Anatomy and Physiology
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1 Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy---Study of Structure Gross anatomy Systemic anatomy Regional anatomy Microscopic anatomy Physiology---Study of Function Neurophysiology Muscle physiology Respiratory Renal Digestive Endocrine
2 How is the body organized? 6 Levels of Organization Chemical Level Cell Level Tissue Level Organ Level Organ System Level Organism
3 Atom s Organell Smooth muscle e cell Molecul e 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Cardiovascula r system Hear t lood B vessel s 6 Organismal level The human organism is made up of many organ systems. Smooth muscle tissue 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types cells. Bloodofvessel (organ) Smooth muscle Connective tissue tissue Epithelia l tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. 5 Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Figure 1.1
4 11 systems of the body Major Members Locations Functions
5 Homeostasis Definition How is it maintained?-feedback Mechanisms What if it is not maintained? (disease s/s)
6 Components of a Control Mechanism 1. Receptor Monitors the environment Responds to stimuli 2. Control center Determines the set point Receives input from receptor Determines appropriate response 3. Effector Receives output from control center Response acts to reduce or enhance the stimulus (feedback)
7 Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Nervous and endocrine systems Features of these systems
8 Anatomical terminology Anatomical position Why is this important?
9 Directional Terms Right Left Superior Inferior Cephalic Caudal Anterior Posterior Ventral Dorsal Proximal Distal Lateral Medial Superficial Deep Ipsilateral Contralateral
10 Body Parts and Regions Fig. 1.11
11 Body Planes Sagittal plane Transverse plane Frontal (coronal) plane Fig. 1.13
12 Frontal plane Median (midsagittal) plane Transverse plane (a) Frontal section (through torso) (b) Transverse section (through torso, inferior view) Pancrea s (c) Median section (midsagittal) Aorta Splee n Left and right lungs Live r Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Splee Hear Arm t Stomacn h Live Spinal r cord Subcutaneous fat layer Body wall Intestine Rectu Vertebras m l column Figure 1.8
13 2 major body cavities 1. Dorsal (location and contents) 2. Ventral (location and contents)
14 Body Cavities Fig. 1.15
15 Other Body Cavities Oral and digestive cavities Nasal cavity Orbital cavities Middle ear cavities Synovial cavities Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
16 Membranes of the body Serous Mucous Synovial
17 Serous Membranes
18 Serous Membranes Serous membranes line body cavities that do not open directly to the outside, and they cover the organs located in those cavities. Serous fluid lubricates the membrane and reduces friction and abrasion. Connective tissue Simple squamous
19 Mucous Membranes These membranes line the body cavities that open to the outside. The entire digestive tract is lined with mucous membranes. Other examples include the respiratory and reproductive tracts.
20 Synovial Membranes Synovial membranes are membranes that line the cavities of the freely movable joints. They line cavities that do not open to the outside. Synovial membranes secrete synovial fluid.
21 Special serous membranes, spaces and fluids Thorax Heart Abdominal (AB) cavity
22 Meninges~ Another special type of membrane
23 Clinically useful information (what is where?)
24
25 Terms Palpation Auscultation Percussion
26 Anatomical Variability Over 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook descriptions, but: Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of place Small muscles may be missing Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
27 Table 1.2
28 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig 1.13 (a) X-ray (radiograph) (b Cerebral angiogram (c) Computed tomographic (CT) scan (d) Positron emission tomographic (e) Magnetic resonance image (MRI) (PET) scan a: U.H.B. Trust/Tony Stone Images/Getty Images; b: Custom Medical Stock Photos, Inc.; c: CNR/Phototake; d: Tony Stone Images/Getty Images; e: Monte S. Buchsbaum, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY;
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