Moral)Development) Three)Stage)Theory)by)Lawrence$Kohlberg)
|
|
- Osborn Malone
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Moral)Development) Kohlberg)(1981,)1984))sought)to) describe)the)development)of) moral)reasoning)by)posing)moral) dilemmas)to)children)and) adolescents,)such)as) Should)a) person)steal)medicine)to)save)a) loved)one s)life? )He)found) stages)of)moral)development.) Three)Stage)Theory)by)Lawrence$Kohlberg)
2 Pre:conven&onal)Morality) Morality)based)on) rewards)and) punishments.) If)you)are)rewarded) then)it)is)ok.) If)you)are)punished,)the) act)must)be)wrong.)
3 Conven&onal)Morality) Look)at)morality)based)on) how)others)see)you.) If)your)peers)or)society) thinks)it)is)wrong,)then)so) do)you.)
4 Post:Conven&onal)Morality) Based)on)self:defined) ethical)principles.) Your)own)personal)set) of)ethics.)
5 Cri&cisms)of)Kohlberg) Heinz)Example)of)Morality) Carol)Gilligan)pointed) out)that)kohlberg)only) tested)boys.) Overall,)males)tend)to) have)a)more)absolute) value)of)morality.) Many)females)tend)to) consider)situa&onal) factors)in)moral) decision)making.)
6 Death Elizabeth)Kubler:Ross s) Stages$of$Death/Grief.$ 1.Denial$ 2.Anger$ 3.Bargaining$ 4.Depression$ 5.Acceptance$
7 Sensa&on)and)Percep&on) Sensa&on:)detecting(physical(energy() Percep&on:)selec&ng,)organizing)&)interpre&ng) sensory)informa&on) ) 6:8%)of)the)exam)
8 Bo^om:Up)Processing) Also)called)feature) analysis.) We)use)the)features)on) the)object)itself)to)build) a)percep&on.) Takes)longer)that)top: down)but)is)more) accurate.) ) Click)to)see)an)example)of) bo^om) up)processing.))
9 Top:Down)Processing) We)perceive)by)filling)the) gaps)in)what)we)sense.) I)_ant)ch_co_ate)ic_) cr_am.) Based)on)our)experiences) and)schemas.) If)you)see)many)old)men) in)glasses,)you)are)more) apt)to)process)a)picture)of) an)old)man)(even)when) you)may)be)in)error).)
10 Psychophysics2 A(study(of(the(relationship(between(physical( characteristics(of(stimuli(and(our(psychological( experience(with(them. 2 2 Physical(World2 Light2 Psychological( World2 Brightness2 Sound2 Pressure2 Sugar2 Volume2 Weight2 Sweet2 166)
11 Detection2 Absolute2 Threshold2 No2 Intensity2 No2 No2 Yes2 Observer s Response Detected2 Yes2 Tell$when$you$(the$observer)$detect$the$light.7
12 Signal)Detec&on)theory) The)detec&on)of)a)s&mulus) depends)on)the)intensity)of) the)s&mulus)and)the) physical)&)mental)state)of) the)individual.) Absolute)thresholds)are)not) really)absolute.) Things)like)mo&va&on)or) physical)state)can)effect) what)we)sense.) False)Posi&ves) False)Nega&ves)
13 Subliminal)Messages) Do)you)hear) Ah,$see$me.$ I'm$not$too$ young?) Do)you)hear) "Now$he$ uses$ marijuana.?) Do)you)hear)Pass$the$ Do)you)hear"Play$backwards.$Hear$ gun$now.$it$kills$the$ words$sung.?) love,$the$love$is$cold?) S&muli)below)our) absolute)threshold.) Backmasking) 25 th )frame) Do)Subliminal)Messages) work?) Probably)a)placebo) effect)
14 Difference(Threshold2 Difference(Threshold:(Minimum(difference( between(two(stimuli(required(for(detection(50%( of(the(time,(also(called(just(noticeable(difference( (JND).) Difference2 Threshold2 No2 No2 Yes2 Observer s Response Tell$when$you$(observer)$detect$a$difference$in$the$light.7 170)
15 ) )(Just)Notable)Difference)) Difference)Threshold) The)smallest)amount)of)change)needed)to)detect)in)a)s&mulus)before)we)detect)a)change.))) )
16 Weber s(law2 Two(stimuli(must(differ(by(a(constant(minimum( percentage((rather(than(a(constant(amount),(to(be( perceived(as(different.(weber(fraction:(k(=(δi/i. 2 Computes)the)Just)No&ceable)Difference.) Stimulus2 2 Constant((k)2 Light2 8%2 Weight2 2%2 Tone2 3%2
17 Sensory)Adapta&on) Decreased) responsiveness)to) s&muli)due)to)constant) s&mula&on.) Do)you)feel)your)underwear)all)day?)
18 Cocktail:party)phenomenon) The)cocktail$party$effect) describes)the)ability)to) focus)one's)listening) a^en&on)on)a)single)talker) among)a)mixture)of) conversa&ons)and) background)noises,) ignoring)other) conversa&ons.) Form)of)selec&ve)a^en&on.)
19 InaYentional(Blindness! InaYentional(blindness(refers(to(the(inability( to(see(an(object(or(a(person(in(our(midst.( Simmons(&(Chabris((1999)(showed(that(half( of(the(observers(failed(to(see(the(gorilla] suited(assistant(in(a(ball(passing(game.( 2 Daniel Simons, University of Illinois
20 Transduc&on) Transforming)signals) into)neural)impulses.) Informa&on)goes)from) the)senses)to)the) thalamus),)then)to)the) various)areas)in)the) brain.) Remember)Ethan)in)Sky)High.))He)changes)his) body)to)slime.))solid)form)to)liquid)form.))) Change)from)one)form)of)energy)to)another.)) Click)the)picture)to)watch)power)placement.))
21 Parts(of(the(eye2 1. Cornea:(Transparent(tissue(where(light(enters( the(eye.2 2. Iris:(Muscle(that(expands(and(contracts(to( change(the(size(of(the(opening((pupil)(for(light.2 3. Lens:(Focuses(the(light(rays(on(the(retina.2 4. Retina:(Contains(sensory(receptors(that(process( visual(information(and(sends(it(to(the(brain.2 179)
22 The(Lens2 Lens:((Transparent( structure(behind(the( pupil(that(changes(shape( to(focus(images(on(the( retina. 2 2 Accommodation:(The( process(by(which(the( eye s(lens(changes( shape(to(help(focus(near( or(far(objects(on(the( retina )
23 Retina2 Retina:(The(light] sensitive(inner( surface(of(the(eye,( containing(receptor( rods(and(cones(in( addition(to(layers(of( other(neurons( (bipolar,(ganglion( cells)(that(process( visual(information )
24 Optic(Nerve,(Blind(Spot(&(Fovea2 Optic(nerve:(Carries(neural(impulses(from(the(eye(to(the( brain.(blind(spot:(point(where(the(optic(nerve(leaves(the( eye(because(there(are(no(receptor(cells(located(there.((this( creates(a(blind(spot.(fovea:(central(point(in(the(retina( around(which(the(eye s(cones(cluster )
25 Transduc&on)Con&nued) Order)is)Rods/Cones)to) Bipolar)to)Ganglion)to)Op&c) Nerve.) Sends)info)to)thalamus:) area)called)lateral$ geniculate$nucleus$(lgn).) Then)sent)to)cerebral) cortexes.) Where)the)op&c)nerves) cross)is)called)the)opdc$ chiasm.)
