Tonight s handouts: Syllabus These slides (you will usually print these yourself) Worksheet (later)

Transcription

1 Welcome to BIOL 241! Tonight s handouts: Syllabus These slides (you will usually print these yourself) Worksheet (later) Tonight s agenda: Go over syllabus Peek at course website Chapter 1 of textbook Introductory lab stuff 1

2 Chapter 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Lecture Presentation by Lee Ann Frederick University of Texas at Arlington (heavily modified by GJC) 2

3 Overviews page xi page 1 3

4 4

5 1-2 Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy Describes the structures of the body What they are made of Where they are located Associated structures Physiology Is the study of: Functions of anatomical structures Individual and cooperative functions 5

6 A&P: Form Follows Function Example: skeletal muscle cells vs. cardiac muscle cells 6

7 1-4 Levels of Organization Cellular Level Chemical Level Protein filaments Heart muscle cell Atoms in combination Complex protein molecule 7

8 1-4 Levels of Organization Tissue Level Organ Level Organ system level Organism level Cardiac muscle tissue The heart The cardiovascular system 8

9 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 9

10 1-4 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Integumentary Major Organs Skin Hair Sweat glands Nails Functions 10

11 1-4 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Skeletal Major Organs Bones Cartilages Associated ligaments Bone marrow Functions 11

12 1-4 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Muscular Major Organs Skeletal muscles and associated tendons Functions 12

13 1-4 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Nervous Major Organs Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nerves Sense organs Functions 13

14 1-5 Homeostasis Homeo = Homeostasis = 14

15 1-5 Homeostasis and Negative Feedback Example: blindfolded book balancing 15

16 1-6 Homeostasis and Negative Feedback: General Model S. Freeman et al., Biological Science 16

17 Figure 1-3 Negative Feedback: Control of Body Temperature Pearson Education, Inc. 17

18 Regulated variables (regulated by negative feedback) Joint position Body temperature What else? 18

19 Review Question #29 Which of the following is NOT an example of negative feedback? (A) Increased pressure in the aorta triggers mechanisms to lower blood pressure (B) A rise in blood calcium levels triggers the release of a hormone that lowers blood calcium levels (C) A rise in estrogen during the menstrual cycle increases the number of progesterone receptors in the uterus (D) Increased blood sugar stimulates the release of a hormone from the pancreas that stimulates the liver to store blood sugar 19

20 Review Question #30 The hormone calcitonin is released from the thyroid gland in response to increased levels of calcium in the blood. If this hormone is controlled by negative feedback, it would blood calcium levels. raise lower not affect 20

21 1-7 Anatomical Terminology Superficial Anatomy Anatomical landmarks References to palpable structures Anatomical regions Abdominopelvic quadrants Abdominopelvic regions Anatomical directions Reference terms based on subject practice worksheet 21

22 1-7 Anatomical Terminology Anatomical Landmarks Anatomical position: Supine: Prone: 22

23 1-7 Anatomical Terminology: Worksheet 23

24 Figure 1-6a Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions. a Abdominopelvic quadrants Pearson Education, Inc. 24

25 Figure 1-6b Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions. Right hypochondriac region Epigastric region Left hypochondriac region Right lumbar region b Right inguinal region Umbilical region Hypogastric (pubic) region Left lumbar region Abdominopelvic regions. The nine abdominopelvic regions provide more precise regional descriptions. Left inguinal region 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 25

26 Figure 1-6c Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions Pearson Education, Inc. 26

27 1-7 Anatomical Terminology: Directions Superior vs. Proximal vs. Lateral vs. Deep vs. Anterior vs. Caudal vs. 27

28 1-7 Anatomical Terminology Sectional Anatomy Planes and sections Plane: a three-dimensional axis Section: a slice parallel to a plane Used to visualize internal organization and structure Important in scanning techniques MRI PET CT Figure

29 Figure 1-8 Sectional Planes Pearson Education, Inc. 29

30 1-7 Anatomical Terminology: Planes Online melody playback: 30

31 Review Question #21 A plane through the body that passes perpendicular to the long axis of the body and divides the body into a superior and in inferior section is a Sagittal section Transverse section Coronal section Frontal section 31

32 1-8 Body Cavities Essential Functions of Body Cavities: Ventral Body Cavity (Coelom) Divided by the into & 32

33 1-8 Body Cavities Serous Membranes Line body cavities and cover organs Consist of parietal layer and visceral layer Parietal layer lines cavity Visceral layer covers organ 33

34 1-8 Body Cavities The Thoracic Cavity Right and left pleural cavities Contain right and left lungs Mediastinum Upper portion filled with blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus Lower portion contains pericardial cavity The heart is located within the pericardial cavity 34

35 Figure 1-9a Relationships among the Subdivisions of the Body Cavities of the Trunk Pearson Education, Inc. 35

36 1-8 Body Cavities: Hernias! What is a hernia? Weird Al Yankovic: Living with a Hernia (1986) Video: youtube.com/watch?v=x8ow1nlafog Where do Al s favorite hernias occur? Al s head drawn by weird-kid1.deviantart.com 36