8.3 The Central Nervous System. SBI4U Ms. Ho-Lau
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1 8.3 The Central Nervous System SBI4U Ms. Ho-Lau
2
3 The Central Nervous System the structural and functional centre for the entire nervous system the site of neural integration and processing
4 The Central Nervous System white matter: myelinated neurons inner region of the brain outer area of the spinal cord grey matter : Unmyelinated neurons outside areas of the brain H-shaped core of the spinal cord
5 The Spinal Cord connects the brain to the rest of the body All of the peripheral nerves from the PNS connect to the spinal cord extends out of the skull from the brain and downward through a canal within the backbone protected by cerebrospinal fluid, the meninges and the bony vertebrae
6 The Spinal Cord Sensory nerves send information towards the spinal cord through the dorsal root ganglion Motor nerves leave the spinal cord through the ventral root
7 Neural Reflex Arc
8 The Brain Estimated at 100 billion cells Control emotions and thought and maintains homeostasis protected by the skull and the meninges (composed of three layers of tough, elastic tissue) The brain is divided into 3 general regions: Hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain
9 Hindbrain Coordination and homeostasis A. cerebellum unconscious coordination of posture, reflexes, body movement, and fine voluntary motor skills
10 Hindbrain Coordination and homeostasis B. medulla oblongata coordinates automatic bodily functions that maintain homeostasis, including heart rate and breathing
11 Hindbrain Coordination and homeostasis C. pons relay centre between right and left halves of the brain
12 Midbrain Processing sensory input D. midbrain processes information from the eyes, ears, and nose and controls skeletal muscle movement
13 Forebrain Thought, learning, emotion E. thalamus provides connections between the forebrain and the hindbrain, and between the sensory system and the cerebellum
14 Forebrain Thought, learning, emotion F. hypothalamus regulates the body s internal environment, behaviour, blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, hunger, thirst, and emotions and connects the nervous system to the endocrine system
15 Forebrain Thought, learning, emotion G. cerebrum divided into right and left cerebral hemispheres, which each contain centres for intellect, learning, memory, consciousness, and language
16 The Cerebrum the right and left cerebral hemispheres are linked by the corpus callosum, which sends messages from one hemisphere to another
17 The Cerebrum Cognitive functions originate from both right and left cerebral hemispheres some functions have a dominant hemisphere R: holistic and intuitive thinking, visual-spatial skills, and artistic abilities L: sequential and logical ways of thinking, and linguistic/mathematical skills
18 Cerebral cortex The outer layer of grey matter of the cerebrum Each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex contains 4 main lobes Each lobe is responsible for different functions
19 Occipital lobes Receive and analyze visual information
20 Temporal lobes share some visual processing but mainly process auditory information
21 Parietal lobes receive and process sensory information from the skin
22 Frontal lobes integrate information and control critical thinking, memory, personality, and fine motor skills Each side of the frontal lobes controls muscles on the opposite side of the body
23 The Blood-Brain Barrier formed by glial cells and blood vessels Separates blood from the CNS and selectively controls the entrance of substances into the brain from the blood oxygen and glucose can cross the blood-brain barrier through special transport mechanisms Lipid-soluble substances (caffeine, nicotine, alcohol) have rapid effects on brain function because they are able to pass directly through the barrier
24 Cerebrospinal Fluid a dense, clear liquid derived from blood plasma transports hormones, white blood cells, and nutrients across the bloodbrain barrier to the cells of the brain also acts as a shock absorber by circulating between two layers of the meninges (the arachnoid and pia mater).
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