26 )Vision)in)the)Brain) We)have)specific)cells)that)see)the) lines,)mo&on,)curves)and)other) features)of)this)turkey.))these)cells) are)called)feature)detectors.) Goes)to)the)Visual) Cortex)located)in)the) Occipital)Lobe)of)the) Cerebral)Cortex.) Feature)Detectors.) Parallel)Processing)vs) Serial)Processing)
27 Feature(Detectors2 Nerve(cells(in(the(visual(cortex(respond(to( specific(features,(such(as(edges,(angles,(and( movement.2 Ross Kinnaird/ Allsport/ Getty Images 185)
28 Visual(Information(Processing2 Processing(of(several(aspects(of(the(stimulus( simultaneously(is(called(parallel(processing.(the( brain(divides(a(visual(scene(into(subdivisions(such( as(color,(depth,(form(and(movement(etc )
29 Color)Vision) Two Major Theories
30 Trichroma&c)Theory) Three)types)of)cones:) Red) Blue) Green) These)three)types)of) cones)can)make)millions) of)combina&ons)of) colors.) Does)not)explain) aperimages)or)color) blindness)well.)
31 Color(Blindness2 Genetic(disorder(in(which(people(are(blind(to( green(or(red(colors.((this(supports(the( Trichromatic(theory. 2 Ishihara(Test2 189)
32 Opponent:Process)theory) The)sensory)receptors) come)in)pairs.) Red/Green) Yellow/Blue) Black/White) If)one)color)is) s&mulated,)the)other)is) inhibited.)
33 Constancy) Objects)change)in)our) eyes)constantly)as)we) or)they)move.but)we) are)able)to)maintain) content)percep&on) Shape)Constancy) Size)Constancy)
34 Hearing) Our auditory sense (audition)
35 We)hear)sound)WAVES) The)height)of)the)wave)gives)us)the)amplitude)of)the) sound.) The)frequency)of)the)wave)gives)us)the)pitch)if)the)sound.)
36 The)Ear)
37 Transduc&on)in)the)ear) Sound)waves)hit)the)eardrum)then) anvil$then)hammer)then)sdrrup)then) oval$window.) Everything)is)just)vibra&ng.) Then)the)cochlea)vibrates.) The)cochlea)is)lined)with)mucus) called)basilar$membrane.) In)basilar$membrane$there)are)hair) cells.) When)hair)cells)vibrate)they)turn) vibra&ons)into)neural)impulses)which) are)called)organ$of$cord.) Sent)then)to)thalamus)up)auditory) nerve.) It)is)all)about)the)vibra&ons!!!)
38 Place)Theory) Different)hairs)vibrate) in)the)cochlea)when) they)different)pitches.) So)some)hairs)vibrate) when)they)hear)high) and)other)vibrate)when) they)hear)low)pitches.)
39 Frequency)Theory) All)the)hairs)vibrate)but) at)different)speeds.) ) )
40 Touch) Receptors)located)in)our)skin.) Gate)Control)Theory)of)Pain) Why)do)thoughts)and) emo&ons)and)touch) influence)pain)percep&on?)
41 Taste) We)have)bumps)on)our) tongue)called)papillae.) Taste)buds)are)located) on)the)papillae)(they) are)actually)all)over)the) mouth).) Sweet,)salty,)sour)and) bi^er.)
42 Taste2 Traditionally,(taste(sensations(consisted(of(sweet,( salty,(sour,(and(biyer(tastes.(recently,(receptors(for( a(fifth(taste(have(been(discovered(called( Umami.! Sweet Sour Salty Bitter Umami (Fresh Chicken) 200)
43 Smell(and(Memories2 The(brain(region(for( smell((in(red)(is(closely( connected(with(the( brain(regions(involved( with(memory((limbic( system).(that(is(why( strong(memories(are( made(through(the(sense( of(smell.2 201)
44 Sensory(Interaction2 When(one(sense(affects(another(sense,(sensory( interaction(takes(place.(so,(the(taste(of(strawberry( interacts(with(its(smell(and(its(texture(on(the( tongue(to(produce(flavor.2! This*is*why*food*isn t*delicious*when*we*have*a*cold.!
45 Ves&bular)Sense) Tells)us)where)our)body) is)oriented)in)space.) Our)sense)of)balance.) Located)in)our) semicircular)canals)in) our)ears.)
46 Kinesthe&c)Sense) Tells)us)where)our)body) parts)are.) Receptors)located)in) our)muscles)and)joints.) Without)the)kinesthe&c)sense)you) could)not)touch)the)bu^on)to)make) copies)of)your)bu^ocks.)
47 Percep&on) The)process)of)organizing)and)interpre&ng) informa&on,)enabling)us)to)recognize)meaningful) objects)and)events.)
48 Gestalt)Psychology) Gestalt)psychologists)focused)on) how)we)group)objects)together.) We)innately)look)at)things)in)groups) and)not)as)isolated)elements.) Proximity)(group)objects)that)are) close)together)as)being)part)of)same) group)) Similarity)(objects)similar)in) appearance)are)perceived)as)being) part)of)same)group)) ConDnuity)(objects)that)form)a) con&nuous)form)are)perceived)as) same)group)) Closure$(like)top:down)processing we)fill)gaps)in)if)we)can)recognize)it))
49 Grouping2 After(distinguishing(the(figure(from(the(ground,( our(perception(needs(to(organize(the(figure(into( a(meaningful(form(using(grouping(rules.2 217)
50 Binocular)Cues) We)need)both)of)our) eyes)to)use)these)cues.) ReDnal$Disparity$(as)an) object)comes)closer)to)us,) the)differences)in)images) between)our)eyes) becomes)greater.) Convergence)(as)an) object)comes)closer)our) eyes)have)to)come) together)to)keep)focused) on)the)object).)
51 Monocular(Cues2 Relative(Size:(If(two(objects(are(similar(in(size,(we( perceive(the(one(that(casts(a(smaller(retinal(image( to(be(farther(away )
52 Monocular(Cues2 Size(Constancy2 Stable(size(perception(amid(changing(size(of(the( stimuli. 2 Size(Constancy2 220)
53 Schemas2 Schemas(are(concepts(that(organize(and( interpret(unfamiliar(information.2 Courtesy of Anna Elizabeth Voskuil Childrenfs(schemas(represent(reality(as(well(as(their( abilities(to(represent(what(they(see.2 221)
54 States)of)Consciousness) 2:4%)of)the)exam)
55 Sleep)is)a)state)of) consciousness.) We)are)less)aware)of) our)surroundings.) Circadian)Rhythm) Sleep)
56 Sleep)Disorders)
57 Insomnia) Persistent)problems) falling)asleep) Affects)10%)of)the) popula&on) Primary)versus) Secondary)Insomnia)
58 Narcolepsy) Click))above)to)see)Skeeter)the)narcolep&c)dog.) Suffer)from) sleeplessness)and)may) fall)asleep)at) unpredictable)or) inappropriate)&mes.) Directly)into)REM)sleep) Less)than).001)%)of) popula&on.)
59 A)person)stops) breathing)during)their) sleep.) Wake)up)momentarily,) gasps)for)air,)then)falls) back)asleep.) Very)common,) especially)in)heavy) males.) Can)be)fatal.) Sleep)Apnea)
60 Somnambulism) Sleep)Walking) Most)open)occurs) during)the)first)few) hours)of)sleeping)and)in) stage)4)(deep)sleep).) If)you)have)had)night) terrors,)you)are)more) likely)to)sleep)walk) when)older.)
