PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER
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1 PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER The Project has been realised with the support of the European Union and has been co-financed by the European Social Fund *** **Molekuláris bionika és Infobionika Szakok tananyagának komplex fejlesztése konzorciumi keretben ***A projekt az Európai Unió támogatásával, az Európai Szociális Alap társfinanszírozásával valósul meg TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
2 Peter Pazmany Catholic University Faculty of Information Technology BEVEZETÉS A FUNKCIONÁLIS NEUROBIOLÓGIÁBA INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONAL NEUROBIOLOGY By Imre Kalló Contributed by: Tamás Freund, Zsolt Liposits, Zoltán Nusser, László Acsády, Szabolcs Káli, József Haller, Zsófia Maglóczky, Nórbert Hájos, Emilia Madarász, György Karmos, Miklós Palkovits, Anita Kamondi, Lóránd Erőss, Róbert Gábriel, Zoltán Kisvárdai, Zoltán Vidnyánszky TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
3 Cerebellum: its structure and neuronal network Imre Kalló & Miklós Palkovits Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Faculty of Information Technology I. Macroscopic and microscopic structure II. Functonal characterization of afferent and efferent connections III. Cerebellar neuronal network TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
4 Role of the cerebellum in the central organisation of movement It occupies a determinative site in the hierarchy of movement regulation Its basic function: - initiation, coordination, execution, learning of movement - ongoing control of posture It is in close relationship with the sensory and motor systems it receives information from - muscles and joints through the spinal cord - special neurons of the spinal cord - motor areas of the cerebral cortex - neurons of the brainstem (oliva inferior, formatio reticularis) - vestibular system - visual- and auditory system - associative cortical areas it provides information to - the ascending and descending motor systems TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
5 Primary motor cortex TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
6 Descending lateral corticospinal pathway Ref: Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed. Edited by Eric R. Kandel, James H. Schwartz, and Thomas M. Jessell. New York, McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing, TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
7 Site of motor planning and generation of motor programs A Motor planning B Motor programs Ref: Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed. Edited by Eric R. Kandel, James H. Schwartz, and Thomas M. Jessell. New York, McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing, TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
8 Subdivisions of thalamus with motor functions thalamus sma = supplementer motor area pma = premotor area VA-VL = Ventral anterior and lateral nuclei VP = Ventral posterior complex VPLo = Ventral posterolateral nucleus, pars oralis TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
9 Basic neuronal connections TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
10 Regulatory circuits VLo = Ventral lateral nucleus, pars oralis VLc = Ventral lateral nucleus, pars caudalis TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
11 Location and gross anatomy of the cerebellum (rat) TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
12 The cerebro-cerebellar circuit Brainstem Spinal cord Ref: Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed. Edited by Eric R. Kandel, James H. Schwartz, and Thomas M. Jessell. New York, McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing, TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
13 Location and gross anatomy of the cerebellum (human) TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
14 Phylogenetic subdivisions of the cerebellum ARCHICEREBELLUM - posture PALEOCEREBELLUM - muscle tone NEOCEREBELLUM - regulated movement TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
15 Functional anatomical subdivisions of the cerebellum VESTIBULOCEREBELLUM = archicerebellum FLOCCULO-NODULAR LOBE (balance, eyemovement) SPINOCEREBELLUM = paleocerebellum MEDIAL (VERMIS) + INTERMEDIATE CORTEX (execution of movement) CEREBROCEREBELLUM = neocerebellum LATERAL CORTEX (planning and control of movement) TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
16 Structure of the cerebellum Macroscopic structure - vermis, hemispheres, lobes, folia - peduncles - nuclei TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
17 Microscopic anatomy of the cerebellum: structure of the vermis and the cerebellar lobes are similar vermis TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
18 Cerebellar lobes, peduncles and deep nuclei TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
19 Microscopic anatomy of the cerebellum: middle cerebellar peduncle TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
