FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN

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1 THE FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN BT DAVID FERRIER, M.D., F.R.S. MEMBERofTHEROYALCOLLAGEOFPHYSICIANSOFKING'SCOLLAGEHOSPITAL OF FORENSIC MEDICINE IN KING'S COLLEGE, LONDON WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS

2 INTRODUCTORY XIII CHAPTER I. SKETCH OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD. Spinal Nerves Spinal Cord Sensory and Motor paths of Medulla Oblongata Pone Varolii Crura Cerebri Basal Ganglia Cerebral Hemispheres Cerebellum Corpora Quadrigemina Olfactory bulbe Cranial nerves CHAPTER IL REFLEX FUNCTIONS OF THE SPINAL CORD. Nervous system of Ascidane Reflex action, nature and condition«of Pflüger's Experiment Characters of Reflex Action Automatic action of the Spial Cord Muscular Tone 16 CHAPTER III. FUNCTIONS OF THE HEDULLA OBLONGATA. Deglutition Articulation Bulbar Paralysis Respiratory centres- Nœud Vital Respiratory Innervation Cardiac centres Cardiac Innervation Vaso-motor centre Innervation of the Blood Vessels - Relations of the Cardiac and Vaso-motor centres General conclusions

3 CHAPTER IV. FUNCTIONS OF THE MESENCEPHALON AND CEREBELLUM. GENERAL. Removal of the Cerebral Hemispheres In Frogs In Fishes In Pigeons In Mammals generally In Rabbits Explanation of the Phenomena Consciousness not implied Classification of the Phenomena Section I., Mechanism of Equilibration Influence of Tactile Impressions Locomotor Ataxy The Muscular Sense Influence of Visual Impressions Influence of Labyrinthine Impressions Anatomy of the Semicircular Canals Results of injury of the Semicircular Canals Special functions of the Semicircular Canals Meniere's Disease Relation to Visceral Impressions Vertigo Section II., Co-ordination of Locomotion Mechanism of Section IIL, Instinctive Emotional Expression Forms of Mechanism of 33 CHAPTER V. FUNCTIONS OF THE OPTIC LOBES OR CORPORA QUADRIGEMINAThe Optic Lobes Relations to the Eyes The Optic Chiasma-Relations to Equilibration Relations to Locomotor Co-ordination Relations to Emotional Expression Effects of Irritation of the Corpora Quadrigemina Electrical Irritation of the Corpora Quadrigemina Phenomena of Irritation Discussed General conclusion«70 CHAPTER VI. FUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBELLUM. Flourens' Experiments Symptoms of Cerebellar Di sense Removal of the Cerebellum in Fishes and Frogs Theories as to Causation Effects of Special Lesions Magendie's Experiment on the Middle peduncle Electrical Irritation of the Cerebellum In Monkeys In Rabbits In Dogs In Cats In Pigeons In Fishes Galvanisation of the Cerebellum in Man Hitzig's Experiments Explanation of the Phenomena Mechanism of Equilibration Hemiplegia not a result of Cerebellar disease as such Recovery from Lesions of the Cerebellum Sensory relatione of the Cerebellum To the paths of Tactile Sensation To the Labyrinth To the Eyes Phrenological Hypothesis 85

4 xi CHAPTER VIL FUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBRUM. Introductory Method of investigation Flourens' views Hughlings- Jackson's observations Excitability of the Cerebral Hemispheres Nothnagel's Experiments Fritsch's and Hitzig's researches on the Electrical Excitability of the Hemispheres Method of Stimulation Galvanisation and Faradisation Question as to Conduction of Currents Dupuy's views Experiments of Carville and Duret Burdon-Sanderson's experiments General conclusions and references 124 CHAPTER VIII PHENOMENA OF ELECTRICAL IRRITATION OF THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES. Experiments on Monkeys Experiments on Doge Fritech's and Hit* zig's experiments Experiments on Jackals Experiments on Cats Experiments on Rabbits Experiments on Guinea-pigs Experiments on Rats Experiments on Pigeons Experiments on Frogs Experiments on Fishes Electrical irritation of the Basal Ganglia The Corpora Striata The Optic Thalami CHAPTER IX. THE HEMISPHERES CONSlDERED PHYSIOLOGICALLY Section I., the Sensory Centres The Visual Centre The Optic Chasma according to Charcot Homology of the Visual Centres The Auditory Centre The Tactile Centre Cerebral Hemianeasthesin Veyssière'e experiments Centre of Smell and Taste- Anosmia and Ageusia Anosmia and Hemiplegia Centres of Organic Sensation Nature of Organic Sensation Centres of Sexual Feeling Section II., the Motor Centres Homologies Motor Centres in the Monkey Motor Centres in Man Motor Centres in the Rabbit, Dog, &c. Effects of Destruction of the Motor Centres Mechanism of Voluntary Motion Broadbent's Hypothesis Recovery from Cerebral Motor Paralysis Automaticity and Volition Views of Schiff, Nothnagel, Hitzig- Muscular Discrimination Views of Bain and Wundt The Sense of Muscular Effort Weir-Mitelcell's Observations Experiments on Muscular Discrimination Movements of Head and Eyes The Frontal Lobe«Brown-Sequard on the Cerebral Hemispheres Goltz on the Cerebral Hemispheres 163

5 xii CONTENTS. CHAPTER X. FUNCTIONS OF THE BASAL GANGLIA. PA» Structural relations of the Corpora Striata and Optic Thalami Disease of the Corpora Striata Disease of the Optic Thalami Experiments on Hughlings-Jacksonn on disease of the Optic Thalamus Fournié's Experimente on the Optic Thalami Nothnagel^ Experiments on the Basal Ganglia Lesions of the Corpora Striata and Cortical Motor Centres compared Special Functions of the Basal Ganglia 236 CHAPTER XL THE HEMISPHERES CONSIDERED PSYCHOLOGICALLY. The Brain and Mind The Brain as a single and dual organ Conditions of Sensation Organic Register of Sensations Revival of Sensations Conditions of Knowledge Accompaniments of Sensation The Emotions The Appetites Volition Growth of Volition Conscious Automatism Motor Memory»Sensori-motor Cohesions Acquisition of Speech and Writing Motor Ideation Aphasia, symptoms and pathology of Motives to Action Volition, impulsive and deliberate Inhibition of Action Attention Control of Ideation Centres of Attention Concluding remarks 255 CHAPTER XII. DIAGRAMMATIC SUMMARY Spinal Cord Medulla Oblongata Mesencepnalic Centres Cerebellum Basal Ganglia Hemisphere«290 CHAPTER XIII. CEREBRAL AND CRANIAL TOPOGRAPHY. Bartholow's Experiments The Cerebral Convolutions Homologie of the Simian and Human Brain Relations of the Convolutions to the Skull Crauio-cerebral areas and their contents INDEX 315

THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTE M

THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTE M Structure and Functio n THIRD EDITIO N PER BRODAL A Brief Survey, x i Studying the Structures and Function of the Nervous System, xii i Animal Experiments Crucial for Progress,