61 Sleep)Cycle)) Click)to)see)an) awake)brain.)) Click)dude)for)alpha) Waves.) Use)an)EEG)machine)to) measure)stages)of) sleep.) When)you)are)the)onset) of)sleep)you)experience) alpha)waves.) Produces)mild) hallucina&ons,)like)a) feeling)of)falling.)
62 Stage)1) Kind)of)awake)and)kind) of)asleep.) Only)lasts)a)few) minutes,)and)you) usually)only)experience) it)once)a)night.) Your)brain)produces) Theta)Waves.) Click)the)couple)to)see)Theta)Waves)
63 Stage)2) Click)image)to)see)Stage)Two)of)sleep.) More)Theta)Waves)that)get) progressively)slower.) Begin)to)show)sleep$spindles short$bursts)of)rapid)brain)waves.)
64 REM)Sleep) Click)boy)dreaming)to)see)REM)sleep.) Rapid)Eye)Movement) Open)called)paradoxical) sleep.) Brain)is)very)ac&ve.) Dreams)usually)occur)in) REM.) Body)is)essen&ally) paralyzed.) REM)Rebound)
65 Dreams)
66 Ac&va&on:Synthesis)Theory) Our)Cerebral)Cortex)is) trying)to)interpret)random) electrical)ac&vity)we)have) while)sleeping.) That)is)why)dreams) some&mes)make)no)sense.) The)person s)brain)is) weaving)the)stories,)which) helps)us)understand)that) person.)
67 Informa&on:Processing)Theory) Dreams)are)a)way)to)deal) with)the)stresses)of) everyday)life)and) consolidate)our)memories) We)tend)to)dream)more) when)we)are)more) stressed.) Why)do)we)dream)about) what)we ve)never) experienced?)) People)who)don t)get)sleep) have)poorer)memories.)))
68 Freud s)theory)of)dreams) Dreams)are)a)roadway) into)our)unconscious.) They)express)otherwise) unacceptable)feelings.) Manifest)Content) (storyline)) Latent)Content) (underlying)meaning)) Problem:)no)scien&fic) support,)can)interpret) different)ways))
69 Physiological)Func&oning) REM)sleep)s&mulates) the)brain,)developing) and)preserving)neural) pathways)that)cement) memories.))) Then)why)do)we) experience)meaningful) dreams?)))
70 Cogni&ve)Theory) Dream)content)reflects) dreamers )cogni&ve) development)(their) knowledge)and) understanding)) Doesn t)address)the) purpose)of)dreams))
71 Hypnosis) Altered)state)of) consciousness?) Posthypno&c)sugges&on) Posthypno&c)amnesia)
72 Hypno&c)Theories) Role$Theory$ Hypnosis)is)NOT)an)altered) state)of)consciousness.) Different)people)have) various)state)of)hypno&c) sugges&bility.) A)social)phenomenon) where)people)want)to) believe.) Work)be^er)on)people)with) richer)fantasy)lives.) State$Theory$ Hypnosis)is)an)altered)state) of)consciousness.) Drama&c)health)benefits) It)works)for)pain)best.)
73 Drugs)
74 Our)brain)is)protected) by)a)layer)of)capillaries) called)the)bloodqbrain$ barrier.) The)drugs)that)are)small) enough)to)pass)through) are)called)psychoac&ve) drugs.) Drugs)
75 S&mulants) Speed)up)body) processes.) More)powerful)ones) (like)cocaine))give) people)feelings)of) invincibility.)
76 Depressants) Slows)down)body) processes.) Alcohol) Anxioly&cs) (barbiturates)and) tranquilizers))
77 Hallucinogens) Psychedelics) Causes)changes)in) percep&ons)of) reality) LSD,)peyote,)) psilocybin) mushrooms)and) marijuana.) Reverse)tolerance) or)synergis&c)effect) )
78 Opiates) Has)depressive)and) hallucinogenic)quali&es.) Agonist)for)endorphins.)) Derived)from)poppy)plant.) Morphine,)heroin,) methadone)and)codeine.) All)these)drugs)cross)the) placental) barrier.teratogens.)
79 Learning) Long)las&ng)change)in) behavior)due)to) experience.) ) 7:9%)of)the)exam)
80 Ivan)Pavlov) Studied)diges&on)in) dogs.) Dogs)salivated) before)they)were) given)food) (triggered)by) sounds,)lights)etc )) Dogs)must)have) LEARNED)to)salivate.) Classical)Condi&oning)
81 Classical)Condi&oning) This)is)passive)learning) (automa&c learner)does) NOT)have)to)think).) First)thing)you)need)is)a) uncondi&onal) rela&onship.) UncondiDonal$SDmulus$ (UCS):)something)that) elicits)a)natural,)reflexive) response.) UncondiDonal$Response$ (UCR):)response)to)the) UCS.) )
82 Classical)Condi&oning) Next)you)find)a)neutral)s&mulus)(something)that) by)itself))elicits)no)response).) You)present)the)s&mulus)with)the)UCS)a)whole) bunch)of)&mes.)
83 Classical)Condi&oning) Aper)a)while,)the)body) begins)to)link)together) the)neutral)s&mulus) with)the)ucs.) Acquisi&on) )
84 Classical)Condi&oning) We)know)learning)takes) places)when)the)previously) neutral)s&mulus)elicits)a) response.) At)this)point)the)neutral) s&mulus)is)called)the) condidoned$sdmulus$(cs)$ and)the)uncondi&onal) response)becomes)the) condidoned$response$ (CR).$$
85 Classical)Condi&oning) TRICKY)FACT:)learning) exists)because)the)cs)is) linked)to)the)ucs.) This)is)called) ACQUISITION.) Acquisi&on)does)not) last)forever.) The)moment)the)CS)is) no)longer)associated) with)the)ucs,)we)have) EXTINCTION.)
86 Spontaneous)Recovery) Some&mes,)aper) ex&nc&on,)the)cr)s&ll) randomly)appears)aper) the)cs)is)presented.)
87 Generaliza&on)and)Discrimina&on) Something)is)so)similar)to)the) CS)that)you)get)a)CR.) Something)so)different)from)the) CS)that)you)do)not)get)a)CR.)
88 First:Order)and)Second:Order)Condi&oning) First)Order)Condi&oning.) ) Bell)+)meat)=)saliva&on.) ))) Bell)=)Saliva&on.) Second$Order$CondiDoning$ aka)higher$order$ CondiDoning$ (Aper)first)order) condi&oning)has)occurred)) $ Light)+)Bell)=)Saliva&on.) Light)=)Saliva&on.)
89 Biological)Predisposi&ons) Garcia)showed)that)the)dura&on) between)the)cs)and)the)us)may)be)long) (hours),)but)yet)result)in)condi&oning.)a) biologically)adap&ve)cs)(taste))led)to) condi&oning)and)not)to)others)(light)or) sound).)) John)Garcia)
90 Garcia)and)Koelling)Study) Studied)rats)and)how) they)make)associa&ons.) Some)associa&ons)seem) to)be)adap&ve.) CS$ UCS$ Learned$Response$ Loud)Noise) Shock) Fear) Loud)Noise) Radia&on)(nausea)) Nothing) Sweet)Water) Shock) Nothing) Sweet)Water) Radia&on)(nausea)) Avoid)Water)
91 Learned)Taste)Aversions) When)it)comes)to) food)being)paired) with)sickness,)the) condi&oning)is) incredible)strong.) Even)when)food)and) sickness)are)hours) apart.) Food)must)be)salient) (no&ceable.)) This)type)of)Classical) Condi&oning)is)also) known)as)aversive$ CondiDoning)=)using) punishment)to)stop) an)unwanted) behavior.))