20 Deep cerebellar nuclei TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
21 Microscopic anatomy of the cerebellum: Deep cerebellar nuclei TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
22 Cerebellar nuclei FASTIGIUS EMBOLIFORMIS GLOBOSUS LATERALIS (MEDIALIS) (ANTERIOR INTERPOSITUS) (POSTERIOR INTERPOSITUS) (DENTATUS) TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
23 Functional anatomical subdivisions of cerebellum TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
24 Structure of the cerebellum MACROSCOPIC STRUCTURE - vermis, hemispheres, lobes, folia - pedunculi - nuclei MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE - cerebellar cortex - layers - cell types TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
25 Layers of the cerebellar cortex: 1-3 Medulla: TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
26 Cell types of the cerebellar cortex: Note the size, and the number of cells in the different layers TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
27 CELL TYPES Cerebellar cortex Purkinje cell - granule cell + basket cell - Golgi cell - stellate cell - glial cells White matter glial cells Cerebellar nuclei neuron + glial cells TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
28 Characteristics of the cerebellar neurons Cell types Layers Function Innervated neurons Projection neuron Purkinje cells Purkinje inhibitory Deep cerebellar and vestibular nuclei Interneurons Granule cells Granule cell excitatory Purkinje-, stellate- basket and Golgi cells Basket cells Molecular inhibitory Purkinje cells Stellate cells Molecular inhibitory Purkinje cells Golgi cells Granule cell inhibitory Granule cells TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
29 M Cell types of the cerebellar cortex: location of different cell types P G TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
30 Two types of cerebellar afferents: mossy fibers and climbing fibers Cerebellar glomerulus TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
31 Purkinje cells TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
32 Neuronal connections of the Purkinje cells afferents efferents TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
33 Neuronal connections of the Purkinje cells TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
34 Characteristics of the cerebellar neurons Cell types Layers Function Innervated neurons Projection neuron Purkinje cells Purkinje inhibitory Deep cerebellar and vestibular nuclei Interneurons Granule cells Granule cell excitatory Purkinje-, stellate- basket and Golgi cells Basket cells Molecular inhibitory Purkinje cells Stellate cells Molecular inhibitory Purkinje cells Golgi cells Granule cell inhibitory Granule cells TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
35 Neuronal connections of the granule cells TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
36 Structure of the cerebellar glomerulus TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
37 Neuronal connections of the granule cells TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
38 Activation of Purkinje cells by the axons of granule cells (paralell fibers) Red: Dendritic trees of Purkinje cells innervated by granule cells Green and Blue: Dendritic trees of Purkinje cells innervated by inferior olive neurons located in different subdivisions of the nucleus TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
39 Characteristics of the cerebellar neurons Cell types Layers Function Innervated neurons Projection neuron Purkinje cells Purkinje inhibitory Deep cerebellar and vestibular nuclei Interneurons Granule cells Granule cell excitatory Purkinje-, stellate- basket and Golgi cells Basket cells Molecular inhibitory Purkinje cells Stellate cells Molecular inhibitory Purkinje cells Golgi cells Granule cell inhibitory Granule cells TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
40 Distribution of basket cells in the cerebellar cortex Basket cells are marked by cjun-immunoreactivity TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
41 M The cell body of basket cells are in the Purkinje cell layer G TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
42 Lateral inhibition by basket cells TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
43 Characteristics of the cerebellar neurons Cell types Layers Function Innervated neurons Projection neuron Purkinje cells Purkinje inhibitory Deep cerebellar and vestibular nuclei Interneurons Granule cells Granule cell excitatory Purkinje-, stellate- basket and Golgi cells Basket cells Molecular inhibitory Purkinje cells Stellate cells Molecular inhibitory Purkinje cells Golgi cells Granule cell inhibitory Granule cells TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
44 Localization and connectivity of stellate cells in the cerebellar cortex TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
