Final Test Review Major Concepts from Chapters 1-16

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1 Name: Final Test Review Major Concepts from Chapters 1-16 Period: Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation Name the levels of structural organization that make up the human body and explain how they are related. Define homeostasis and explain its importance. Define negative feedback and describe its role in maintaining homeostasis and normal body function. Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry Differentiate between ionic, polar covalent, and nonpolar covalent bonds, and describe the importance of hydrogen bonds. Differentiate clearly between an acid and a base. Compare and contrast carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in terms of their building blocks, structures, and functions in the body. Chapter 3: Cells and Tissues Define selective permeability, diffusion (including simple and facilitated diffusion and osmosis), active transport, passive transport, solute pumping, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic. Describe briefly the process of DNA replication and mitosis. Explain the importance of mitotic cell division. Name the four major tissue types and their chief subcategories. Explain how the four major tissue types differ structurally and functionally. Chapter 4: Skin and Body Membranes List the general functions of each membrane type-cutaneous, mucous, serous, and synovial-and give its location in the body. Name the layers of the skin and describe the characteristics of each. Chapter 5: The Skeletal System List at least three functions of the skeletal system. Explain the role of bone salts and the organic matrix in making bone both hard and flexible. Discuss/describe how the formation of long bones and flat bones is different. Name the three major categories of joints and compare the amount of movement allowed by each. Chapter 6: The Muscular System Describe similarities and differences in the structure and function of the three types of muscle tissue and indicate where they are found in the body. Describe the microscopic structure of skeletal muscle and explain the role of actin and myosin containing myofilaments. Describe the events of muscle cell contraction. Chapter 7: The Nervous System Define central nervous system and peripheral nervous system and list the major parts of each. Describe the events that lead to the generation of a nerve impulse and its conduction from one neuron to another. Identify and indicate the functions of the major regions of the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum in the human brain.! 1

2 ! Chapter 8: Special Senses Name the layers of the wall of the eye, and indicate the major function of each; trace the pathway of light through the eye. Identify the structures of the external, middle, and internal ear, and list the functions of each. Name the four basic taste sensations and list factors that modify the sense of taste. Chapter 9: The Endocrine System Define hormone and target organ. Define negative feedback and describe its role in regulating blood levels of the various hormones. List hormones produced by the endocrine glands and discuss their general functions. Chapter 10: Blood Describe the composition of plasma and discuss its importance in the body. List the cell types making up the formed elements, and describe the major functions of each type. Describe the ABO and Rh blood groups. Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System Trace the pathway of blood through the heart. Name the elements of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart and describe the pathway of impulses through this system. Compare and contrast the structure and function of arteries, veins, and capillaries. Chapter 12: The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses Explain how the lymphatic system is functionally related to the cardiovascular and immune systems. Describe the protective functions of skin and mucous membranes. Name the two arms of the adaptive defense system and relate each to a specific lymphocyte type (B or T cell). Chapter 13: The Respiratory System Name the organs forming the respiratory passageway from the nasal cavity to the alveoli of the lungs and describe the function of each. Explain how the respiratory muscles cause volume changes that lead to air flow into and out of the lungs. Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood. Chapter 14: The Digestive System and Body Metabolism Name the organs of the alimentary canal and accessory digestive organs and identify each on an appropriate diagram or model. List the major enzymes or enzyme groups produced by the digestive organs or accessory glands and name the foodstuffs on which they act. Recognize the uses of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in cell metabolism. Chapter 15: The Urinary System Identify the following regions of a kidney (longitudinal section): hilum, cortex, medulla, medullary pyramids, calyces, pelvis, and renal columns. Describe the process of urine formation, identifying the areas of the nephron that are responsible for filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Explain the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone in the regulation of water balance by the kidney. Chapter 16: The Reproductive System Describe the various stages of meiosis. Compare and contrast spermatogenesis and oogenesis. Define fertilization and zygote; explain the prevention of polyspermy. Explain the major events that occur during the menstrual cycle. 2

3 1. Identify the following endocrine glands, list the hormones produced by each gland, and list the target for each hormone. A. B. C. D. E. 2. Five other glands are shown in the diagram above that aren t identified by a letter. List each of the glands and list the hormone(s) produced by each Describe atomic structure and formation of chemical bonds, including ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds.! 3

4 4. Identify the anterior pituitary hormones that targets the organs/glands shown in the diagram. Additionally, list the posterior pituitary hormones too. A. B. C. D. E. 5. Identify the four leukocytes shown below. List a function for each and identify the granulocytes from the agranulocytes. Additionally, list the missing leukocyte along with its function. A. B. C. D.! 4