92 Operant)Condi&oning) The)Learner)is)NOT)passive.) Learning)based)on)consequence)
93 The)Law)of)Effect) Edward)Thorndike) Locked)cats)in)a)cage) Behavior)changes)because)of) its)consequences.) Rewards)strengthen)behavior.) If)consequences)are) unpleasant,)the)s&mulus: Reward)connec&on)will) weaken.) Called)the)whole)process) instrumental$learning.)
94 The)Mac)Daddy)of) Operant)Condi&oning.) Nurture)guy)through) and)through.) Used)a)Skinner)Box) (Operant)Condi&oning) Chamber))to)prove)his) concepts.) B.F.)Skinner)
95 How)do)we)actually)use)Operant) Condi&oning?) Do)we)wait)for)the)subject) to)deliver)the)desired) behavior?) Some&mes,)we)use)a) process)called)shaping.) Shaping)is)reinforcing)small) steps)on)the)way)to)the) desired)behavior.) ) To)train)a)dog)to)get)your) slippers,)you)would)have)to) reinforce)him)in)small) steps.))first,)to)find)the) slippers.))then)to)put)them) in)his)mouth.))then)to)bring) them)to)you)and)so)on this) is)shaping)behavior.) To)get)Barry)to)become)a)be^er)student,)you)need)to) do)more)than)give)him)a)massage)when)he)gets)good) grades.))you)have)to)give)him)massages)when)he) studies)for)ten)minutes,)or)for)when)he)completes)his) homework.))small)steps)to)get)to)the)desired) behavior.))
96 Chaining)Behaviors) Subjects)are)taught)a) number)of)responses) successively)in)order)to) get)a)reward.) Click)picture)to)see)a)rat)chaining)behaviors.) Click)to)see)a)cool)example)of)chaining)behaviors.)
97 Reinforces) A)reinforcer)is)anything)the) INCREASES)a)behavior.) PosiDve$Reinforcement:$ The)addi&on)of)something) pleasant.) NegaDve$Reinforcement:$ The)removal)of)something) unpleasant.) Two)types)of)NR) Escape)Learning) Avoidance)Learning) (Gecng)kicked)out)of)class) versus)skipping)class))
98 Primary)v.)Secondary)Reinforcers) Primary$Reinforcer$ Things)that)are)in) themselves)rewarding.) Secondary$Reinforcer$ Things)we)have)learned)to)value.) Money)is)a)special)secondary) reinforcer)called)a)generalized$ reinforcer$(because)it)can)be) traded)for)just)about)anything))
99 Token)Economy) Every)&me)a)desired) behavior)is)performed,)a) token)is)given.) They)can)trade)tokens)in) for)a)variety)of)prizes) (reinforcers)) Used)in)homes,)prisons,) mental)ins&tu&ons)and) schools.)
100 Reinforcement)Schedules) How)open)to)you)give)the)reinforcer?) Every)&me)or)just)some&mes?) ) ) )
101 Con&nuous)v.)Par&al)Reinforcement) ConDnuous$ Reinforce)the)behavior) EVERYTIME)the)behavior)is) exhibited.) Usually)done)when)the) subject)is)first)learning)to) make)the)associa&on.) Acquisi&on)comes)really)fast.) But)so)does)ex&nc&on.) ParDal$ Reinforce)the)behavior)only) SOME)of)the)&mes)it)is) exhibited.) Acquisi&on)comes)more) slowly.) But)is)more)resistant)to) ex&nc&on.) FOUR)types)of)Par&al) Reinforcement)schedules.)
102 Ra&o)Schedules) Fixed$RaDo$ Provides)a)reinforcement) aper)a)set)number)of) responses.) Variable$RaDo$ Provides)a)reinforcement) aper)a)random)number)of) responses.) Very)hard)to)get)acquisi&on) but)also)very)resistant)to) ex&nc&on.) Fixed)Ra&on:)She)gets)a)manicure)for)every)5) pounds)she)loses.)
103 Interval)Schedules) Fixed$Interval$ Requires)a)SET)amount)of) &me)to)elapse)before)giving) the)reinforcement.) Variable$Interval$ Requires)a)RANDOM) amount)of)&me)to)elapse) before)giving)the) reinforcement.) Very)hard)to)get)acquisi&on) but)also)very)resistant)to) ex&nc&on.) Fixed)Interval:)She)gets)a) manicure)for)every)7)days)she) stays)on)her)diet.))
104 Punishment) Meant)to)decrease)a)behavior.) ) PosiDve$Punishment$ Addi&on)of)something) unpleasant.) NegaDve$Punishment$ (Omission(Training)( Removal)of)something) pleasant.) Punishment)works)best)when) it)is)immediately)done)aper) behavior)and)if)it)is)harsh!)
105 Latent)Leaning) Edward)Toleman) Three)rat)experiment.) Latent)means)hidden.) Some&mes)learning)is) not)immediately) evident.) Rats)needed)a)reason)to) display)what)they)have) learned.)
106 Observa&onal)Learning) Albert)Bandura)and)his) BoBo)Doll) We)learn)through) modeling)behavior)from) others.) Observa&onal)learning)+) Operant)Condi&oning)=) Social$Learning$Theory$ Click)pic)to)see)some)observa&onal)learning.)
107 Mirror)Neurons) Neuroscien&sts)discovered)mirror)neurons)in)the) brains)of)animals)and)humans)that)are)ac&ve)during) observa&onal)learning.)
108 Insight)Learning) Wolfgang)Kohler)and) his)chimpanzees.) Some)animals)learn) through)the) ah)ha ) experience.) Click)pic)to)see)insight)learning.)
109 Memory,)Thinking,)and)Language) $ 8:10%)of)the) exam)
110 Flashbulb)Memory) A)unique)and)highly)emo&onal)moment)may)give)rise)to) a)clear,)strong,)and)persistent)memory)called)flashbulb) memory.)however,)this)memory)is)not)free)from)errors.) Ruters/)Corbis) President)Bush)being)told)of)9/11)a^ack.)
111 The)Memory)Process) Three)step)process.) ) 1. Encoding:)The) processing)of) informa&on)into)the) memory)system.) 2. Storage:)The)reten&on) of)encoded)material) over)&me.) 3. Retrieval:)The)process) of)gecng)the) informa&on)out)of) memory)storage.)