45 Characteristics of the cerebellar neurons Cell types Layers Function Innervated neurons Projection neuron Purkinje cells Purkinje inhibitory Deep cerebellar and vestibular nuclei Interneurons Granule cells Granule cell excitatory Purkinje-, stellate- basket and Golgi cells Basket cells Molecular inhibitory Purkinje cells Stellate cells Molecular inhibitory Purkinje cells Golgi cells Granule cell inhibitory Granule cells TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
46 Localization and connectivity of Golgi cells in the cerebellar cortex TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
47 Pathways of the cerebellum: the afferent connections Pathways: cerebrum (cortico-ponto-cerebellar) spinal cord (spino-cerebellar) oliva inferior (olivo-cerebellar) formatio reticularis (reticulo-cerebellar) vestibular system (vestibulo-cerebellar) mossy fibers mossy fibers climbing fibers mossy fibers mossy fibers TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
48 The cerebro-ponto-cerebellar pathway TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
49 The cerebrocerebellum TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
50 Information processing in the cerebro-cerebellar pathway TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
51 Pathways of the cerebellum: the afferent connections Pathways: cerebrum (cortico-ponto-cerebellar) spinal cord (spino-cerebellar) oliva inferior (olivo-cerebellar) formatio reticularis (reticulo-cerebellar) vestibular system (vestibulo-cerebellar) mossy fibers mossy fibers climbing fibers mossy fibers mossy fibers TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
52 Structure, location and function of the spinocerebellar pathway TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
53 Spinocerebellum TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
54 Origin of spinocerebellar tracts TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
55 Pathways of the cerebellum: the afferent connections Pathways: cerebrum (cortico-ponto-cerebellar) spinal cord (spino-cerebellar) oliva inferior (olivo-cerebellar) formatio reticularis (reticulo-cerebellar) vestibular system (vestibulo-cerebellar) mossy fibers mossy fibers climbing fibers mossy fibers mossy fibers TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
56 The olivocerebellar tract TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
57 Pathways of the cerebellum: the afferent connections Pathways: cerebrum (cortico-ponto-cerebellar) spinal cord (spino-cerebellar) oliva inferior (olivo-cerebellar) formatio reticularis (reticulo-cerebellar) vestibular system (vestibulo-cerebellar) mossy fibers mossy fibers climbing fibers mossy fibers mossy fibers TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
58 The reticulo-cerebellar tract TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
59 Pathways of the cerebellum: the afferent connections Pathways: cerebrum (cortico-ponto-cerebellar) spinal cord (spino-cerebellar) oliva inferior (olivo-cerebellar) formatio reticularis (reticulo-cerebellar) vestibular system (vestibulo-cerebellar) mossy fibers mossy fibers climbing fibers mossy fibers mossy fibers TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
60 The vestibulocerebellum TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
61 cortico-pontin afferents spinal cord and brainstem afferents Termination fields of the afferent pathways in the cerebellum vestibular afferents TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
62 Pathways of the cerebellum: the efferent connections Cerebello-cerebral pathway: Purkinje cell cerebellar nuclei thalamo-cortical rubro-spinal Cerebello-vestibular pathway: Purkinje cell vestibular nuclei vestibulo-spinal TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
63 Ventral motor nuclei of the thalamus Execution of motor impulses Integration of informations deriving from the cerebellum and basal ganglia Modulation of motor impulses Co-ordination of motor impulses TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
64 Dentato-thalamic and dentato-rubral pathways TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
65 Pathways of the cerebellum: the efferent connections Cerebello-cerebral pathway: Purkinje cell cerebellar nuclei thalamo-cortical rubro-spinal Cerebello-vestibular pathway: Purkinje cell vestibular nuclei vestibulo-spinal TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
66 Pathways of the cerebellum: the efferent connections Cerebello-cerebral pathway: Purkinje cell cerebellar nuclei thalamo-cortical rubro-spinal Cerebello-vestibular pathway: Purkinje cell vestibular nuclei vestibulo-spinal TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
67 Structure, location and function of the cerebellovestibular pathway TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
