Dr. McGehee s Anatomy and Physiology I Fall 2013 (BIOL 2401)
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1 Dr. McGehee s Anatomy and Physiology I Fall 2013 (BIOL 2401) Sign-in with your full name and hccs.edu address Grab a blank piece of scratch paper
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3 Tell me about yourself! Name? Have you taken Biology 1406 (General Biology I)? Have you taken any other science courses? Why are you taking A&P I? Have you taken this class before? What are your career goals? TEAM-BASED LEARNING
4 Syllabus Go to the HCC homepage Click on Course Syllabi/ Faculty CV Type in my name mcgehee Anatomy and Physiology I Fall 2013 (BIOL 2401) You will find the syllabus and upcoming lectures, notes, and other class materials posted.
5 Study Strategies Attend all lectures, labs, and exam reviews Read your lecture and laboratory assignments before going to class or lab Devote a block of time each day to you re A&P I course Set up a study schedule and stick to it Do not procrastinate Approach the information in different ways Develop your own method of studying-do what works for you! Notecards Quizlet app Chapter Summaries/Outline Form Study Groups As soon as you experience difficulty with the course, seek assistance
6 Memorizing Learning
7 Study Strategies Important Features of the Textbook use what is available to you! Key Concepts Illustrations, Tables, and Photos Pronunciation Guides Concept Check Questions Making Connections with previously learned material Tips & Tricks Chapter Review and Summary Figures Tutorials etext Practice Tests BioFlix
8 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Jason LaPres Lone Star College North Harris
9 An Introduction to Studying the Human Body You must be able to define anatomy and physiology, describe the origins of anatomical and physiological terms Explain the relationship between anatomy and physiology, and describe various specialties of each discipline. Identify the major levels of organization in organisms, from the simplest to the most complex, and identify major components of each organ system. Explain the concept of homeostasis.
10 An Introduction to Studying the Human Body Learning Outcomes Describe how negative feedback and positive feedback are involved in homeostatic regulation, and explain the significance of homeostasis. Use anatomical terms to describe body sections, body regions, and relative positions. Identify the major body cavities and their subdivisions, and describe the functions of each.
11 An Introduction to Studying the Human Body Classification of Living Things Humans and many other animals are vertebrates Characterized by a segmented vertebral column Homeostasis The goal of physiological regulation and the key to survival in a changing environment
12 1-1 Anatomy and Physiology Directly Affect Your Life Anatomy Is the oldest medical science Physiology Is the study of function
13 1-3 Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy Describes the structures of the body What they are made of Where they are located Associated structures Physiology Is the study of: Functions of anatomical structures Individual and cooperative functions Can you give examples of how structure relates to function in the body? Think, pair, share
14 1-4 Relationships between Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy (macroscopic vs microscopic) Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy, examines large, visible structures Surface anatomy: exterior features superficial markings Regional anatomy: body areas-neck, head Systemic anatomy: organ systems Developmental anatomy: from conception to death Clinical anatomy: medical specialties (anatomical features change when you are in a diseased state)
15 1-4 Relationships between Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy Microscopic anatomy examines cells and molecules Cytology: study of cells and their structures cyt- = cell Histology: study of tissues and their structures
16 1-4 Relationships between Anatomy and Physiology Physiology Cell physiology: processes within and between cells Organ physiology: functions of specific organs Systemic physiology: functions of an organ system Pathological physiology: effects of diseases
17 1-5 Levels of Organization The Chemical (or Molecular) Level Atoms are the smallest chemical units Molecules are a group of atoms working together The Cellular Level Cells are a group of atoms, molecules, and organelles working together The Tissue Level A tissue is a group of similar cells working together The Organ Level An organ is a group of different tissues working together
18 1-5 Levels of Organization The Organ System Level An organ system is a group of organs working together Humans have 11 organ systems The Organism Level A human is an organism Molecule < cell < tissue < organ < system < organism
19 Figure 1-1 Levels of Organization Cellular Level Chemical and Molecular Levels Heart muscle cell Complex protein molecule Protein filaments Atoms in combination
20 Figure 1-1 Levels of Organization Tissue Level Organ Level Organ system level Organism level Cardiac muscle tissue The heart The cardiovascular system
21 1-5 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Integumentary Major Organs Skin Hair Sweat glands Nails Functions Protects against environmental hazards (eyelashes help protect our eyes from debris;thick skin on our heels and soles of our feet) Helps regulate body temperature (sweating helps us cool off) Provides sensory information (sensitive skin on our hands)
22 1-5 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Skeletal Major Organs Bones Cartilages Associated ligaments Bone marrow Functions Provides support and protection for other tissues (rib cage protects our vital organs) Stores calcium and other minerals (osteoporosis) Forms blood cells
