CP Biology Semester 1 FINAL Study Guide

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1 Name: KEY CP Biology Semester 1 FINAL Study Guide Unit 1- Introduction to Biology Define each of the following: 1. Match the following vocabulary words on the left with their definition on the right. b Biology e Independent variable f Dependent variable c Control group d Constant a Hypothesis a. A possible explanation for an observation that can be tested b. Study of life c. One group in the experiment where no change is made d. Variables in an experiment that are kept the same e. Variable that is controlled by the experimenter (the change) f. Variable that is measured in the experiment (the result) 2. What are the levels of organization? Atoms _molecules cells tissue organs organ system organism population community ecosystem biosphere 3. Identify the characteristic of life that the following scenarios depict. a. You do not have enough water in your body so your kidneys reabsorb water and you urinate less often. Homeostasis b. You touch a hot stove and immediately pull your hand away. Respond to stimuli c. A puppy becomes an adult dog. Growth and Development d. A plant uses sunlight to create sugar. Requires/uses energy e. Your pupils dilate when you enter a dark room. Respond to stimuli 4. In the scientific method, how is a hypothesis tested? Through an experiment 5. Why does a well-designed experiment include a control group? To be able to compare the results and see if the experiment had an effect. 6. Use the following graph to identify the variables and make a conclusion about the data. i. Independent variable: Temperature ii. Dependent variable: Enzyme activity iii. What can you conclude about enzyme activity based on the above graph? Enzyme activity increases starting and 10 degrees C, then peaks around 30 degrees C, then decreases quickly.

2 7. Identify the independent and dependent variables: Athletes who do not get enough sleep the night before will not run as fast the next day. a. Independent variable: sleep b. Dependent variable: running speed 8. Identify the control and experimental groups: Athletes who do not get enough sleep the night before will not run as fast the next day. a. Control group: Athletes getting enough sleep b. Experimental group: Athletes NOT getting enough sleep Unit 2- Ecology Water 9. How does a covalent bond form? The sharing of electrons between two atoms. 10. How does an ionic bond form? The transfer of electrons from one atom to another. The result is two oppositely charged ions that are attracted to each other. 11. Draw a molecule of water labeling which atoms have partial negative and which have a partial positive. 12. Water has both hydrogen and polar covalent bonds- where is each located? A hydrogen bond occurs between the hydrogen of one water molecule and the oxygen of another water molecule. The polar covalent bond is between the hydrogen and oxygen in one water molecule. 13. Why is a molecule of water considered to be polar-covalent? A water molecule DOES NOT SHARE electrons equally among its atoms. Introduction to Ecology 14. Define the following and give an example of each. a. Abiotic factor: the non-living factors in an environment. Examples include: water, wind, soil, sunshine, etc. b. Biotic factor: the living factors in an environment. Examples include: plants, animals, decomposers. 15. What is a niche? Explain why two species are not able to occupy the niche? A niche is the role in which an organism lives and the way it obtains and uses energy. Two species cannot occupy the same niche because resources are limited and would not be able to sustain the population of both species. 16. Put the following in order of who eats who: primary consumers, decomposers, tertiary consumer, producer, secondary consumer. Tertiary consumer eats Secondary consumer which eats Primary consumer which eats Producer, decomposers break down all levels to return the energy and nutrients to the ecosystem. 17. Put the following in order of the largest to fewest in number in an ecosystem: primary consumers, tertiary consumer, producer, secondary consumer. Largest Smallest Population: Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer

3 18. What is a trophic level? Any class of organisms that occupy the same position in a food chain, such as primary consumers, secondary consumers, and tertiary consumer. 19. Only 10% of energy stored at each trophic level in an ecosystem can be passed into the next trophic level. What happens to the remaining energy? It is lost as heat. 20. What would organisms in the same trophic level compete for? Resources: food, water, shelter, mates. 21. Which group (consumer, producer) has the most total energy and why? Producers, because they get their energy directly from the sun and then energy is lost at each subsequent level. 22. What is biological magnification AND what organism is most affected? The process whereby certain substances such as pesticides or heavy metals move up the food chain and exist in greater concentrations within organisms at the top of the food chain (tertiary consumers). 23. Relationships a. Fill in the following chart: Definition Commensalism A close relationship between species where one is benefited and the other is neither helped nor harmed. Mutualism A close relationship between species where both are benefited. Benefits one species? X Benefits the other? Example Some fish and sharks X X Bees and flowers Predation One species eats the other! X Coyotes and rabbits Parasitism A close relationship between species where one is benefited and the other harmed. X Ticks and dogs b. What is mimicry and give an example. The close resemblance of an animal or plant (or part of one) to another animal, plant, or inanimate object. Example: Monarch and Queen butterfly. 24. Carbon Cycle a. How does carbon leave the atmosphere? Plants convert the Carbon Dioxide in the atmosphere to the organic molecule glucose. b. How do organisms at the top of the food chain get carbon? Organisms at the top of the food chain have to get carbon through consumption of other organisms. c. How do humans impact the amount of carbon in the atmosphere? We increase the amount of carbon in the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels. 25. Invasive Species a. How do invasive species impact an environment? Invasive species compete for the same resources as native species and will eventually take over the environment causing a decrease in the diversity of species.

4 b. Why do populations of invasive species grow so quickly? Invasive species do not have any natural predators and the new environment provides a lot of resources so they will grow quickly. 26. Population Growth a. What is carrying capacity? Draw a graph with carrying capacity. The population size the environment can sustain b. What are the factors that limit the size of a population? Food, water, space and other resources, disease, etc. c. What would happen to the population if there is not enough resources? The population would go over the carrying capacity and then quickly start to die off causing a sudden, drastic decrease in population size. Unit 3: Homeostasis and Macromolecules Homeostasis 27. Define homeostasis and give an example. Homeostasis is the ability of the body to maintain relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions despite changes in the external environment. An example of homeostasis is the maintenance of our body temperature and ph levels. 28. How does the body use a feedback loop to maintain homeostasis? The body monitors itself so that all of the conditions are kept stable. When a condition, such as temperature, is not within a narrow range, the body responds to bring that condition back to normal. 29. For the following situation: fill in the boxes on the feedback loop and then answer the questions. Suzy Q has just consumed a large pumpkin spice muffin and washed it down with a venti caramel macchiato. This massive influx of carbohydrates caused a drastic rise in her blood sugar. The pancreas is the organ that is most responsible for controlling blood sugar and rising blood sugar is sensed by the Islet cells located within the pancreas. The islet cells respond to rising blood sugar levels by releasing the hormone insulin. Insulin is a hormone which increases the permeability of cell membranes allowing sugar to enter the body cells and leave the blood. This process lowers blood sugar to normal levels.

5 Increased Blood Sugar Release of Insulin Islet Cells in Pancreas Consumption of food a. What is the stimulus? Consuming a large pumpkin spice muffin and caramel macchiato. b. What is the control center? The pancreas. c. What are the sensors? Islet cells in the pancreas. d. What are the effectors? The release of the hormone insulin. e. Explain how homeostasis is restored. The Islet cells respond to the stimulus by releasing the hormone insulin. The insulin allows the sugar in the blood to enter the cells. This brings the blood sugar back to regular levels. 30. The two elements present in all living things (organic molecules) is: Carbon and Hydrogen 31. Why is carbon considered special compared to other molecules? How many bonds does it make? Carbon can make 4 bonds, allowing it to bond with many things. Because of this, carbon can make many different structures, allowing for many different functions. 32. Complete the following table about macromolecules. Macromolecule Building Blocks Function Example Carbohydrates Monosaccharide Structure, short-term Glucose, starch energy Lipids Glycerol backbone with Insulation, long-term Saturated fat, wax fatty acid tail energy, etc. Protein Amino Acid Structure, growth and Enzymes repair, metabolic processes Nucleic Acid Nucleotide Hereditary material DNA 33. Define the following: a. Dehydration Synthesis: a bond is created between two monomers by removing water to create a polymer.