112 A)split)second) holding)tank)for)all) sensory)informa&on.) Sperling s)research) on)iconic)memory) Echoic)Memory) Sensory)Memory)
113 Working)Memory) The)stuff)we)encode)from) the)sensory)goes)to) working)memory.) Events)are)encoded) visually,)acous&cally)or) seman&cally.) Holds)about)7)(plus)or) minus)2))items)for)about) 20)seconds.) We)recall)digits)be^er) than)le^ers.) Short)Term)Memory)Ac&vity) )
114 Long)Term)Memory) Unlimited)storehouse)of) informa&on.) Explicit)(declara&ve)) memories) Implicit)(non: declara&ve))memories)
115 Automa&c)Processing) We)process)an)enormous)amount)of)informa&on) effortlessly,)such)as)the)following:)) 1. Space:)While)reading)a)textbook,)you) automa&cally)encode)the)place)of)a)picture)on)a) page.) 2. Time:)We)uninten&onally)note)the)events)that) take)place)in)a)day.) 3. Frequency:)You)effortlessly)keep)track)of)things) that)happen)to)you.) 297)
116 EfforÄul)Processing) Commicng)novel) informa&on)to)memory) requires)effort)just)like) learning)a)concept)from) a)textbook.)such) processing)leads)to) durable)and)accessible) memories.) ) Elaborate)Rehearsal) Maintenance)Rehearsal) Spencer)Grant/)Photo)Edit)
117 Rehearsal) EfforÄul)learning)usually) requires)rehearsal)or) conscious)repe&&on.)) ) Ebbinghaus)studied) rehearsal)by)using) nonsense)syllables:)tuv) YOF)GEK)XOZ) Hermann)Ebbinghaus) (1850:1909)) h^p:// 299)
118 Ways)to)remember)things)in)Working) Memory so)they)go)to)ltm) Chunking:)Organizing) items)into)familiar,) manageable)units.) Mnemonic$devices$ Rehearsal$ OrganizaDon/categories$$ 1:4:9:2:1:7:7:6:1:8:1:2:1:9:4:1) "Mary)Very)Easily)Makes)Jam) Saturday)Unless)No)Plums."))
119 Hierarchy) Complex)informa&on)broken)down)into) broad)concepts)and)further)subdivided)into) categories)and)subcategories.) Grocery)list)=)) 3)meat)items)(turkey,) ground)beef,)pepperoni))) 2)bread)items)(sandwich) bread,)tor&llas))) 4)dairy)items)(milk,) cheese,)yogurt,)sour) cream))
120 Primacy$Effect$(the)first) items)presented)in)a) series)to)be)remembered) be^er)or)more)easily))$ Recency$Effect$(the)most) recently)presented)items) or)experiences)will)most) likely)be)remembered) best))$ Serial$PosiDoning$Effect$ (When)your)recall)is) be^er)for)first)and)last) items)on)a)list,)but)poor) for)middle)items.)$ Encoding)Informa&on)
121 Next:in:line:Effect:)You) are)so)anxious)about) being)next)that)you)can t) remember)what)the) person)just)before)you)in) line)says,)but)you)can) recall)what)other)people) around)you)say.)) Spacing)Effect:)We)retain) informa&on)be^er)when) we)rehearse)over)&me.) Memory)Effects)
122 Storing)Implicit)&)Explicit)Memories) Explicit)Memory)refers)to)facts)and)experiences)that)one)can) consciously)know)and)declare.)implicit)memory)involves) learning)an)ac&on)while)the)individual)does)not)know)or) declare)what)she)knows.) 304)
123 Anterograde)Amnesia) Aper)losing)his)hippocampus)in)surgery,)pa&ent)Henry) M.)(HM))remembered)everything)before)the)opera&on) but)cannot)make)new)memories.)we)call)this) anterograde)amnesia.) Anterograde) Amnesia) (HM) Memory$Intact$ No$New$Memories$ Surgery$ 305)
124 Anterograde)Amnesia)&)Implicit)Memory) HM)is)unable)to)make)new)memories)that)are) declara&ve)(explicit),)but)he)can)form)new) memories)that)are)procedural)(implicit).) A$ B$ HM)learned)the)Tower)of)Hanoi)(game))aper)his)surgery.)Each)&me)he)plays) it,)he)is)unable)to)remember)the)fact)that)he)has)already)played)the)game.) C$ 306)
125 Storing)Memories) Long$TermQPotenDaDon$ long:las&ng)enhancement) in)signal)transmission) between)two)neurons)that) results)from)s&mula&ng) them)synchronously.) In)other)words they)learn) to)fire)together)and)get) be^er)at)it crea&ng)a) memory.)
126 Recall)Versus)Recogni&on) Recall$ You)must)retrieve)the) informa&on)from)your) memory)) Ex:)fill:in:the)blank)or)essay) tests) RecogniDon$ You)must)iden&fy)the)target) from)possible)targets) Ex:)mul&ple:choice)tests)
127 Priming) To)retrieve)a)specific)memory)from)the)web)of)associa&ons,) you)must)first)ac&vate)one)of)the)strands)that)leads)to)it.)this) process)is)called)priming.)
128 Déja)Vu) Déja)Vu)means) I've)experienced)this)before. )Cues)from)the) current)situa&on)may)unconsciously)trigger)retrieval)of)an) earlier)similar)experience.)(you)were)primed)and)you)didn t) realize)it.)) ) The New Yorker Collection, Leo Cullum from cartoonbank.com. All Rights Reserved 310)
129 The)Context)Ma^ers) Flashbulb)Memories) Mood)Congruent) Memory) State)Dependent) Memory)
130 ) RetroacDve$ Interference:)new) informa&on)blocks)out) old)informa&on.) ) ) ProacDve$Interference:) old)informa&on)blocks) out)new)informa&on.) Forgecng) Gecng)a)new)bus)number)and) forgecng)old)bus)number.) Calling)your)new) girlfriend)by)old) girlfriends)name.)
States&of&Consciousness&
States&of&Consciousness& &Levels&of&Consciousness& We&know&that&various& levels&exists&beyond&the& conscious&level.& Mere
More informationLearning( Long(las,ng(change(in( behavior(due(to( experience.(
Learning( Long(las,ng(change(in( behavior(due(to( experience.( Ivan(Pavlov( Studied(diges,on(in( dogs.( Dogs(salivated( before(they(were( given(food( (triggered(by( sounds,(lights(etc )( Dogs(must(have(
More informationMemory'! The'persistence'of'learning'over'5me'through' the'storage'and'retrieval'of'informa5on.'
Memory'! The'persistence'of'learning'over'5me'through' the'storage'and'retrieval'of'informa5on.' Take'out'a'piece'of'paper..' Name!the!seven!dwarves..! Choose!the!Dwarfs!names.!! Grouchy,'Gabby,'Fearful,'
More informationStates of Consciousness
States of Consciousness Levels of Consciousness Taiwanese Letter Example We know that various levels exists beyond the conscious level. Mere-exposure effect Priming Blind sight Levels of Consciousness
More informationUnit 1 Notes: Learning. Learning a relatively permanent change in behavior due to practice and experience
Unit1Notes:Learning Learning arelativelypermanentchangeinbehaviorduetopracticeandexperience learning: isnotalwaysobservedbutcanbehidden(latentlearning) isnotalwaysconsistent indicatesatendencytorespond,notnecessarilyaspecificresponse
More informationSensing and Perceiving Our World
PSYCHOLOGY: Perspectives & Connections 2 nd Edition GREGORY J. FEIST ERIKA L. ROSENBERG Sensing and Perceiving Our World Chapter Four Chapter Preview The Long Strange Trip From Sensation to Perception
More informationName: Per:_ Advanced Placement Psychology Semester 1 Final Exam Study Guide
Name: Per:_ Advanced Placement Psychology Semester 1 Final Exam Study Guide Chapter 1: Foundations & History 1. Describe the following perspectives of psychology. Behavioral Perspective Evolutionary Perspective
More informationChapter 3: SENSORY PROCESSES
Chapter 3: SENSORY PROCESSES SENSING AND PERCEIVING: A FEW BASIC CONCEPTS A. Sensation: is the conversion of energy from the environment into a pattern of responses by the nervous system. Perception: is
More informationChapter 4: Sensation and Perception The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Sensation and Perception Sensation The process by which our sense organs receive information from the environment Perception The sorting out, interpretation, analysis,
More information****REVISED 4/27/2015****
Exam 2 Study Guide Disclaimer: This is intended as a study aid. It is not a complete description of everything discussed in class, nor an exhaustive list of information that might be tested on an exam.
