STRUCTURES OF PLANTS/ANIMALS THAT HELP MAXIMIZE EXCHANGE OF MATERIALS WITH THE CELLS ENVIRONMENT:

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Aileen O’Connor’
5 years ago
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1 ANIMAL & PLANT PHYSIOLOGY STRUCTURES OF PLANTS/ANIMALS THAT HELP MAXIMIZE EXCHANGE OF MATERIALS WITH THE CELLS ENVIRONMENT: 1. root extensions that increase surface area to maximize 2. sacs in the lungs that increase surface area to maximize 3. fingerlike projections in small intestine to increase surface area for ***The smaller an animal the its metabolic rate. *** = a measure of a metabolic rate based on temperature (an increase of degrees Celsius the reaction rate; an Q 10 fluctuate with its surrounding temp) Ex: a water flea s (Daphnia s) Q 10 is

2 MOST ANIMALS & PLANTS DO NOT REPRODUCE YEAR ROUND. Instead they reproduce seasonally based on: PLANTS CAN BE CLASSIFIED BASED ON THEIR LIFE CYCLE AS: 1. Annual---germination, flowering, and death 2. Biennial--- ( year it flowers) 3. Perennial---grows and flowers year PLANTS & ANIMALS try to maintain --- trying to maintain a balance between internal and external environment Aquatic and terrestrial ANIMALS maintain this in different ways: 1. allows its internal conditions to fluctuate as the environment changes 2. maintains its internal conditions even though the environment changes (SEE DIAGRAM)

3 3. allows its internal metabolism to fluctuate with the environment (Ex: ) 4. maintains its metabolism even though the environment changes (Ex: ) FEEDBACK MECHANISMS organisms use these to help maintain homeostasis 1. Positive feedback--- Ex: onset during childbirth---the hormone stimulates labor contractions. Ex: ---the hormone promotes fruit ripening which stimulates a variety of ENZYMES that convert starch and acids of unripe fruit into sugar and softens the fruit by breaking down the PECTINS in the cell wall. 2. Negative feedback ---like a tug of war Ex: ---When blood glucose levels, the releases the hormone. This causes target cells to uptake glucose and store it as (in animals). When blood glucose levels, then releases the hormone to cause to break down and release more blood sugar.

4 Ex: response to ---If someone is dehydrated, the blood contains water and therefore becomes more concentrated (with solute). The then triggers the release of the hormone. This hormone increases the permeability of the DISTIL TUBULE AND COLLECTING DUCT which are in the causing the urine to be more concentrated and allowing the of water. This the blood and therefore no more ADH is released the effect of length of day and night on plant growth Long day (short night) vs. short day (long night) plant (SEE DIAGRAM) TROPISMS: movement towards light movement towards touch 3. movement towards gravitational pull

5 KINESIS - movement towards a stimulus VS. TAXIS-- movement to or away from a stimulus 1. movement towards light movement towards water 3. movement towards/away from a chemical Ex: moves toward egg moves toward foreign body CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS--- that repeat once a day needed cues and can be maintained regardless of temp. Ex: The sends a message to the gland which causes an increase in the hormone to be secreted during the NIGHT and decreased secretion during the DAY. can occur when hypothalamus can t readjust its melatonin instantly.

6 BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS---present in plants & animals EX: the in the eye contains receptors that send a message to to create a cycle PLANTS AND ANIMALS EXCHANGE NUTRIENTS/WASTES WITH THE ENVIRONMENT: PLANTS: Gas exchange occurs through in the of a leaf. These are surrounded by which regulate the. ANIMAL S DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: digestion- food is taken in by cells using digestive system has a opening for --- In where digestion occurs; composed of. This canal may contain a -_which MECHANICALLY AND

7 CHEMICALLY BREAKS DOWN NUTRIENTS and/or an which REABSORBS NUTRIENTS. This is a DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (READ ABOUT THIS ON P. 720) RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: ***The exchange of gases requires a!! Single celled organisms use simple across their moist membrane. Plants use. Insects use. Gills---provide a large for more efficient gas exchange and a for gas exchange. ---used by bony fish to maximize gas exchange and increase DIFFUSION rate throughout the gills. (SEE DIAGRAM) READ ABOUT THIS P

8 ---in larger land animals; increases surface area for gas exchange rather than using as in small animals ---allows lungs to expand & contract ---projections from the lungs -----saclike structures which increase to maximize gas exchange CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: Fish have a chambered heart (1 atrium & 1 ventricle) Amphibians have a chambered heart. Birds and Mammals have a chambered heart. A separates the atria from ventricles. This allows for metabolism in endotherms AND of deoxygenated & oxygenated blood. In Mammals, because the pressure of is than the, oxygen diffuses out of the lungs into red blood cells. This oxygen rich blood is carried. The pressure of than in the lungs, so carbon dioxide diffuses out of the red blood cells into the lungs.

9 EXCRETORY SYSTEM 1. Invertebrates such as use a as their excretory organ. 2. Invertebrates such as Earthworms use a nephridium ( ). 3. Invertebrates such as use. 4. have paired kidneys which contain a functional unit called the. AQUATIC VS. TERRESTRIAL EXCRETION: Aquatic animals secrete directly into the water. This is highly soluble in water. Mammals secrete. Urea is produced in the. Birds and reptile secrete which is an energetically waste but yet allows for more. In protists, pump out excess water from their cell. In land plants, regulate water loss through the process of. Also, the plant s large regulates solute concentration. The hormone regulates stomata opening & closing in order to water. Plants also have waxy to prevent water loss.