5 6. In the heart diagram below, identify the structures involved in the conduction of signals through the heart. A. B. C. D. E. 7. Label the diagram of the heart above with the following terms: left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, right ventricle, right A-V valve, left A-V valve, and interventricular septum. 8. Identify the respiratory structures in the diagram below. A. B. C. D. E. 9. Explain the mechanisms of inspiration and expiration of air into and out of the lungs.! 5

6 10. Label each of the various respiratory volumes in the diagram below. Identify the volumes that make up Vital Capacity 11. Explain how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood. 12. Identify the following organs of the digestive system. For each organ, list at least one function. A. B. C. D. E.! 6

7 13. Identify the following structure of the nephron. Circle the structure that responds to ADH. A. B. C. D. 14. Sketch and label a long bone. Identify where the yellow and red marrow are located and the function of each marrow. E. 15. List hormones pairs that work as antagonists (for example, insulin and glucagon). 16. List the major highlights of spermatogenesis. Do the same for oogenesis. List the location within the female reproductive system where fertilization occurs. 17. What ovarian structures produce estrogen? Name the second hormone produced by the same structures.! 7

8 18. Sketch and label the major structures of the human eye. 19. Explain the major steps that occur during an action potential and the propagation of a nerve impulse. 20. Explain the major components that make up a monosynaptic reflex arc. 21. List the four macroorganic molecules. For each, list a function and example. 22. List the four main types of tissues found in humans. For each tissue type, list the tissue s major characteristics. 23. Name and describe four types of passive transport. 24. Distinguish between negative and positive feedback mechanisms. 25. Sketch and label a neuron. Explain the difference between multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar neurons.! 8

9 Final Exam Word List Chapter abdominopelvic cavity 2. acid 3. actin 4. action potential 5. active vitamin D 6. ADH 7. adipose tissue 8. adrenaline 9. adrenocorticotropic hormone 10. afferent nerves 11. agglutination 12. alpha cells of pancreas 13. alveoli 14. amino acids 15. amphiarthrotic joint 16. amylase 17. anatomical position 18. anatomy 19. androgens 20. angiotensin 21. antibody classes 22. appendix 23. arachnoid mater 24. areolar tissue 25. arteries 26. arterioles 27. atomic mass 28. auditory tube 29. auricle 30. autonomic nervous system 31. AV bundle 32. AV node 33. axon terminal 34. axons 35. base 36. basophils 37. beta cells of pancreas 38. bicarbonate 39. bicuspid valve 40. bile 41. blastocyst 42. blood cell antigens 43. blood ph 44. brain stem 45. brush border enzymes 46. bulbourethral gland 47. Ca calcaneus 49. calcitonin 50. canaliculli 51. capillaries! 9

10 52. carbohydrates 53. carbonic acid 54. cardiac muscle tissue 55. cardioesophageal sphincter 56. cartilaginous joint 57. cecum 58. cell cycle phases 59. cell membrane 60. central nervous system 61. cerebellum 62. cerebral aqueduct 63. chemotaxis 64. chordae tendineae 65. choroid layer 66. cilia 67. coagulation 68. cochlea 69. collecting duct 70. colon 71. connective tissue 72. cornea 73. corpus callosum 74. corpus luteum 75. cortisol 76. covalent bonds 77. creatine phosphate 78. cutaneous membrane 79. cytoplasm 80. dendrites 81. desmosomes 82. diapedesis 83. diencephalon 84. diploid cell 85. disaccharides 86. distal convoluted tubule 87. DNA base pairing rules 88. DNA replication 89. dorsal cavity 90. ductus deferens 91. duodenum 92. dura mater 93. dynamic equilibrium 94. ear ossicles 95. eccrine glands 96. efferent nerves 97. electrons 98. endocrine system 99. endocytosis 100. endometrium 101. enzymes 102. eosinophils 103. epidermis 104. epididymis 105. epiglottis 106. epinephrine 107. epiphyseal plate 108. epithelial tissue! 10