68 Anatomical Incoming Relay Termination field Function regions informations nucleus Spinocerebellum vermis vestibular fastigial medial system: coordination of labyrinth, vestibularis nucleus, movements spinal cord reticular formation, (upper part motor cortex of the body) cranial nerves (head, neck) intermediate spinal cord interpositus lateral system: coordination of cortex (lower part nucleus ruber (magno- movements of the body) cellular), distal motor cortex Cerebrocerebellum lateral cortex cerebral dentate integrative system: initiation of cortex nucleus ruber (parvo- movements, cellular), planning and premotor cortex temporal-tuning (area 6) of movements Vestibulocerebellum flocculonodular vestibular lateral medial system: posture, lobe labyrinth vestibular motoneurons vestibular reflexes TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
69 Cerebellar network model Activation of Purkinje cells - climbing fibers - stimulation of single Purkinje cells - Golgi cell, inhibition by basket cells - mossy fibers - glomerulus activation by T-axons TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
70 Cerebellar network model TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
71 Cerebellar network model TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
72 Cerebellar network model TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
73 Cerebellar network model Activation of Purkinje cells (signal divergence) - climbing fibers - stimulation of single Purkinje cells - Golgi cell, inhibition by basket cells -mossy fibers - glomerulus activation by T-axons - Output signal originating from Purkinje cells (signal convergence) - cerebellar nuclei efferent pathways TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
74 Cerebellar network model TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
75 Cerebellar network model TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
76 Planning and programing Basal ganglia Cerebellar Cerebellar network network model model Sensory associative cortex Premotor cortical areas Cerebrocerebellum Execution Movement Cerebellum Motor cortex Motoneurons Sensory cortical areas Sensory signals Receptors Feedback signals Peripheral receptors TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
77 Cerebellar network model Planning and programing Basal ganglia Sensory association cortex Premotor cortical areas Cerebrocerebellum Cerebellum Motor cortex Execution Movement Motoneurons Sensory cortical areas Sensory signals Peripheral receptors Spinocerebellum Receptors Feedback signals TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
78 Cerebellar network model Planning and programing Basal ganglia Sensory association cortex Premotor cortical areas Cerebrocerebellum Cerebellum Motor cortex Execution Movement Motoneurons Sensory cortical areas Sensory signals Peripheral receptors Spinocerebellum Receptors Feedback signals TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
79 Cerebellar network model Planning and programing Basal ganglia Sensory association cortex Premotor cortical areas Cerebrocerebellum Cerebellum Motor cortex Execution Movement Motoneurons Sensory cortical areas Sensory signals Peripheral receptors Spinocerebellum Receptors Feedback signals TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
80 Cerebellar network model Planning and programing Basal ganglia Sensory association cortex Premotor cortical areas Cerebrocerebellum Cerebellum Motor cortex Execution Movement Motoneurons Sensory cortical areas Sensory signals Peripheral receptors Spinocerebellum Receptors Feedback signals TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
81 Cerebellar network model Planning and programing Basal ganglia Sensory association cortex Premotor cortical areas Cerebrocerebellum Cerebellum Motor cortex Execution Movement Motoneurons Sensory cortical areas Sensory signals Peripheral receptors Spinocerebellum Receptors Feedback signals TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
82 Cerebellar network model Planning and programing Basal ganglia Sensory association cortex Premotor cortical areas Cerebrocerebellum Cerebellum Motor cortex Execution Movement Motoneurons Sensory cortical areas Sensory signals Peripheral receptors Spinocerebellum Receptors Feedback signals TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
83 Cerebellar network model Planning and programing Basal ganglia Sensory association cortex Premotor cortical areas Cerebrocerebellum Cerebellum Motor cortex Execution Movement Motoneurons Sensory cortical areas Sensory signals Peripheral receptors Spinocerebellum Receptors Feedback signals TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER
PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY
PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER
PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY
Located below tentorium cerebelli within posterior cranial fossa. Formed of 2 hemispheres connected by the vermis in midline.
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PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER
PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY
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PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY
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