23 1-5 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Muscular Major Organs Skeletal muscles and associated tendons Functions Provides movement Provides protection and support for other tissues Generates heat that maintains body temperature
24 1-5 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Nervous Major Organs Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nerves Sense organs Functions Directs immediate responses to stimuli (Removing your hand from touching a hot plate) Coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems (how dose your brain control your muscular organ system when you are working out?) Provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions (You brain interprets what you smell, touch, hear)
25 1-5 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Endocrine Major Organs Pituitary gland Pancreas Gonads Thyroid gland Adrenal glands Endocrine tissues in other systems Functions Directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body Controls many structural and functional changes during development (think about how your body changes during puberty/growth spurt!)
26 1-5 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Cardiovascular Major Organs Heart Blood Blood vessels Functions Distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide Distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature
27 1-5 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Lymphatic Major Organs Spleen Thymus Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes Tonsils Functions Defends against infection and disease (think about why the doctor feels for swollen lymph nodes in your neck when you are sick) Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream
28 1-5 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Respiratory Major Organs Nasal cavities Sinuses Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs Alveoli
29 1-5 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Respiratory Functions Delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs) Provides oxygen to bloodstream Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream Produces sounds for communication (talking)
30 1-5 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Digestive Major Organs Teeth Tongue Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Liver Gallbladder Pancreas
31 1-5 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Digestive Functions Processes and digests food Absorbs and conserves water Absorbs nutrients Stores energy reserves
32 1-5 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Urinary Major Organs Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra Functions Excretes waste products from the blood Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced (hydration versus dehydration) Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination Regulates blood ion concentrations and ph
33 1-5 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Male Reproductive Major Organs Testes Epididymides Ductus deferentia Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Penis Scrotum
34 1-5 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Male Reproductive Functions Produces male sex cells (sperm), suspending fluids, and hormones Sexual intercourse
35 1-5 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Female Reproductive Major Organs Ovaries Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina Labia Clitoris Mammary glands
36 1-5 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Female Reproductive Functions Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones Supports developing embryo from conception to delivery Provides milk to nourish newborn infant Sexual intercourse
37 1-6 Homeostasis Homeostasis All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment (remember by thinking you are comfortable at home) Systems respond to external and internal changes to function within a normal range (body temperature, fluid balance)
38 1-6 Homeostasis Mechanisms of Regulation Autoregulation (intrinsic) Automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change Ex: When cells within a tissue need more oxygen, they release chemicals that cause an increase in blood flow to the area, providing more oxygen to the region. Extrinsic regulation Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems Ex: When you are exercising, your nervous system issues commands that increase the heart rate so that blood will circulate faster. The nervous system reduces blood flow to organs, such as the digestive tract, that are relatively inactive (oxygen in circulating blood is thus saved for the active muscles.)
39 1-6 Homeostasis Receptor Receives the stimulus Control center Processes the signal and sends instructions Effector Carries out instructions
40 Figure 1-2 The Control of Room Temperature Room temperature ( C) Normal condition disturbed RECEPTOR Thermometer Information affects STIMULUS: Room temperature rises HOMEOSTASIS Normal room temperature CONTROL CENTER (Thermostat) Air conditioner turns on Air conditioner turns off Normal condition restored RESPONSE: Room temperature drops EFFECTOR Air conditioner turns on Sends commands to In response to input from a receptor (a thermometer), a thermostat (the control center) triggers an effector response (either an air conditioner or a heater) that restores normal temperature. In this case, when room temperature rises above the set point, the thermostat turns on the air conditioner, and the temperature returns to normal. 22 Time Normal range With this regulatory system, room temperature fluctuates around the set point.