6 b. Hydrolysis: a polymer is broken down into monomers by adding water to break the bonds. 34. What is the relationship between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis? Dehydration synthesis joins monomers to create a polymer. Hydrolysis breaks apart a polymer to create monomers by adding water. They are opposite chemical reactions. 35. What is the function of an enzyme? An enzyme acts as a catalyst to increase the speed of chemical reactions. 36. What is the definition of a substrate? How do enzymes interact with substrate? A substrate is the substance that an enzyme works on. The substrate binds to the active site on the enzyme causing the substrate to break apart or to create bonds to form a new substance. 37. What happens to the function of an enzyme if it is denatured? If an enzyme is denatured, the shape of the enzyme changes. If the shape of the enzyme changes, the function will change. 38. How can enzymes be denatured? An enzyme can be denatured by heat, a change in ph, or other inhibitors. 39. What is the optimum ph for both enzymes in the graph below? Pepsin: ~3.5 Trypsin: ~8.5 Unit 4- Homeostasis: Cell Transport 40. Match the organelle with its function. Organelle Nucleus F Endoplasmic Reticulum G Ribosome _H Lysosome _B Mitochondria _A Chloroplasts _E Cell Membrane _I Vacuoles D Function A. Make energy for the cell from sugar B. Cleans the cell by using digestive enzymes. C. Provides support for plant cells. D. A membrane bound space used for storage or transport in/out of the cell. E. Creates sugars from sunlight. F. Contains the genetic material of the cell G. Creates, packages and releases proteins and lipids. H. Creates proteins.

7 Cell Wall C I. Separates the internal and external environment of a cell. 41. Draw and label the cell membrane. Include the following: phospholipid head, fatty acid tails, phospholipid bilayer, transport proteins, polar area, non-polar area, inside of cell, outside of cell 42. What is the function of the cell membrane? Separates the internal and external environment and regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell. 43. What is the difference between active and passive transport? Active transport requires energy while passive transport does not. 44. Which way does the movement of substances go in passive transport? High Low concentration 45. Which way does the movement of substances go in active transport? Low High concentration 46. Explain what the following solutions are and draw how a cell is affected. a. Hypotonic: There is a greater concentration of solutes inside the cell, so water flows into the cell, causing it to swell. b. Hypertonic: There is a greater concentration of solutes outside the cell, so water flows out of the cell, causing it to shrink. c. Isotonic: There are equal concentrations of solutes on both sides, so overall, there is no change. 47. The concentration of solutes in a red blood cell is about 2%. Sucrose cannot pass through the cell membrane, but water can. a. If the concentration of solutes outside the cell is 15%, what would happen to the cell? The cell would shrink because water would flow out, to where there is a higher concentration of solutes. b. What type of solution would this be in comparison to the cell? Circle One: Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic? 48. Complete the following table. Process Active or Passive? Describe the process and what is moving across the membrane Endocytosis Active The cell membrane forms a pouch around a large substances, which pinches off to form a vesicle. This allows for large molecules to pass into the cell Diffusion Passive This is the movement of molecules from high to low

8 concentration. Osmosis Passive This is the movement of water down the concentration gradient across a semi-permeable membrane (cell membrane) until equilibrium is reached. Facilitated Diffusion Passive This is the movement of molecules from high to low concentration with the help of a transport protein. His allows for ions and polar molecules to pass into the cell Exocytosis Active A vesicle inside the cells fuses with the cell membrane. The vesicle then opens, releasing its contents outside the cell. This allows the large molecules to pass out of the cell. Unit 5: Cell Energy Make sure you look at your unit 5 study guide!