Polar Density (solid vs. liquid water) Cohesion Surface tension Adhesion Capillary Action

Transcription

1 GT Biology Midterm Study Guide Make sure that you are familiar with the following. You do not need to write notes for bold items: I. Scientific method Independent variable vs. Dependent variable Experimental group vs. Control group Be able to identify the problem, independent variable, dependent variable, control group, etc. II. III. Atoms and Bonding What is an atom, element, molecule, and compound? What are the 6 main elements that make up living organisms? What are protons, neutrons, & electrons? Where are they located within the atom? o What is the atomic number of phosphorous (P)? o What is the atomic mass? o What is the number of protons? o What is the number of neutrons? o What is the number of electrons? What is an isotope? Draw the Bohr model for the element Argon. Is Argon stable? Why or why not? Differentiate between ionic (salts) and covalent (molecules)? Covalent vs. ionic bond Properties of Water Property of Water Polar Density (solid vs. liquid water) Cohesion Surface tension Adhesion Capillary Action 15 P Definition 18 Ar IV. Is water organic or inorganic? Why? Solute vs. solvent ph- Acids, Neutral, and Bases Numbers on ph scale Hydrogen vs. hydroxide concentration [H + ] vs.[oh - ] Acid Neutral Base What are buffers? V. Macromolecules Organic vs. Inorganic Molecules Function(s) Elements Monomers Examples dissolve in H2O? Carbohydrates

2 Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins VI. Are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids organic or inorganic? Describe the following molecules: starch, glycogen, cellulose, hemoglobin, and RNA Enzymes- What are their function? What type of macromolecule? Vitamins and Minerals Which is organic? Which is inorganic? * Function of vitamins C,D,K Quarter 2/Quarter 3 Material for Midterm - A lot of overlap with your 2ndQ study guide. VII. Cells List differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Give examples of each. Which 3 organelles are found in plant cells, but not in animal cells? Which 3 organelles are found in animal cells, but not in plant cells? VIII. Multicellular Organization What is tissue, organ, and organ system? IX. Membrane Transport Describe the structure of the cell membrane; what is it made up of? What are glycolipids and glycoproteins? What is the fluid mosaic model? X. Photosynthesis Autotroph vs. heterotroph Photoautotroph vs. chemoautotroph Graphs of how light intensity, level of CO2 and temperature affect rate of photosynthesis Reactants (starting materials) and products (ending materials) of both the light dependent reactions and Calvin cycle Xylem vs. Phloem XI. Cellular Respiration Stage of cellular respiration Location/ brief description Total ATP produced Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron Transport Chain XII. In addition to ATP being produced, list the other products of glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle. How much ATP produced during cellular respiration (aerobic respiration) vs. fermentation (anaerobic respiration)? Two types of fermentation (Lactic Acid Fermentation vs. Alcoholic Fermentation) Body Systems (Organ Systems using the Human Systems packet as review) Focus will be on relating the material in the packet to concepts learned in class like o Digestion polymers, enzymes, ph, membrane transport of monomers, SA:V o Circulatory & respiratory membrane transport of CO2, O2, or organic molecules, SA:V o Endocrine homeostasis o Functions of digestive, circulatory, and respiratory organs

3 Biology Midterm Review Sheet Name 1. Fill in the table below: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Elements found in compound Building blocks Role of macromolecule in body 2. Distinguish between a dependent variable and an independent variable. 3. For each scenario, label the independent and the dependent variable: Scenario Independent variable Dependent variable Susie wants to see if playing 80s music will cause plants to grow taller. Joe wants to see if an increase in temperature affects the chirping of crickets. 4. How can you tell if a compound is organic? 5. For each of the following compounds, decide if they are organic or inorganic. Write it on the line next to each one: A. NaCl B. CO2 C. C6H12O6 D. H20 6. Give the role of the following vitamins in your body: vitamin D vitamin K vitamin C 7. Explain why it is important to include vitamins and minerals in your diet. 8. List and describe at least three properties of water that make it unique. 9. What ph range represents an acid? What range represents a base? 10. When heating materials in lab, what lab safety equipment should be worn? Explain why. 11. Why should an experiment be repeated many times? 12. For each of the following pairs, circle the one that is MORE complex: A. atom - cell F. organ system - organ B. tissue - organ G. molecule -- atom C. molecule - tissue H. organ -- atom D. organ system - molecule I. cell -- molecule E. cell - tissue 13. Label the substrate, enzyme and products on the following diagram:

4 14. Explain why enzymes are so important to living organisms. 15. Consider the equation: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2 What cellular organelle does this process take place in? 16. What types of organisms undergo this process: animals, plants or both? 17. Does this process involve the release of energy or storing of energy in organic molecules? 18. For each cell part, give their job in the cell: Cell Part Job in Cell Cell membrane Cilia and Flagella Nucleus Ribosome Mitochondria Chloroplast 19. What is the difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell? Give at least one example of each type of cell. 20. A microscope allows us to see cells in a larger way. How is the magnification of a microscope calculated? What cell organelles can be seen with a typical light microscope? 21. What is the difference between active and passive transport? Give at least two examples of each. 22. How do each of the following systems help multicellular organisms maintain homeostasis? Circulatory system Digestive system Excretory system Respiratory system Vascular system (in plants) 23. Consider the equation: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + energy 6 CO2 + 6 H2O A. What cellular organelle does this process take place in? B. What types of organisms undergo this process: animals, plants or both? C. Does this process involve the release of energy or storing of energy in organic molecules? 24. How is aerobic respiration different from anaerobic respiration? Include where it takes place in the cell, products and the amount of ATP produced in your answer. 25. How do the following factors affect the rate of photosynthesis? Explain in words or sketch a graph. A. increasing light intensity B. increasing temperature C. increasing the amount of CO2 or water available D. changing the color of light shining on the plant

5 GT BIO - 2nd Quarter Study Guide. Make sure that you are familiar with the following topics: I. Cells What is a cell? Skin cells differ from blood cells in their shape, size, etc. this is because cells are specialized. What does specialization mean? What is an organelle? For each organelle: Name Function Nucleus Cell Membrane Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Ribosome Mitochondria Lysosome Cilia and Flagella Golgi apparatus Chloroplast Centriole II. III. Which organelle would be most visible under a microscope? Protist are eukaryotes that are not animals, plants, of fungi. How do they move? What are pseupodia? Body Systems (Organ System) What is a body system (organ system)? For each organ system: Organ System Function Digestive Skeletal Cardiovascular (circulatory) Respiratory Excretory Endocrine What is homeostasis? Cell Transport What is the difference between passive and active transport? o Examples of passive transport: Type of passive transport Definition Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated Diffusion

6 o Examples of active transport: Type of Active Tranpsort Sodium-Potassium Pump Endocytosis Exocytosis Definition Hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions: Outside Cell Definition Picture/ description of what happens the cell Hypotonic Hypertonic Isotonic IV. Photosynthesis Purpose Reactants and Products Chemical equation Location (which organelle) Can plants and/or animals undergo this process? Draw the of the graphs for: Light intensity, CO2, and temperature affect on the rate of photosynthesis Vascular tissue: Xylem vs. Phloem V. Chemosynthesis What is chemosynthesis? VI. Cellular respiration Purpose Reactants and products Chemical equation Location (which organelle) Can plants and/or animals undergo this process? Cellular respiration(aerobic respiration) vs. Fermentation (Anaerobic respiration): Type of Respiration Definition/ When does it occur? Total ATP produced Cellular Respiration (Aerobic Respiration) Fermentation (Anaerobic Respiration ) There are 2 types of fermentation: o Example(s) of lactic acid fermentation: o Examples(s) of alcoholic fermentation: How are the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?