More informationSleep is a state of altered consciousness (different levels of awareness), characterized by certain patterns of brain activity.
Sleep is a state of altered consciousness (different levels of awareness), characterized by certain patterns of brain activity. State of awareness, including a person s feelings, sensations, ideas, and
More informationSleep and Dreams. Sleep and Dreams. Brain Waves and Sleep Stages Typical Nightly Sleep Stages. Chapter 7 States of Consciousness
Chapter 7 States of Consciousness States of Consciousness Consciousness our awareness of ourselves and our environments Fantasy Prone Personality imagines and recalls experiences with lifelike vividness
More informationPrologue:"The"Story"of" Psychology"
Prologue:"The"Story"of" Psychology" 1" History"of"Psychology" Introspec6on" " Started"with"William"Wundt s" first"psychological"laboratory" (1879)"and"his"concept"of" introspec6on"(structuralism"=" breaking"sensa6on"&"percep6on"
More informationSENSATION & PERCEPTION
SENSATION & PERCEPTION Sensation and perception result from a symphony of sensory receptors and the neurons those receptors communicate with. The receptors and neurons fire in different combinations and
More informationUnit 4: Sensation and Perception
Unit 4: Sensation and Perception Sensation a process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus (or physical) energy and encode it as neural signals. Perception a
More informationSensation. I. Basic Concepts II. Characteristics of Sensory Systems III. The Visual System
Sensation I. Basic Concepts II. Characteristics of Sensory Systems III. The Visual System Sensation The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies
More informationSensation and Perception
Sensation and Perception Sensation & Perception The interplay between the external world, physiological systems, and psychological experience How the external world makes impressions on our nervous system
More informationNERVOUS SYSTEM & SENSES TEACHER COPY
NERVOUS SYSTEM & SENSES TEACHER COPY FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM What are the three functions of the Nervous System? 1. Receives information about what is happening inside and outside of your body
More informationPractice Questions. 1. Agonists are psychoactive drugs that. Practice Questions 127
Depressants slow down the same body systems that stimulants speed up. Alcohol, barbiturates, and anxiolytics (also called tranquilizers or antianxiety drugs) like Valium are common depressants. Obviously,
More informationLearning Chapter 6 1
Learning Chapter 6 1 Learning is a relatively permanent change in an organism s behavior due to experience. 2 Stimulus- Stimulus Learning Learning to associate one stimulus with another. 3 Response- Consequence
More informationSensation and Perception. Chapter 6
Sensation and Perception Chapter 6 1 Sensation & Perception How do we construct our representations of the external world? Text To represent the world, we must detect physical energy (a stimulus) from
More informationIntroduction to Sensation and Perception
PSYCHOLOGY (8th Edition, in Modules) David Myers PowerPoint Slides Worth Publishers, 2007 1 Introduction to Sensation and Perception Module 12 2 Sensation Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles Threshold
More informationThe lowest level of stimulation that a person can detect. absolute threshold. Adapting one's current understandings to incorporate new information.
absolute threshold The lowest level of stimulation that a person can detect accommodation Adapting one's current understandings to incorporate new information. acuity Sharp perception or vision audition
More informationPsychology II Regular Semester Exam Review
Psychology II Regular Semester Exam Review 1) What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement? 2) Describe Pavlov s classical conditioning study with his dogs. 3) What is an unconditioned
More informationLivingston American School Quarterly Lesson Plan
Livingston American School Quarterly Lesson Plan Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Concept / Topic To Teach: VISION & HEARING OTHER IMPORTANT SENSES & PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION Standards Addressed: PERCEPTUAL
More informationStudy Guide Chapter 5
Name: Date: 1. Superman's eyes used, while his brain used. A) perception; sensation B) top-down processing; bottom-up processing C) bottom-up processing; top-down processing D) sensory adaptation; subliminal
More informationNeurons-Parts, functions, types, neurotransmitters Divisions of the nervous system-cns, PNS-somatic, autonomicsympathetic,
AP Psychology Semester Exam Review Chapter 1. Perspectives/History Historical perspectives-structuralism, functionalism, Gestalt, behaviorism, psychoanalysis-know who the major names are associated with
More informationMyers Psychology for AP*
Myers Psychology for AP* David G. Myers PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, 2010 *AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which
More informationSensation Sensation bottom-down processing Perception top-down processing Psychophysics absolute threshold signal detection theory subliminal
1 Sensation To represent the world in our heads we must detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals (sensation) and we must select, organize and interpret our sensations
More informationUnit Two: Biopsychology Domain Chapter 3: Senation and Perception. Module 7: Sensation; Module 8: Perception
Unit Two: Biopsychology Domain Chapter 3: Senation and Perception Module 7: Sensation; Module 8: Perception SENSORY PROCESSES: How Do We Perceive The World? ThEcOwgAvecOla..rat eht saw tac eht The quick
More informationActivation-synthesis hypothesis. compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences. Addition. Amphetamines. Barbiturates.
Activation-synthesis hypothesis Suggests that in the brain engages in a lot of neural activity that is random. Dreams make sense of this activity. Addition compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse
More informationIntroduction to the Study of Psychology PSYC1001 Final Exam Practice Quiz
Introduction to the Study of Psychology PSYC1001 Final Exam Practice Quiz 1. Which of the following schedules of reinforcement produces the highest, steady-state responding (i.e. continuous, with no breaks)?
More informationSensation and Perception
Sensation and Perception Sensation & Perception The interplay between the external world, physiological systems, and psychological experience How the external world makes impressions on our nervous system
More informationName: Period: Reading Guide Chapter 3: Consciousness & the Two-Track Mind
Name: Period: Reading Guide Chapter 3: Consciousness & the Two-Track Mind 1. When did the concept of consciousness begin to reemerge in the field of psychology? Explain why. Include all three explanations
More informationMyers Psychology for AP* David G. Myers PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, 2010
Myers Psychology for AP* David G. Myers PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, 2010 *AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which
More informationJEOPARDY How do Human Sensors Work? Center for Computational Neurobiology, University of Missouri
JEOPARDY How do Human Sensors Work? Center for Computational Neurobiology, University of Missouri Robot Router Sensors Modes Touch Human WAN WAN Router Sight Sound & Sensors Encapsulation Services Basics
More information7. Sharp perception or vision 8. The process of transferring genetic material from one cell to another by a plasmid or bacteriophage
1. A particular shade of a given color 2. How many wave peaks pass a certain point per given time 3. Process in which the sense organs' receptor cells are stimulated and relay initial information to higher
More informationMyers PSYCHOLOGY. (6th Ed) Chapter 5. Sensation
Myers PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed) Chapter 5 Sensation Sensation Sensation a process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energy Perception a process of organizing and
More informationPROGRESS TEST 1. Multiple-Choice Questions. a. wavelength; loudness b. amplitude; loudness c. wavelength; intensity d. amplitude; intensity
136 Chapter 5 Sensation The receptors for this sense are located in the and --------------~ --------------~ of the inner ear. PROGRESS TEST 1 Multiple-Choice Questions Circle your answers to the following
More informationMyers Psychology for AP, 2e David G. Myers PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, 2014
Myers Psychology for AP, 2e David G. Myers PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, 2014 AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which
More informationSENSATION AND PERCEPTION
SENSATION AND PERCEPTION CHAPTER 5 1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES Describe transduction, sensation, and perception for the following sensory systems: Vision Audition (hearing) Skin and body Touch Pain Chemical
More informationSAT1A GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY I Unit : I - V
SAT1A GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY I Unit : I - V UNIT I INTRODUCTION Definition of Psychology Psychology as a science Research Methods Modern perspectives Sub-fields of psychology SAT1A- General Psychology 2 What
More informationSensation and Perception
Sensation and Perception Sensation: : Immediate response of the body to stimulation of sensory organs Perception: : Selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input Sensation Immediate Response
More informationSensation Outline Chapter 5, Psychology, David G Meyers, 7 th Edition
Sensation Outline Chapter 5, Psychology, David G Meyers, 7 th Edition Sensation the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
More informationPsychology AP Mid-Term Review Packet
Psychology AP Mid-Term Review Packet How you choose to complete this packet is up to you. I would suggest including more than just a basic definition. Chapter One Psychology Trained Introspection Functionalism
More informationStimulus any aspect of or change in the environment to which an organism responds. Sensation what occurs when a stimulus activates a receptor
Chapter 8 Sensation and Perception Sec 1: Sensation Stimulus any aspect of or change in the environment to which an organism responds Sensation what occurs when a stimulus activates a receptor Perception
More informationVideo Clip: What is consciousness?
