi apparatus - Lysosomes - peroxisomes - Mitochondria
3 What is an endoplasmic reticulum and what are the two types? The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of intracellular membrane and has enclosed spaces called cisternae. The two types are smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). What is autophagy? Autophagy is an intracellular degradation system. Auto meaning self, phagein meaning to eat. What is autolysis? Autolysis is the destruction of a cell by an internal process; self-destruction. List 4 wandering cells. - Mast cells- release histamine and heparin to stimulate local inflammation. - Plasma cells- form antibodies that immobilise foreign substances, bacteria and viruses - Free macrophages- phagocytise foreign material - Other leukocytes- attack foreign materials (lymphocytes) or directly combat bacteria (neutrophils) List 4 resident cells. - Fibroblasts- most abundant in connective tissue proper. Fibroblasts produce fibres and ground substance - Adipocytes- small clusters or form adipose tissue - Fixed macrophages- large irregular cells which phagocytise dead cells or pathogens - Mesenchymal cells- common origin for all other connective tissue types and is found throughout the body of the embryo, fetus and adult. What is a leukocyte? A leukocyte is a white blood cell that engulfs and digests bacteria and fungi. Leukocytes are an important part of the body s defence system. What are the 4 types of fingerprints? (draw in square provided) Arch Loop Whorl Combination What is the general arterial flow out of the heart? 1. Left coronary artery 2. Right coronary artery 3. Aortic branch a. Brachiocephalic trunk i. Right common carotid artery ii. Right subclavian artery b. Left common carotid artery c. Left subclavian artery 4. Descending thoracic aorta follows the aortic arch and gives off several branches to the thoracic wall 5. Descending abdominal aorta when in inferior and posterior areas of the diaphragm 6. Aorta bifurcates at L 4 into left and right common iliac arteries. 7. Common iliac arteries further divide into internal and external iliac arteries.
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