11 109. erythropoietin (EPO) 110. esophagus 111. estrogen 112. exocytosis 113. expiratory reserve volume 114. facilitated diffusion 115. fascicle 116. fats 117. fertilization 118. fever 119. fibrous joint 120. fibrous tunic of eye 121. formed elements of blood 122. fourth ventricle of brain 123. fovea centralis 124. FSH 125. gallbladder 126. gap junctions 127. gastrin 128. glomerulus 129. glottis 130. glucagon 131. glucocorticoids 132. Golgi apparatus 133. gout 134. Graafian follicle 135. growth hormone 136. haploid cell 137. Haversian canals 138. HCl 139. hematopoiesis 140. homeostasis 141. human chorionic gonadotropin 142. hydrogen bonds 143. hydrostatic pressure 144. hypertonic 145. hypothalamus 146. hypotonic 147. ileocecal valve 148. incus 149. inflammatory response 150. inspiratory reserve volume 151. insulin 152. interatrial septum 153. interferon 154. interstitial cells of testis 155. interstitial fluid 156. interventricular septum 157. ionic bonds 158. iris 159. irritability 160. isotonic 161. isotope 162. keratin 163. lacunae 164. lamellae 165. larynx! 11

12 166. lateral ventricles of brain 167. left atrium 168. left ventricle 169. leukocytes 170. levels of organization in the body 171. LH 172. lipid bilayer 173. lipids 174. liver 175. loop of Henle 176. lymph 177. lymphocytes 178. malleus 179. mediastinum 180. medulla oblongata 181. melanin 182. melatonin 183. metacarpals 184. metatarsals 185. microvilli 186. midbrain 187. mineralocorticoids 188. monocytes 189. monosaccharides 190. morula 191. motor division of nervous system 192. motor unit 193. mucous membrane 194. muscle fiber (cell) 195. muscle tissue 196. myelinated axon 197. myofibril 198. myofilament 199. myometrium 200. myosin 201. natural killer cells 202. negative feedback mechanisms 203. nervous tissue 204. neurolemma 205. neuromuscular junction 206. neurotransmitter 207. neutrons 208. neutrophils 209. nucleic acids 210. osmotic pressure 211. ossification 212. osteoarthritis 213. osteoblasts 214. osteoclast 215. osteocytes 216. osteoporosis 217. oval window 218. ovary 219. ovum 220. oxyhemoglobin 221. oxytocin 222. pancreas! 12

13 223. parasympathetic nervous system 224. pepsin 225. pepsinogens 226. perforins 227. pericardium 228. periosteum 229. peripheral nervous system 230. peritoneum 231. Peyer s patches 232. phagocytes 233. phagocytosis 234. phalanges 235. physiology 236. pia mater 237. pineal gland 238. pinocytosis 239. pituitary gland 240. plasma of blood 241. platelets 242. pleura 243. polar covalent bonds 244. polysaccharides 245. primary bronchi 246. primary oocyte 247. progesterone 248. prolactin 249. proteins 250. protons 251. proximal convoluted tubule 252. pseudostratified epithelium 253. PTH 254. pulmonary artery 255. pulmonary circuit of blood flow 256. pulmonary veins 257. pupil 258. Purkinje fibers 259. pyloric sphincter 260. radioisotope 261. rectum 262. relaxin 263. renal hilus 264. renin 265. rennin 266. retina 267. ribosomes 268. rickets 269. right atrium 270. right ventricle 271. rough ER 272. round window 273. SA node 274. salivary glands 275. sarcolemma 276. sarcomere 277. satellite cells 278. Schwann cells 279. sclera! 13

14 280. secondary oocyte 281. secretin 282. self-antigens 283. semicircular canals 284. seminiferous tubules 285. sensory division of nervous system 286. serous membrane 287. sex chromosomes 288. simple cuboidal epithelium 289. simple squamous epithelium 290. skeletal muscle tissue 291. small intestine 292. smooth ER 293. smooth muscle tissue 294. sodium-potassium pump 295. somatic nervous system 296. spermatid 297. spermatogenesis 298. spiral organ of Corti 299. spleen 300. stapes 301. static equilibrium 302. stratified squamous epithelium 303. striated muscle 304. subarachnoid space 305. surfactant 306. sympathetic nervous system 307. synaptic cleft 308. synovial joint 309. systemic circuit of blood flow 310. T T talus 313. tarsals 314. testosterone 315. thalamus 316. thoracic cavity 317. thymosin 318. thymus gland 319. thyroid cartilage 320. thyroid gland 321. thyroid hormone 322. tidal volume 323. tight junctions 324. tonsils 325. trabeculae 326. trachea 327. trcuspid valve 328. triglycerides 329. tropomyosin 330. troponin 331. tubular reabsorption 332. tubular secretion 333. universal blood donor 334. universal blood recipient 335. ureter 336. urethra! 14

15 337. uterine tube (fallopian tube) 338. vagina 339. vasopressin 340. veins 341. vena cava 342. vestibule of inner ear 343. villi 344. vital capacity 345. Volkmann s canals 346. voluntary vs. involuntary muscle tissue 347. XX 348. XY 349. yellow marrow 350. Z-disc 351. zygote! 15