Video Clip: What is consciousness? Importance of Sleep: Consciousness = state of awareness of feelings, ideas and perceptions Altered States of Consciousness Ex: Sleep Why do we sleep? Recharge the body
More informationDefinition Slides. Sensation. Perception. Bottom-up processing. Selective attention. Top-down processing 11/3/2013
Definition Slides Sensation = the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment. Perception = the process of organizing and interpreting
More informationSchwartz and Krantz, Sensation and Perception
Test Bank Chapter 2 1. The Scoville scale measures: a. Any psychophysical measure of sensitivity *b. The amount of capsaicin in food c. The strength of auditory amplitude d. The number of caffeine molecules
More information= add definition here. Definition Slide
= add definition here Definition Slide Definition Slides Sensation = the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment. Perception
More informationPSYCH 100 Introduction to Psychology
South Central College PSYCH 100 Introduction to Psychology Course Outcome Summary Course Information Description Total Credits 3 Total Hours 162 This course surveys the multiple aspects of human behavior.
More informationUnit 5. States of Consciousness
Unit 5. States of Consciousness College Board - Acorn Book Course Description 2-4% And then suddenly, I saw this bright light at the end of the tunnel. Summary Outline A. Sleep and Dreaming B. Hypnosis
More informationTaste PSY 310 Greg Francis. Lecture 36. Taste
Taste PSY 310 Greg Francis Lecture 36 Why toothpaste ruins your orange juice. Taste Perceptual awareness of the molecular properties of items that go through the mouth Last line of defense for preventing
More informationSensation and Perception: How the World Enters the Mind
Sensation and Perception: How the World Enters the Mind Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2007 Sensation and Perception Sensation The awareness of properties of an object or event when a sensory receptor is stimulated
More informationMr. Silimperi Council Rock High School South Chapter 5 Sensation Sensation II
Mr. Silimperi Council Rock High School South AP Psychology Name: Date: Chapter 5 Sensation Sensation II Psychophysics study of the relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological
More informationStudy Plan: Session 1
Study Plan: Session 1 6. Practice learning the vocabulary. Use the electronic flashcards from the Consciousness and Unconscious: The The Mysteries of Consciousness Mind s Eye, Open and Closed 1. Define
More informationSensa:on vs. Percep:on
Chapter 4: Sensa:on & Percep:on Sensa:on vs. Percep:on Sensa&on the detec:on of physical energy by the sense organs Percep&on the brain s sor:ng out, interpreta:on, and analysis of raw sensory inputs (s&mulus)
More informationUnit 6 Learning.
Unit 6 Learning https://www.apstudynotes.org/psychology/outlines/chapter-6-learning/ 1. Overview 1. Learning 1. A long lasting change in behavior resulting from experience 2. Classical Conditioning 1.
More informationModule 22- Understanding Consciousness & Hypnosis
Module 22- Understanding Consciousness & Hypnosis - Fundamental, hard to define Psychological Concept - Difficulties in defining consciousness led those specializing in behaviorism to look at direct observations
More information1 ahmadanizahscienceteacher14
CHAPTER 1: THE WORLD THROUGH OUR SENSES 1.1 THE SENSOR ORGAN AND THEIR FUNCTION 8. The diagram below shows a girl watching a television show 1. Which of the following A,B,C or D is a sensory organ 2. Diagram
More informationGanglion Cells Blind Spot Cornea Pupil Visual Area of the Bipolar Cells Thalamus Rods and Cones Lens Visual cortex of the occipital lobe
How We See How We See Cornea Ganglion Cells whose axons form the optic nerve Blind Spot the exit point at the back of the retina Pupil which is controlled by the iris Bipolar Cells Visual Area of the Thalamus
More informationSensation and Perception Chapter 6
Sensation and Perception Chapter 6 Basic Principles Basic Principles Sensation- how sensory receptors and your nervous system receive stimuli I hear, I see Perception- the process of organizing and interpreting
More informationStates of Consciousness
Myers PSYCHOLOGY Unit 5 States of Consciousness "We do imagery work and talk about having that innovative mindset of being special," Wilson says. "We talk about being in the moment and increasing chaos
More informationI. Classical Conditioning
Learning Chapter 8 Learning A relatively permanent change in an organism that occur because of prior experience Psychologists must study overt behavior or physical changes to study learning Learning I.
More informationMs. Berdelle AP Psychology Unit 6 & 7 Exam: States of Consciousness & Learning
Unit 6 & 7 Exam: States of Consciousness & Learning 1. A student participates in a month-long sleep study designed to examine free-running circadian rhythms. If all time cues are removed, the studentʼs
More informationCONSCIOUSNESS IS DEFINED AS THE AWARENESS OF OURSELVES AND OUR ENVIRONMENT.