10 IMMUNE SYSTEM Invertebrates use immunity because they lack specific defense mechanisms. This type of immunity involves any barriers to the invader, in the lungs, the of a stomach, and the natural antibacterial secretions on the and in. Vertebrates use & immunity triggered by invaders. 2 types of specific immune responses are. are produced by the body s to recognize foreign. These 2 are very specific to each other. For example, antibodies produced against antigen will not increase the body s defense against antigen. However, a exposure to antigen results in a more rapid response by the immune system. When a cell is invaded, are displayed on the outside of the cell which then attracts. ANIMAL AND PLANT DEVELOPMENT occurs when the embryo is forming. This is controlled by and. TRANSCRIPTION factors are that work in groups to. These factors recognize certain the gene of interest.

11 genes are groups of genes that control formation during embryonic development. An example is the. Specific genes control their expression and are regulated by. During, one tissue affects another so that that the responding tissue differentiates in a way that it normally would not. This require the tissues to directly but will only occur if the RESPONDING tissue is to receive at least from the INDUCING tissue. This process is critical in the development of in vertebrates. When a seed germinates and starts to grow, the hormones are involved in feedback small RNA pieces that help regulate (involved in immune system, cell cycle control, metabolism, and cell differentiation) ---programmed cell death (Ex: destruction of the 6 th, destruction of some cells, development, loss of a as it grows into a frog, breaks down thus starting menstruation)

12 ----reduces production but doesn t completely stop protein sysnthesis; can occur in order for animal to return to activity chemical signal triggering social response protein that regulates pheromone production, enzyme action, cell organelle functions, & transcription when a bacteria population grows to become dense so that the population density controls gene expression POLLINATION causes the hormone to increase. Petals then also drop due to the production of an enzyme called. The genes that code for this enzyme are turned after pollination. LOCAL VS. LONG-DISTANCE CHEMICAL REGULATORS: REGULATORS are secreted from a cell and affect a IN. Ex: signaling travel from a to a cell signaling a cell secretes a chemical that travels to an target cell signaling a cell secretes a chemical and acts as the target cell

13 REGULATORS travel via the from a cell to affect a target cell. The main type is a. In plants, they can travel through the or through the. In animals, they travel through the to reach a target cell. 2 types of hormones: 1. derivative(aka hormones)---have large shapes that usually cross the cell membrane but instead ; acting Ex: & 2. hormones---have shapes and cross the cell membrane into the of the cell; acting but duration CELL TO CELL COMMUNICATION: ****review to cell communication webquest!!! Cells communicate through MESSENGER molecules that are released by a cell and sent to a cell. Ex: are released by TYPES OF cells to act on other white blood cells or other types of cells

14 Source of the INTERLEUKIN macrophage macrophage T cells/b cells Phagocytes Target Cell macrophage T cells B cells T cells/b cells Function Ex: Plants communicate through. ( can occur through this; also plants can respond to via this). Ex: Animal cells communicate through similar structures called. Nerve cells (NEURONS) release NEUROTRANSMITTERS that travel to target cells across the. The neurotransmitter signals BREAKDOWN in animals. Ex: bacterial cells use chemical signaling to communicate with nearby cells about. WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THESE COMMUNICATION SIGNALS ARE MODIFIED or CHANGED? Ex: the enzyme can mutate and cause

15 If the pancrease releases mutated these can lead to If a NEURON S PROTECTIVE OUTER LAYER ( ) is destroyed, it can t transmit signals correctly. This could cause. starts when a cell grows and divides a signal. all work based off blocking communication signals. NERVOUS SYSTEM: Both the systems work together well. The is an organ involved in both systems. Nerve cells (neurons) have an that sends the signal to a target cell, a which integrates the signal, and which receive incoming signals. They release NEUROTRANSMITTERS which are chemicals that control actions in target cells. Neurotransmitter Function Muscle contraction; slows heart contractions Excitatory signal involved in long-term memory A major neurotransmitter

16 Norepinephrine Excitatory in the nervous system Affects sleep, mood, attention, & learning Affects sleep, mood, attention, & learning Endorphins Causes penis erection Carbon monoxide Regulates release of hormones ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Hormones are chemical regulators that travel through the bloodstream to reach their TARGET cells. Therefore, since they travel through the, they are secreted from cells or glands. HORMONE FUNCTION oxytocin insulin glucagon ADH ( ) Released by to blood sugar and help store sugar as in the blood sugar by breaking down that is stored in the liver water in the blood by increasing the permeability of water in the Produces milk in the mammary glands FSH ( ) Helps and both mature

17 LH ( ) TSH ( ) T 3 and T 4 Calcitonin PTH ( ) Stimulates ovulation and also sperm release during ejaculation Activates thyroid gland Increases blood calcium by storing extra calcium in the bone blood calcium by extracting calcium from the bone Epinephrine and norepinephrine glucocorticoids mineralcorticoids Increases in the kidney s nephron Supports male reproductive tract & develops male secondary sex characteristics Supports female reproductive tract & develops female secondary sex characteristics Causes thickening of uterine wall Affects mood and responds to light and dark

Ch45: Endocrine System

Ch45: Endocrine System Endocrine System Homeostasis is the tendency to maintain a stable internal environment. Function = coordinate and control the body with hormones to maintain homeostasis Works with