41 1-7 Negative and Positive Feedback The Role of Negative Feedback The response of the effector negates the stimulus Body is brought back into homeostasis Normal range is achieved
42 Figure 1-3 Negative Feedback in the Control of Body Temperature Body temperature ( C) Normal temperature disturbed STIMULUS: Body temperature rises RECEPTORS Temperature sensors in skin and hypothalamus Information affects CONTROL CENTER HOMEOSTASIS Normal body temperature RESPONSE: Increased heat loss, body temperature drops Thermoregulatory center in brain Vessels dilate, sweating increases Vessels constrict, sweating decreases Normal temperature restored EFFECTORS Sweat glands in skin increase secretion Blood vessels in skin dilate Sends commands to Events in the regulation of body temperature, which are comparable to those shown in Figure 1 2. A control center in the brain (the hypothalamus) functions as a thermostat with a set point of 37 C. If body temperature exceeds 37.2 C, heat loss is increased through enhanced blood flow to the skin and increased sweating Normal range Time The thermoregulatory center keeps body temperature fluctuating within an acceptable range, usually between 36.7 and 37.2 C.
43 1-7 Negative and Positive Feedback The Role of Positive Feedback The response of the effector increases change of the stimulus Body is moved away from homeostasis Normal range is lost Used to speed up processes
44 Figure 1-4 Positive Feedback: Blood Clotting Clotting accelerates Positive feedback loop Chemicals Chemicals Blood clot Damage to cells in the blood vessel wall releases chemicals that begin the process of blood clotting. The chemicals start chain reactions in which cells, cell fragments, and soluble proteins in the blood begin to form a clot. As clotting continues, each step releases chemicals that further accelerate the process. This escalating process is a positive feedback loop that ends with the formation of a blood clot, which patches the vessel wall and stops the bleeding.
45 1-7 Negative and Positive Feedback Systems Integration Systems work together to maintain homeostasis Homeostasis is a state of equilibrium (equal) Opposing forces are in balance Dynamic equilibrium continual adaptation (always changing to reach a balance) Physiological systems work to restore balance Failure results in disease or death
46 Table 1-1 The Roles of Organ Systems in Homeostatic Regulation Know some examples from each column. (1) Name a system involve a system involved in regulating body temperature. (2) What is the systems function? (1) Integumentary (2) heat loss by sweating
47 1-8 Anatomical Terminology Superficial Anatomy Locating structures on or near the body surface Anatomical Landmarks Anatomical position: hands at sides, palms forward Supine: lying down, face up Prone: lying down, face down
48 1-8 Anatomical Terminology Superficial Anatomy Anatomical Landmarks References to tangible structures Anatomical Regions Body regions Abdominopelvic quadrants Abdominopelvic regions Anatomical Directions Reference terms based on subject Why do health care professionals use these specific terms when referring to the human body?
49 Figure 1-5a Anatomical Landmarks Frontal or forehead Nasal or nose Ocular, orbital or eye Cranial or skull Otic or ear Cephalic or head Oral or mouth Mental or chin Axillary or armpit Brachial or arm Antecubital or front of elbow Facial or face Buccal or cheek Cervical or neck Thoracic or thorax, chest Mammary or breast Abdominal (abdomen) Umbilical or navel Trunk Anterior view
50 Figure 1-5a Anatomical Landmarks Antebrachial or forearm Pelvic (pelvis) Trunk Carpal or wrist Palmar or palm Manual or hand Pollex or thumb Digits (phalanges) or fingers (digital or phalangeal) Patellar or kneecap Crural or leg Tarsal or ankle Digits (phalanges) or toes (digital or phalangeal) Hallux or great toe Anterior view Pedal or foot Inguinal or groin Pubic (pubis) Femoral or thigh I will use anatomical landmarks when referring to quadrants, regions, and directions. Ex: Is the carpal superior or anterior to the palmar?