CONSCIOUSNESS IS DEFINED AS THE AWARENESS OF OURSELVES AND OUR ENVIRONMENT. CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS are our bodies biological cycles that occur every 24 hours. Sleep, blood pressure, body temperature are just
More informationOur Senses & the World CHAPTER 4. Sensations & Senses. Characteristics (continued) Characteristics (continued) Characteristics of All Senses
CHAPTER 4 Sensations & Senses Our Senses & the World Characteristics of All Senses RECEPTION: Accessory Structures-modify the energy created by something in the person s environment Characteristics TRANSDUCTION:
More informationExam #2 Review. Quick Summary. Vision Summary. Vision so far. Audition Summary. Summary: Classical Conditioning 11/10/2011
Quick Summary Exam #2 Review PSYC&100 Intro to S&P Information Processing Bottom Up Processing Top Down Processing Psychophysics Sensation Thresholds Sensory Adaptation Vision so far Vision: The Stimulus
More informationBiology. Slide 1 of 49. End Show. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Biology 1 of 49 2 of 49 Sensory Receptors Neurons that react directly to stimuli from the environment are called sensory receptors. Sensory receptors react to stimuli by sending impulses to other neurons
More informationChapter 6. Consciousness
Consciousness Psychology, Fifth Edition, James S. Nairne What s It For? The Value of Consciousness Setting Priorities for Mental Functioning Sleeping and Dreaming Altering Awareness: Psychoactive Drugs
More informationSensation and Perception. 8.2 The Senses
Sensation and Perception 8.2 The Senses I. Introduction A. You probably think that you have just five senses: vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. In addition, people have two more internal senses:
More informationOkami Study Guide: Chapter 5 1
Okami Study Guide: Chapter 5 1 Chapter in Review 1. Sensing is the process by which our sense organs receive raw physical or chemical energy from the natural world; perception occurs when our brains organize
More informationOutline 3/7/2013. Practice Question. Practice Question. PSYC 120 General Psychology. Spring 2013 Lecture 12: States of consciousness & Learning
PSYC 120 General Psychology Spring 2013 Lecture 12: States of consciousness & Learning Outline 3/7/2013 Consciousness: Psychoactive Drugs Hypnosis Meditation Learning Dr. Bart Moore bamoore@napavalley.edu
More informationExam #1 (Chapters 1.5-5) Study Guide
Exam #1 (Chapters 1.5-5) Study Guide Chapter 1.5 1. Research conducted for the purpose of verifying previous experimental findings is called: Replication 2. A Research method in which a representative
More informationChapter 5/7. Variations in Consciousness
Chapter 5/7 Variations in Consciousness -The Nature of Consciousness Consciousness is the awareness of internal and external stimuli. External: sound of my voice. Internal: heart beat Consciousness- it
More information,.,
States of Consciousness 5 -----.------.,.,----------------------------------- KEY TERMS Consciousness Sleep apnea Dissociation theory of Levels of consciousness Night terrors hypnosis Conscious level Dreams
More informationChapter 1: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
The Need for Psychological Science Did we Know it All Along? Hindsight Bias Overconfidence Perceiving Order in Random Events The Scientific Attitude: Curious, Skeptical, and Humble Critical Thinking 1-1
More informationGRADE LEVEL AND SUBJECT: ADVANCED PLACEMENT PSYCHOLOGY (11 TH AND 12 TH )
GRADE LEVEL AND SUBJECT: ADVANCED PLACEMENT PSYCHOLOGY (11 TH AND 12 TH ) DOMAIN CONTENT STANDARDS PERFORMANCE STANDARDS ASSESSMENT AUGUST METHODS Careers and Subfields Define psychology Weekly Quizzes
More informationOpen Your Class With This Tomorrow The One World School House: Education Reimagined
Open Your Class With This Tomorrow The One World School House: Education Reimagined Directions: The Khan Academy does not have much in the way of lessons related to high school psychology, but there many
More informationAP Psychology/Spencer Cumulative Exam 2 Review
AP Psychology/Spencer Cumulative Exam 2 Review Name: I. Identify the School of Thought Associated with Each Psychologist A. Freud B. Watson C. Gazzaniga D. Skinner E. Ellis F. Rogers G. Maslow II. Identify
More informationl3;~~?~~~,'0~'~~t~t:~:~~~~~~~~~~!,1
112 Sensation and Perception Line A should look longer, even though both lines are actually the same length. People who come from noncarpentered cultures that do not use right angles and corners often
More informationPsychology Chapter 4. Sensation and Perception. Most amazing introduction ever!! Turn to page 77 and prepare to be amazed!
Psychology Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception Most amazing introduction ever!! Turn to page 77 and prepare to be amazed! Chapter 4 Section 1 EQ: Distinguish between sensation and perception, and explain
More informationTheories of Learning
Theories of Learning Learning Classical conditioning Classical conditioning in real life Operant conditioning Operant conditioning in real life Learning and the mind Watson s Extreme Environmentalism Give
More informationPerception Lecture 1
Page 1 Perception Lecture 1 Sensation vs Perception Sensation is detection Perception is interpretation The distal and proximal stimulus Distal stimulus: the object out there in the world (distal=distant).
More informationJanuary 6, EQ- How does classical conditioning work? Agenda: 1. Welcome and New Policies 2. Vocabulary/Test Questions 3. Classical Conditioning
January 6, 2015 EQ- How does classical conditioning work? Table of Contents: 79. January 6 80. Classical Conditioning Notes and Diagram 81. Classical Conditioning Worksheet 82. Classical Conditioning Elements
More informationThe Perceptual Experience
Dikran J. Martin Introduction to Psychology Name: Date: Lecture Series: Chapter 5 Sensation and Perception Pages: 35 TEXT: Lefton, Lester A. and Brannon, Linda (2003). PSYCHOLOGY. (Eighth Edition.) Needham
More informationStates of Consciousness Day 2
States of Consciousness Day 2 Hypnosis* l Hypnosis: involves a state of awareness characterized by deep relaxa6on, heightened sugges6bility, and focused a:en6on. l Hypno6st suggests changes in sensa6ons,
More informationStates of Consciousness
Myers PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed) Chapter 7 States of Consciousness Waking Consciousness Consciousness our awareness of ourselves and our environments Sleep and Dreams Biological Rhythms periodic physiological
More informationBOROUGH OF MANHATTAN COMMUNITY COLLEGE City University of New York Department of Social Sciences
BOROUGH OF MANHATTAN COMMUNITY COLLEGE City University of New York Department of Social Sciences General Psychology: PSY100-1405 & 1708 Prof. Charles Alexander Zorn, Adjunct Lecturer-FALL 2017 Quiz 3 mt,
More information14 Taste. 14 Taste versus Flavor. Chapter 14
14 Taste Chapter 14 14 Taste Taste versus Flavor Anatomy and Physiology The Four Basic Tastes Coding of Taste Quality Genetic Variation in Taste Experience The Pleasures of Taste 14 Taste versus Flavor
More information1. Psychology is commonly defined as: a. The study of behavior b. The study of the mind c. The study of behavior and mental processes
1. Psychology is commonly defined as: a. The study of behavior b. The study of the mind c. The study of behavior and mental processes 2. The study of behavior and mental processes a. Which of the following
More informationPSY402 Theories of Learning. Chapter 4 (Cont.) Indirect Conditioning Applications of Conditioning
PSY402 Theories of Learning Chapter 4 (Cont.) Indirect Conditioning Applications of Conditioning Extinction Extinction a method for eliminating a conditioned response. Extinction paradigm: Present the
More informationPsychology in Modules Saul Kassin Annotated Table of Contents
Psychology in Modules Saul Kassin Annotated Table of Contents Modules The modular approach makes content more accessible for students without compromising meaning because modules are shorter and more focused
More informationModule Five: Review Questions
1. Which of the following statements IS NOT true? a) Meditation affects brain activity b) All types of meditation lead to same kind of brain activity affection c) The brain travels through different patterns
More informationA) 6 grams B) 1 gram C) 9 grams D) 20 grams E) 36 grams
1. Zachary was born with a rare visual defect. He has no cone photoreceptors in his retina, there are only rods. Assuming that all other aspects of his visual system are normal, which of the following
More informationClassical Conditioning. Learning. Classical conditioning terms. Classical Conditioning Procedure. Procedure, cont. Important concepts
Learning Classical Conditioning Pavlov study of digestion dogs salivate before getting food learning as signal detection: emphasis on what happens before a given behavior Classical conditioning terms Stimulus:
More informationNervous System. Made of two parts. Central Peripheral
Nervous System Made of two parts Central Peripheral The Central Nervous System is made of the brain and the spinal cord. The Central Nervous System controls everything in the body. A system that controls
More informationPractice Test Questions
Practice Test Questions Multiple Choice 1. Which term is most descriptive of the process of sensation? a. transportation c. selection b. interpretation d. transduction 2. Which terms are most descriptive
More informationChapter 5 Study Guide
Chapter 5 Study Guide Practice Exam Questions: Which of the following is not included in the definition of learning? It is demonstrated immediately Assuming you have eaten sour pickles before, imagine
More information