51 Figure 1-5b Anatomical Landmarks Cephalic or head Acromial or shoulder Dorsal or back Cervical or neck Olecranal or back of elbow Upper limb Posterior view
52 Figure 1-5b Anatomical Landmarks Lumbar or loin Upper limb Gluteal or buttock Popliteal or back of knee Lower limb Sural or calf Calcaneal or heel of foot Plantar or sole of foot Posterior view
53 Figure 1-6a Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions L and R refer to the subject, not the observer! Gall Bladder or Liver problems Appendicitis Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Abdominopelvic quadrants. The four abdominopelvic quadrants are formed by two perpendicular lines that intersect at the navel. The terms for these quadrants, or their abbreviations, are most often used in clinical discussions.
54 Figure 1-6b Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions Right hypochondriac region Epigastric region Left hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Right inguinal region Umbilical region Hypogastric (pubic) region Left lumbar region Left inguinal region Abdominopelvic regions. The nine abdominopelvic regions provide more precise regional descriptions.
55 Figure 1-6c Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions Liver Gallbladder Large intestine Stomach Spleen Small intestine Appendix Urinary bladder Anatomical relationships. The relationship between the abdominopelvic quadrants and regions and the locations of the internal organs are shown here.
56 Table 1-2 Directional Terms
57 Anatomical Position Standing erect, with palms and feet facing forward Is the standard reference point in which all positions, movements, and planes are described
58 Positions and Directions Superior Refers to a structure being closer to the head or higher than another structure in the body Inferior Refers to a structure being closer to the feet or lower than another structure in the body
59 Positions and Directions Anterior Refers to a structure being more in front than another structure in the body Posterior Refers to a structure being more in back than another structure in the body
60 Positions and Directions Medial Refers to a structure being closer to the midline or median plane of the body than another structure of the body Lateral Refers to a structure being farther away from the midline than another structure of the body
61 Positions and Directions Ipsilateral Structures are on the same side of the boy Contralateral Structures are on the opposite sides of the body
62 Positions and Directions Distal (Reference to the extremities only) Refers to a structure being further away from the root of the limb than another structure in the limb Proximal (Reference to the extremities only) Refers to a structure being closer to the root of the limb than another structure in that limb
63 Positions and Directions Superficial Refers to a structure being closer to the surface of the body than another structure Deep Refers to a structure being closer to the core of the body than another structure
64 Ventral Positions and Directions Towards the front or belly Dorsal Towards the back
65 Positions and Directions Prone Lying face down Supine Lying face up Unilateral Pertaining to one side of the body Bilateral Pertaining to both sides of the body
66 1-8 Anatomical Terminology Sectional Anatomy Planes and sections Plane: a three-dimensional axis Section: a slice parallel to a plane Used to visualize internal organization and structure Important in radiological techniques MRI PET CT
67 Table 1-3 Terms That Indicate Sectional Planes
68 Anatomical Planes Sagittal plane The plane dividing the body into right and left portions Midsagittal or median are names for the plane dividing the body into equal right and left halves Parasagittal divides the structure into unequal left and right planes.
69 Anatomical Planes Frontal plane The plane dividing the body into front and back portions Also called the Coronal plane
70 Anatomical Planes Transverse plane The horizontal plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions Also called the Horizontal plane
71 Figure 1-8 Sectional Planes Frontal plane Sagittal plane Transverse plane
72 Word Association Activity From your list of Anatomical Terminology, choose 3 terms that may be difficult for you to understand or remember. In this activity, you will associate these terms and their definition with a creative picture or drawing. Dorsal -Towards the back -Like the dorsal fin of a dolphin Think, Pair, Share!
73 Ventral -Towards the front or belly -You vent out of your nose and mouth Prone -Lying face down -Like a pro baseball player sliding into home Supine -Lying face up -like lying on your spine
74 1-9 Body Cavities Essential Functions of Body Cavities 1. Protect organs from accidental shocks 2. Permit changes in size and shape of internal organs Ventral body cavity (coelom) Divided by the diaphragm Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity
75 Figure 1-9 Relationships among the Subdivisions of the Ventral Body Cavity Ventral Body Cavity Provides protection Allows organ movement Linings prevent friction Subdivides during development into Thoracic Cavity Surrounded by chest wall and diaphragm Abdominopelvic Cavity Peritoneal Cavity Right Pleural Cavity Surrounds right lung Mediastinum Contains the trachea, esophagus, and major vessels Left Pleural Cavity Surrounds left lung Abdominal Cavity Extends throughout abdominal cavity and into superior portion of pelvic cavity Pelvic Cavity Pericardial Cavity Surrounds heart Contains many digestive glands and organs Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, last portion of digestive tract
76 Figure 1-10a The Ventral Body Cavity and Its Subdivisions POSTERIOR ANTERIOR Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity Thoracic cavity Diaphragm Peritoneal cavity Abdominal cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Pelvic cavity
77 1-9 Body Cavities Serous Membranes Line body cavities and cover organs Consist of parietal layer and visceral layer Parietal layer lines cavity Visceral layer covers organ
78 1-9 Body Cavities The Thoracic Cavity Right and left pleural cavities Contain right and left lungs Mediastinum Upper portion filled with blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus Lower portion contains pericardial cavity The heart is located within the pericardial cavity
79 Figure 1-10a The Ventral Body Cavity and Its Subdivisions POSTERIOR ANTERIOR Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity Thoracic cavity Diaphragm Peritoneal cavity Abdominal cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Pelvic cavity
80 Figure 1-10b The Ventral Body Cavity and Its Subdivisions Heart Visceral pericardium Pericardial cavity Parietal pericardium Air space Balloon Parietal layer lines cavity Visceral layer covers organ
81 Figure 1-10c The Ventral Body Cavity and Its Subdivisions ANTERIOR Pericardial cavity Pleural cavity Parietal pleura Mediastinum Spinal cord Right lung Left lung POSTERIOR Mediastinum Upper portion filled with blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus
82 Figure 1-9 Relationships among the Subdivisions of the Ventral Body Cavity Ventral Body Cavity Provides protection Allows organ movement Linings prevent friction Subdivides during development into Thoracic Cavity Surrounded by chest wall and diaphragm Abdominopelvic Cavity Peritoneal Cavity Right Pleural Cavity Surrounds right lung Mediastinum Contains the trachea, esophagus, and major vessels Left Pleural Cavity Surrounds left lung Abdominal Cavity Extends throughout abdominal cavity and into superior portion of pelvic cavity Pelvic Cavity Pericardial Cavity Surrounds heart Contains many digestive glands and organs Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, last portion of digestive tract
83 1-9 Body Cavities The Abdominopelvic Cavity Peritoneal cavity: chamber within abdominopelvic cavity Parietal peritoneum: lines the internal body wall Visceral peritoneum: covers the organs
84 1-9 Body Cavities The Abdominopelvic Cavity Abdominal cavity superior portion Diaphragm to top of pelvic bones Contains digestive organs Retroperitoneal space Area posterior to peritoneum and anterior to muscular body wall Contains pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and parts of the digestive tract
85 1-9 Body Cavities The Abdominopelvic Cavity Pelvic cavity inferior portion Within pelvic bones Contains reproductive organs, rectum, and bladder
86 BREAK! 20 minute break, and then return to room 224 promptly
87 Lab Safety-General No eating or drinking Only registered students allowed in the class Long hair must be tied back Closed-toed shoes must be worn at all times Familiarize yourself with the emergency stations (eyewash, fire extinguisher, exits and first aid kits) Do not mark on the models! Inform me of any medical conditions that will interfere with participation in the lab
88 Lab Safety-Cleaning Clean up your workstation! Return all materials to the storage sites You MUST return slides to the proper labeled rack Clean glassware and wipe down countertops Follow directions for disposing used slides, solutions, or other biohazard waste. Wash your hands I must approve your bench table cleanliness before your team is allowed to leave.
89 Lab Safety-The Microscope Carry the microscope with 2 hands Clean oculars and objectives with lens paper before and after use Do no drag/slide the microscope, fully lift it to move it We will not be using immersion oil Turn off the lamp before unplugging the microscope You must show me your microscope before you put it up the cabinet (cleanliness, lamp switch, and wrapped cord).
90 Dissection We will be performing online virtual dissections.
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